HHNP1 Module 8 Student PDF

Module 8: The Canadian Health Care System and Integrative Care Health, Healing, and the Nursing Process 1 Learning Outcomes: The Canadian Health Care System Identify the pillar and barriers Identify the evolution, Explore th...

Module 8: The Canadian Health Care System and Integrative Care Health, Healing, and the Nursing Process 1 Learning Outcomes: The Canadian Health Care System Identify the pillar and barriers Identify the evolution, Explore the principles of to the provision of primary organization and governance primary health care and the health care in Canada and of the healthcare system in difference between the five trends and reforms in Canada’s Canada levels of health care health care system Describe the various Identify the issues that treatments associated with contribute to the increasing Explain the conceptualization integrative medicine and pressures on the Canadian and evolution of integrative understand the nurse's role in healthcare system and the health care. interprofessional collaboration healthcare needs of Canadians in relation to integrative health The Canadian Health Care System Medicare A key component of Canadian social safety net Provides hospital and medical insurance Funded by general taxation 3 The Canada Health Act (1984) Principle Mandate Operate on non-profit basis through public Public administration authority Comprehensiveness Cover medically necessary services Universality Free of discrimination Coverage across Canada for insured Portability residents Reasonable access, regardless of ability to Accessibility pay 4  The The federal government: Sets and administers national principles (Canada Canadian Health Act principles) Assists in financing of health care services Health Care through transfer payments (provincial and territorial) System Delivers health services for Indigenous people, veterans, federal inmates, and Royal Canadian Mounted Police Provides national policy and programming to promote health and prevent disease 6  Provincial and territorial governments: Develop and administer their own health care The insurance plans Canadian Manage, finance, and plan insurable health care services and delivery, in alignment with CHA Health Care principles Determine organization and location of hospitals System or long-term care facilities; employ health providers in various specialties; and determine amount of money dedicated to health care services Reimburse physician and hospital costs and some rehabilitation and long-term care services, usually on the basis of co-payments with individual users 7  The Canadian Professional jurisdiction: Most health professions are self-regulated. Health Care They manage standards, competencies, codes of ethics, and disciplinary actions for System their members. Some are regulated through governments or other regulatory mechanisms. 8 Trends and Reforms in Canada’s Health Care System Kirby Report (2002) Romanow Commission (2002) Regionalization Regional health authorities Recentralization In many provinces and territories, reduced numbers of regional health authorities 9 Trends and Reforms in Canada’s Health Care System Emerging medical technologies 10-Year Plan to Strengthen Health Care Canada Health Act Canada Health Transfer payments 10 Primary Health Care Foundation of Canada’s health care system Provides continuity of care Model for improving health that supports essential health services Emphasis is on health promotion and disease prevention 11 Primary Health Care 12  Primary care Focus is on personal health services Primary Primary health care Includes primary care and health education, Health Care nutrition, maternal and child health care, family planning, immunizations, and control of locally endemic disease 13  Four Pillars of Primary Health Care: Primary Teams Health Care Access Information Healthy living 14 Interprofessional primary care (IPC) team barriers Individual- Practice- System-level level barriers level barriers barriers 15 Settings for Health Care Delivery Institutional sector Hospitals Long-term care (LTC) facilities Psychiatric facilities Rehabilitation centres 16 Settings for Health Care Delivery Community sector Public health Physician offices Community health centres and clinics Assisted living Home care Adult day support programs Community and voluntary agencies Occupational health Hospice and palliative care Parish nursing 17 Levels of Care Five levels of health care: Level 1: Health promotion Level 2: Disease and injury prevention Level 3: Diagnosis and treatment Level 4: Rehabilitation Level 5: Supportive care 18 Level 1: Health Promotion Enables people to increase control over and improve their health Provision of wellness services Health education Promotion of self-esteem in children and adolescents Advocacy for health public policy Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 19 Level 2: Disease and Injury Prevention Reduce risk factors for disease and injury Prevention strategies Clinical actions Immunizing Behavioural aspects Support groups Environmental actions Climate control activism 20 Level 3: Diagnosis and Treatment Recognizing and managing the existing health problems of individuals Primary care (first point of contact with health care system) Secondary care (provision of specialized medical service) Tertiary care (specialized technical care for complicated health problems) 21 Level 4: Rehabilitation Improving the health and quality of life of those facing life-altering conditions Required after physical/mental illness, injury, or addiction Helps patients return to their previous level of functioning or reach an optimal level of functioning Services include Physiotherapy Occupational therapy Respiratory therapy Social services 22 Level 5: Supportive Care For patients with chronic illness, progressive illness, or disability Provision of health, personal, and social services over a period of time Long-term care and assisted-living facilities, adult day care centres, home care Also includes respite care and palliative care Palliative care: support and care for patients with progressive, life-threatening conditions Respite care: short-term relief for family caregivers 23 Challenges to the Health Care System Current major challenges: Sustainability Political Economy of Health Climate Change Primary Health Care vs. Primary Care Spending Responsive Health Care Planning and Delivery Human Health Care Resources Aging Canadian Population Truth & Reconciliation Commission Calls to Action 24 Nursing's Future in the Emerging Health Care System Nursing roles must evolve and diversify by: Serving in leadership positions to catalyze health system change Leveraging our unique understanding of Canadians’ health care needs. Developing innovative solutions to the health care challenges identified above Expanding and forging new nursing roles to meet these needs. Engaging in health policy development and reformation 25 Integrative Care - Introduction Integrative health care/medicine Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) Holistic health Allopathic medicine Broad cultural shifts and paradigm changes Underscores relational-centred care This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.  Integrative Health Care Complements conventional medicine and includes numerous care approaches based on paradigms of health and healing Is focused on the underlying causes of illness and imbalance in the body instead of on disease symptoms This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY. Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Approaches Complementary approaches Aligning with or contributing to and enhancing conventional medical treatments Alternative approaches Approaches that are used instead of a conventional medical treatment Integrative health care is a combination of best practices from conventional, complementary, and alternative approaches. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND. Categories and Examples of Integrative Health Care Natural products Mind–body–spirit interventions Manipulative and body-based methods Energy therapies Other integrative health care approaches: Whole systems of care Examples: traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Ayurveda, naturopathy, homeopathy  Values the “awareness of whole-people and whole- Integrative Health Care system interconnectedness” The practice of holistic nursing regards the human and health experience as a complicated dynamic Holistic Nursing relationship of health, illness, and wellness; acknowledging mind, body, spirit, relationship- centred care and optimal healing environments Integrative Health Care and Holistic Nursing The Canadian Holistic Nurses Association 2020) developed standards of practice for holistic nursing and promotes holistic nursing practice, education, research, and administration. A growing appreciation for the importance of healing the spirit and body has influenced the development of hospital programs, such as music, art, and recreation therapy. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.  Nursing-Accessible Approaches Nurses practice a variety of approaches such as presence, imagery, meditation, support groups, music therapy, journaling, massage, therapeutic listening, and therapeutic touch. These techniques are easily learned and provided for patients within independent nursing practice. These approaches are designed to educate patients how physical responses to stress and associated. symptoms can be altered.  Relaxation therapy Meditation and breathing Imagery (visualization techniques) Nursing- Relaxation therapy Accessible Stress response triggers physiological reactions. Relaxation techniques can lower heart rate and blood pressure, decrease Approaches muscle tension, improve perceived well-being, and reduce symptom distress. Clinical applications Lower heart rate and blood pressure; decrease muscle tension; improve perceived well-being Nursing-Accessible Approaches Meditation and breathing Imagery Any activity that limits stimulus Creative visualization input by directing the attention to Can be either self-directed or a single unchanging or repetitive guided by a practitioner stimulus Clinical applications Clinical applications Imagery is used to control or relieve Meditation improves breathing pain or stress, to achieve calmness patterns in patients with asthma, and serenity, and to visualize cancer assists in managing stress-related cells being destroyed by immune illnesses, and is indicated for several cells. physical and psychological conditions. Integrative Medicine Approaches Requiring Education Biofeedback Therapeutic touch and healing touch Chiropractic medicine Traditional Chinese medicine Naturopathic medicine Acupuncture Cupping Massage therapy Nursing Role in Interprofessional Collaboration with CAM The integrative medicine approach is consistent with the nursing holistic approach Provincial and territorial legislation regarding complementary approaches Patient advice and education Determination of patient’s viewpoints and use of therapies