Nursing Theories PDF

Nursing Theories Theory Nursing Theorist Theory of Interpersonal Relationship Peplau Theory of Deliberative Nursing Process Ida Jean Orlando Human to Human Travelbee Relationship CORE, CARE, CURE...

Nursing Theories Theory Nursing Theorist Theory of Interpersonal Relationship Peplau Theory of Deliberative Nursing Process Ida Jean Orlando Human to Human Travelbee Relationship CORE, CARE, CURE Lydia Hall 21 Nursing Problems Faye Abdellah Need Theory (14 Basic Needs) Henderson Health Promotion Model Pender Transcultural Nursing Theory Madeleine Leininger Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness Newman Theory of Human Becoming Parse Interpersonal Relations Theory Hildegard Peplau This describes the structural concepts of the interpersonal process, which are the phases of the nurse-patient relationship: Orientation, Identification, Exploitation, and Resolution. 4 Phases of Nurse-Patient Relationship: 1. Orientation - patient has the felt need & seeks professional assistance. 2. Identification - patient identifies with those who can help him or her (relatedness). The nurse & patient continue to clarify each other’s perceptions & expectations. 3. Exploitation - patient attempts to derive full value from what he or she is offered through the relationship. 4. Resolution - patient gradually puts aside old goals & adopts new goals. Roles of the Nurse in the Nurse-Patient Relationship: Stranger - receives the client in the same way one meets a stranger in other life situations. Provides an accepting climate that builds trust. Teacher - one who imparts knowledge in reference to a need or interest. Resource Person - one who provides a specific needed information that aids in the understanding of a problem or new situation. Counselor - helps to understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances; provides guidance and encouragement to make changes. Roles of the Nurse in the Nurse-Patient Relationship: Surrogate - helps to clarify domains of dependence, interdependence, and independence and acts on client’s behalf as an advocate. Leader - helps client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way. Theory of Deliberative Nursing Process Ida Jean Orlando Already discussed in class (Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation) Theory of Human to Human Relationship Joyce Travelbee The goal of nursing is to prevent or cope with experience of illness and suffering, and find a meaning in these experiences. This is achieved through human-to-human relationship. Interactional Phases of Human-to-Human Relationship 1. Original encounter (first impression by the nurse of the sick person and vice-versa. The nurse and patient see each other in stereotyped and traditional roles) 2. Emerging Identities (nurse and patient perceiving each other as unique individuals. At this time, the link of relationship begins to form) 3. Empathy (the ability to share in the person’s experience) 4. Sympathy (happens when the nurse wants to lessen the cause of the patient’s suffering. When one sympathizes, one is involved but not incapacitated by the involvement.) 5. Rapport (nurse and the sick person are relating as human being to human being) Care, Core, Cure Theory Lydia Hall Nursing care can be delivered in 3 interlocking levels: Care, Core, Cure Hall’s Three (3) Aspects of Nursing 1. Care- hands-on bodily care 2. Core- therapeutic use of self 3. Cure- the disease: applying medical knowledge or seeing the patient and family though medical care 21 Nursing Problems Faye Glenn Abdellah Nursing problems - synonymous to nursing goals or nursing functions 21 Nursing Problems Faye Glenn Abdellah Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems 1. Basic to all patients (4) 2. Sustenal Care Needs (7) 3. Remedial Care Needs (7) 4. Restorative Care Needs (3) Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems: Basic to all patients (4) To maintain good hygiene & physical comfort. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep. To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury or other trauma & through the prevention of the spread of infection. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformity. Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems: Sustenal Care Needs (7) To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance. Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems: Sustenal Care Needs (7) To recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease conditions – pathological, physiological & compensatory. To facilitate the maintenance of the regulatory mechanism & functions. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function. Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems: Remedial Care Needs (7) To identify & accept (+) & (-) expressions, feelings and reactions. To identify & accept interrelatedness of emotions & organic illness. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal & non-verbal communications. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships. Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems: Remedial Care Needs (7) To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs. Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems: Restorative Care Needs (3) To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and emotional. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the case of illness. Need Theory Virginia Henderson A human being has 14 fundamental needs categorized as: physiological, spiritual, social, and psychological. Their health is defined in terms of their ability to independently perform these fundamental needs. Physiological Needs 1. Breathe normally. 2. Eat and drink adequately. 3. Eliminate body wastes. 4. Move and maintain desirable position. 5. Sleep and rest. 6. Select suitable clothes – dress and undress. 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing & modifying the environment. 8. Keep the body clean and well groomed & protect the integument (skin). 9. Avoid dangers in the environment & avoid injuring others. Spiritual Need 10. Worship according to one’s faith Social Needs 11. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. 12. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. Psychological Needs 14. Communicate with others expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. 15. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development & health & use the available health facilities. Health Promotion Model Nola Pender The purpose of the model is to assist nurses in understanding the major determinants of health behaviors as a basis for behavioral counselling to promote healthy lifestyles. Health Promotion Model Nola Pender The medical and nursing professions are not really the main ingredients in living a healthy lifestyle – they serve a secondary role to the person’s basic rational choice of healthy living. Health Promotion Model Nola Pender It is based on the idea that human beings are rational & will seek their advantage in health. Main purpose is to promote healthy lifestyles and choices that affect the health of individuals. Function of the Model To show the individual as self-determining, and is determined by personal history and general personal characteristics. Effects: It puts the responsibility of healthcare reform on the person, not on the profession. The empowerment of the person will lead to healthy rational choices in lifestyle. Transcultural Nursing Madeleine Leininger “The purpose of transcultural nursing is to discover and establish a body of knowledge and skills focused on transcultural care, health ( or well-being), and illness in order to assist nurses giving culturally competent, safe, and congruent care to people of diverse cultures worldwide.” Concepts Transcultural Nursing - a learned branch of nursing that focuses on the comparative study & analysis of cultures as they apply to nursing & health-illness practices, beliefs, and values Diversity – perceiving, knowing and practicing care in different ways Universality - commonalities of care Concepts Cultural identity- the sense of being part of an ethnic group or culture Culture – set of values, beliefs, and traditions that are held by a specific group of people and handed down from generation to generation Theory on cultural care diversity and universality Based on the belief that people of different cultures can inform & are capable of guiding professionals to receive the kind of care they desire or need from others Sunrise Model 3 Modes of Action to deliver care 1) Cultural care preservation & maintenance > goal is to help people to retain &/or preserve relevant care values 2) Cultural care accommodation &/or negotiation > goal is to help people to adapt or to negotiate with others for satisfying health outcome 3) Cultural care repatterning &/or restructuring > goal is to help person to change or modify his lifeways to improve health while respecting his cultural values & beliefs Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness Margaret Newman Nurse helps client recognize his own patterns & helps him accept it as what it is meant to that person. The goal of nursing is NOT to make people well or to prevent their getting sick, but to assist people to utilize the power that is within them as they evolve toward higher levels of consciousness. Concepts: Consciousness - refers to the capacity of the person to interact with the environment - it includes thinking, feeling & processing of information embedded in physiologic systems Expanding Consciousness - characterized by illumination & pattern recognition resulting in transformation & discovery Pattern – framework seen in person-environment interaction (recognized on the basis of variation, and manifested in the way one moves, speaks & relates with others) Theory of Human Becoming Rosemarie Rizzo Parse Nursing is service that is designed to enable the person to be himself rather than one where the nurse does things, or make things better for the client. The goal of nursing is to help clients achieve more & improve quality of life for them. 3 Principles in the Theory of Human Becoming 1. Structuring meaning multi-dimensionally is co-creating reality through the languaging of valuing and imaging 2. Co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating is living the paradoxical unity of revealing-concealing and enabling-limiting while connecting-separating 3. Co-transcending with the possible is powering unique ways of originating in the process of transforming In simple terms… 1. Persons structure or choose the meaning of their realities 2. Human beings create patterns in day-to-day life that tell about personal meanings and values. 3. Persons always engage with and choose from infinite possibilities.