Reading in the PH, American Occupation, PDF

American Occupation of the Philippines ▪ February 15, 1898 - US battleship Maine suddenly exploded at the Havana Harbor ▪ April 25, 1899 – US officially declared war against Spain. ▪ April 23, 1898 – Aguinaldo was summoned by Edward Spencer Pratt in Singapore to...

American Occupation of the Philippines ▪ February 15, 1898 - US battleship Maine suddenly exploded at the Havana Harbor ▪ April 25, 1899 – US officially declared war against Spain. ▪ April 23, 1898 – Aguinaldo was summoned by Edward Spencer Pratt in Singapore to persuade an alliance with US against Spain ▪ June 12, 1898 – Declaration of Philippine Independence ▪ August 13, 1898 – Mock Bottle of Manila Treaty of Paris 1898 Obliged Spain to relinquish its claims on its colonial territories such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in exchange of $20 million from the US. Signed on August 12,1898 by William R. Day: Secretary of the United States and Jules M. Cambon: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of France Meeting held between October and December 1898 Finalized on December 10 Ratified on February 6, 1899 Documents of ratification exchange at Washington on April 11, 1899 Felipe Agoncillo, representative of Aguinaldo government was not allowed to participate in the drafting, resulting in Filipino opinion were never considered. Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation Earliest official indication of the American Policy regarding the Philippines Intention of the US to stay and exercise right of sovereignty over the country. Issued on December 21, 1899 President William McKinley stated that he did not know what to do with the country but he 1. Could not return the Philippines to Spain 2. Would not turn them over France or Germany 3. Could not leave the country on its own Philippine-American War After Spanish was defeated, Aguinaldo set his own govt. after arriving on March 19 1898 Dictatorial government was replaced by a revolutionary one on June 23, 1898. Malolos Republic – First Philippine Republic on January 23, 1899 February 4, 1899 – Philippine-American War started and go on for three years Battle of Tirad Pass – General Gregorio del Pilar and his forces tried to delay American troops to give Aguinaldo time to find a secure headquarters Del Pilar was killed by the American troops led by Major Peyton C. March, assisted by a Cordillera native, Januario Galut who shows the location of the Filipinos to the Americans  Surrender of Aguinaldo Two years of fighting against the US, President Aguinaldo was captured in March 23, 1901 at Palan Isabela April 19, 1901 – Aguinaldo officially surrendered to the US The Suppression of Filipino Nationalism and the Filipinization of the Government ▪ Filipinization – process or policy of actively placing Filipinos in different government position during the American occupation. A crucial process in preparing Philippine Independence ▪ Filipino revolution against the US started on February 1899 during the San Juan Bridge incident and ended in March 1901 when President Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered. ▪ Filipino resistance against US continued till 1913 ▪ Battle of Bud Bagsak – last skirmishes fought between Datu Amil of Sulu and General John Pershing of US army ▪ January 20, 1899 – First Philippine Commission or Schurman Commission was established, headed by Jacob Schurman ▪ Schurman Commission recommend to the US President that: 1. A civil government should supplant the existing military administration that was established on August 1898 2. Creation of a bicameral legislature, lower house composed of Filipino statesmen and upper house to American colonial administrations 3. Improvement of sanitary conditions and founding public school system to educate Filipinos ▪ March 16, 1900 – Second Philippine Commission or Taft Commission was established, led by William Howard Taft ▪ June 1900 – Taft Commission was sent to the Philippines and proceed to execute the recommendation of Schurman Commission ▪ October 1900 – Philippine Commission was given authority to exercise legislative power ▪ June 9, 1901 – a civil government named Insular Government was established with Taft as the governor-general ▪ Era of Suppressed Nationalism – time dominated by repressive American policies and actions to extinguish native nationalist sentiments and strengthen colonial control ▪ Era of Filipinization – more active Filipino participation in governance led to  eventual independence Libel Law of 1901 Philippine Commission Act No. 277 Prohibition of malicious defamation in writing, painting, and theatrical exhibitions. o Aves de rapina Dean Worcester filed a complaint against El Renacimiento, a newspaper company establish by Rafael Palma in 1901 Aka Birds of Prey was issued on October 30, 1908, written by Fidel Reyes Malicious intention of injuring Worcester 1912 supreme court found them guilty. Sedition Law of 1901 Philippine Commission Act No. 292 Prohibit Filipinos in advocating Philippine Independence or political separation from the US. o Tanikalang Ginto Play written by Juan Abad Considered seditious after it was staged in 1902 About Dalita’s daughter Ligaya, who was forbidden to see her lover, Kaulayaw, by her uncle, Maimbot Maimbot gave Ligaya a golden bracelet that bounded her to his control Maimbot was interpreted as the US and Ligaya was the Philippines Author was imprisoned for two yeas and fine of 2k dollars o Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas Play by Aurelio Tonlentino Premiered in 1903 Showed struggles of Inangbayan with her son, Taga-ilog in rejecting foreign interventions Taga-ilog tear and trample on US flag as sign of triumph Flag Law of 1907 Act No. 1696, enacted by the All-American Philippine Commission Prohibiting the display of flags, banner, and emblems which may entice Filipinos to rebel against the American authorities. Brigandage Law Act No. 518, enacted on November 12, 1902 Prohibit the act of highway robbery or brigandage in the Philippines A tool utilized by the Americans to extinguish remaining revolutionary activities.  After widespread surrendering or demise of Filipino revolutionary generals, US officials view all acts of resistance as bandolerismo or brigandage Cooper Act Philippine Organic Act of 1902 Authored by Henry A. Cooper Basic law of the colonial government in the Philippines Basis of different societal changes such as Filipino participation in government Secured number of rights for Filipinos and the privilege to send two non-voting resident commissioners to the US congress, Pablo Ocampo and Benito Legarda Provide legislative body known as Philippine Assembly compose of elected Filipinos statesman, elected in 1907, the assembly was formed on October 16, 1907 o Philippine Assembly ▪ Legislated Act 1801 or Gabaldon Act allotted 1M pesos for the construction of public schools ▪ Establishment of University of the Philippines In 1916 it was supplanted by a new organic law, the Jones Law Jones Law Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 Enacted on August 29, 1916 Significantly furthered Filipino participation in the government Authored by William Atkinson Jones Created a bicameral Philippine legislature, with the upper and lower house to be exclusively Filipino lawmakers Preamble stated the US will withdrew their sovereignty and grant Filipino independence once a stable government is established Independence Mission In 1919 after the conclusion of the war, independence mission were once again sent to the US. Most notable mission out of twelve was: 1919 Independence Mission – led by Senate President Manuel L. Quezon 1931 OsRox mission – head by Senate President Pro-tempore Segio Osmena and Speaker of Assembly Manuel Roxas Tyding-Mcduffie Act Philippine Independence Act of 1934 Complete Independence of the Philippine Islands from the US Organizing a convention that would draft and finalize a constitution to be used by  Philippine Government Filipinos elected 200 delegates for the convention with Senator Claro M. Recto of Tayabas as the head on July 1934 1935 Philippine Constitution Finalized in February 1935 Formally ratified through plebiscite by May 14, 1935 Commonwealth, a transitional government inaugurated in November with Quezon as the president and Osmena as vice. Japanese Occupation ▪ Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese on December 7, 1941 (Dec 8 in the Ph) ▪ National Defense Act o First legislative measure of the Commonwealth government o Providing the establishment of infantry consist of reserve forces, active forces, army air corps, and navy ▪ United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) – a military forces of the US and the Philippines headed by Douglas McArthur ▪ Japanese Occupation lasted from December 1941 to September 1945 War Starts in the Philippines December 9, 1941 – news about the Pearl Harbor hit the front pages in Manila Breaking the Silence o A war memoir written by Lourdes Reyes Montinola o She was 14 years when the war broke out in 1941 o Japanese forces stormed their home in Agno Street, Malate on February 9, 1944 After bombing military installation and places Japanese forces land on o December 10 in Vigan and Aparri o December 20 in Davao  o December 22 in Lingayen, Pangasinan o December 24 in Atimonan and Mauban in Lamon Bay Eve of Christmas in 1941 – Common Wealth Government evacuated to Corregidor and USAFFE withdrew to Bataan Manila was declared as an Open City on December 26 (Open City means it is not occupied or defended by military and should not be bombed) but still it was bombed by the Japanese Amidst the war, President Manuel Quezon’s mandate as president was renewed on December 30, 1941 January 9, 1942 - Japan started bombing stronghold of the USAFFE April 9, 1942 from Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor For 3 months the Filipino-American troops withstood Japanese attacks while being cut off from any source of help from both the American and the Philippines Noon of April 9, the Fall of Bataan was announced by the USAFFE Broadcast Station in Manila Tunnel in Corregidor Death March o After the Fall of Bataan, the troops were forced to march from Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga under the heat while being hungry, dehydrated, and fatigue to the point of death Due to the Fall of Bataan, Japanese focused on bombing Corregidor, the Rock Fortress of the Americans May 6, 1942 – Commander-in-chief Jonathan Wainwright surrendered the USAFFE forces to General Masaharu Homma Adress to the Filipinos by General Masaharu August 3, 1942 – General Masaharu, Commander-in-chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces, explained to the people the reason for their occupation and the idea of the Greatest East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere Greatest East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere o An imperial concept created and promulgated by Japan o Aimed to create a self-sufficient bloc of Asian nation that are free from the western powers and to be led by Japan Japanese envisioned Philippines as a source of agricultural products Inaugural Adress of President Jose P. Laurel 1943 – year of activities that granted independence against Japan Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)  o The only Filipino political party allowed by the Japanese o Establish on December 1942 o First assembly on June 18, organized the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI) headed by Jose P. Laurel Unicameral legislature called National Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel as president of the Japanese-sponsored Republic on September 25, and was inducted into office on October 14. Letter of Claro M. Recto June 15, 1944, Recto, the Minister of Foreign Affairs wrote to Lieutenant General Takaki Wachi, Director General of the Japanese Military Administration Establishment of Japanese-sponsored Republic was not accepted by the people Concerns regarding Japanese propensity for slapping, execute without proper process, confiscation of property and violence towards women. Liberation of the Philippines First American air raids took place in Davao on August 1944 September 21, President Laurel proclaim war against the US American forces landed in Leyte on October 20, three days after, Commonwealth was temporarily established in Tacloban, Leyte December 21 - Laurel government evacuated to Baguio January 1945 – American forces landed in Lingayen, Pangasinan February 1945 – month-long Battle of Manila started March 1945 – Laurel flown out of the country to Taiwan then to Japan July 4 – Douglas MacArthur proclaimed the Philippines has been liberated from the enemy August 15, 1945 – Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allied Powers September 3 – General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrendered all Japanese forces MacArthur departed in 1941 with the words “I shall return” then on October 20, 1944 he came back. Chapter 12: Independence and the Establishment of a New Republic ▪ Commonwealth – main goal was to get the Filipinos ready for complete independence from the US. ▪ March 3, 1945 – Manila was liberated from Japanese forces ▪ July 5, 1945 – The entire Philippines was free from Japan ▪ Emperor Hirohito, through radio broadcast on August, announced the surrendering of Japan and was formally recognized by other on September 2, 1945 ▪ Malacanang Palace turned over to Commonwealth government with Sergio  Osmena as president ▪ April 23, 1946 – general election, won by Manual Roxas, third and final head of Commonwealth and first for Third Philippine Republic ▪ Philippines was extensively damage after the war Treaty of Manila Treaty of General Relations and Protocol of 1946 July 4, 1946 o Filipino Independence promised by Americans was formally realized o Regarded as Republic Day or Filipino-American Friendship Day o Ratification of Treaty of Manila Agreement officially: a. Recognize Philippines as an independent nation. b. Relinquish US sovereign over the entire nation. c. US can: 1. Diplomatically represent the Philippines while Foreign Service Office was pending to be established 2. Maintain its military bases in nation Bell Trade Act Philippine Trade Act or Bell Trade Act of 1946 Aimed to govern future trading relations between US and Philippines Charles Jasper Bell of Missouri filed this bill on September 1945 Some Main provisions of the act: a. Fixed 2:1 exchange rate between pesos and dollarUnlimited free trade between the two countries for 8 years b. Unlimited free trade between Philippines and US for next 8 years c. Gradual placing of tariffs on trade products until full rates are achieved in 1974 d. Granting parity rights to the Americans – meaning the US can tap resources that was reserved for the Filipinos The act compelled the Congress to amend the Constitution Philippine Rehabilitation Act would not be signed if Bell Trade is not approved o Philippine Rehabilitation Act – US pledge 620,000,000 dollars as war reparations (120M for construction, 400M for individual damage, and 100M for was surplus goods) Commonwealth Act 733 enacted on July 3, 1946, Philippine Congress ratified the Bell Trade  Act 1947 Military Bases Agreement Allowing the US to maintain military bases in the Country Signed between US and Republic of the Philippines Concerning Military Proclamation No. 51 Proclaimed by President Manuel Roxas in 1948 Granting Amnesty to leading Filipino figures that were arrested during Japanese Occupation This include Secretary of Justice Jose Abad Santos, acting Chief Justice Jose P. Laurel, Secretary of Agriculture Benigno S. Aquino Sr. and Manila City Mayor Jorge Vargas Act No. 682 – set up People’s Court, task to investigate alleges war crimes Chapter 13: Agrarian Reform ▪ Precolonial Times – land was a communal property administered by chief or datu ▪ Datu and Timawa – warrior classes ▪ Oripun or Alipin – laborers on land ▪ Spanish conquest introduced encomienda system ▪ Encomienda – right to collect tribute and draft labor from the inhabitants ▪ Encomendero – given the duty to protect and Christianized the population, had a free hand on administering the people of his encomienda ▪ Abuses by encomenderos led to the abolition of the system during 17th century ▪ Opening to world trade in 19th century led to the increase of value of land and the rice of haciendas or land estates ▪ Hacienda system led to practice of agricultural tenancy as hacenderos hired inquilinos and tenant farmers or kasama to till the land ▪ Poverty and hacendero abuse led to antagonism between owners and tenants ▪ American Administrators – saw a need to solve land problems by expropriated friar lands, implemented land registrations and through Homestead Program, and initiated ownership of land by tenants. ▪ Commonwealth President Manuel Quezon o Attempted to implement land reforms by purchasing big estates and divide and sell them to tenants o Aimed to stabilize and improve agriculture through establishing National Rice and Corn Corporation, and National Sugar Board o Caught between his goal to emancipate peasants and the interests of hacenderos who dominated his cabinet and legislature o Efforts in achieving social justice cut short by Japanese invasion in 1941  President Roxas on Agrarian Reform Republic Act No. 34 o 70-30 sharing agreement between the tenant and landlord o Reduced interest rates of the landlord’s loan to tenant at most 6% Proposed several changes but was never fulfilled due to his untimely death in 1948 Born of the People (1953) by Luis Taruc Luis Taruc – one of the prominent leaders of HUKBALAHAP Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon o Anti-Japanese resistance movement, a peasant mass base in Central Luzon o Engage in guerrilla resistance that weakened Japanese military hold over Luzon provinces o Late 1940s and early 1950s became known as Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB) as they fought the government they accused of serving the Americans and landlord class Taruc was granted amnesty by President Elpidio Quirino in 1948 but negotiations failed and insurgency continued He finally surrendered to President Ramon Magsaysay in 1945 Agricultural Land Reform Code Under President Diosado Macapagal (1961-1965) Republic Act No. 3844 was passed in 1963 First agrarian reform program during postwar period Tenancy system was to be abolished and replace with agricultural leasehold system Turn tenant farmers into owner-cultivators, focus on land distribution, farmer independence, and productivity improvement Congress failed to enact a bill to fund an implementation of the program Presidential Decree No. 27 Proclamation No. 2 stated the entire country as a land of reform and expound it on PD No. 27 All tenanted private lands devoted to rice and corn production will distributed to the tenants Landowners allowed to retain no more than 7 hectares Tenants who work on the land, were allowed to purchase 5 hectares and paid through amortization in 15 years Has problems in implementing and after martial law very few tenants got lands Proclamation No. 1081 o Signed on September 21, 1972  o President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law all over the country o Proclamation No. 2 stated the entire country as a land of reform and expound it on PD No. 27 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 Republic Act No. 6657 Signed by the President on June 10, 1988 Legal basis for the agrarian reform program of President Aquino Agrarian reform was the key policy of Corazon C. Aquino Proclamation No. 131 articulated the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) CARP ▪ Declared that all public and private agricultural land are to be distributed to tenants ▪ Provide Agrarian Reform Funds 50 billion pesos to cover estimated cost of implementing the program from 1987 – 1992 ▪ CARP reorganized and expanded Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) ▪ DAR Facilitated Land Tenure Improvement Program, that aimed to hasten land distribution. Provide support services such as infrastructure facilities, credit assistance, and technical support programs to the beneficiaries Offered legal assistance and adjudicated agrarian cases ▪ Implementation of CARP faced challenges like corruption such as the Garchitorena scam, budgetary shortage, and allegation of lack of political will and commitment of the government Chapter 14: Economic Nationalism ▪ Postwar Philippines faced different issues such as issue of collaboration and problem on rehabilitating the Philippines after the war ▪ Collaboration issue resolved by President Roxas in 1948 by issuing Amnesty Proclamation for all the collaborators and war criminals ▪ Rehabilitation Act – establishment of a commission that will facilitate transfer of economic aid amounting to 800 million dollars in cash ▪ Bell Trade Act was revised by Laurel-Langley Act which provide parity rights to US to own corporations and business. LL agreement expired on 1975 ▪ After President Elipidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay became president in 1953 and he was seen too polite to foreign investors and Americans Economic Independence 1935 Constitution o provide an article for economic independence of the Philippines o limits ownership of land, business, corporation, and exploitation of natural resources to Filipino Citizens o Bell Trade Act will force the government to amend the 1935 constitution Economic Nationalism Retail Trade Nationalization Act of 1954 o Took effect 10 years later, 1964 o Act to regulate retail business o People who are not citizen, no association, no partnership or corporation not wholly owned by Filipinos shall not engage in the retail businesses in the Philippines Filipino First Policy Untimely death of President Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia became president in 1957 President Garcia opposed the idea of foreigners dominating economic sector of the country Proposed Filipino First Policy that would prioritize and protect Filipino products, interest and engagement in businesses Third State of the Nation Address on January 25, 1960, he called the Congress to help implement the policy Claro M. Recto Known oppositionist and critic of foreign dominance in the economy Two speeches that provide insight on economic nationalism, First is his speech Economic Independence where he explained the meaning of economic nationalism. Second speech that he delivered before the Manila Rotary Club on March 28, 1957 Chapter 15: An Independence Foreign Policy ▪ Historian Renato Constatino describe postwar relation of US and Philippines as neocolonial ▪ Ferdinand Marcos was seen too polite to Americans and his infrastructure project were possible due to massive foreign debt ▪ Post-EDSA provide a clear and independent foreign policy direction for the country Foreign Policy as Embodied in the Laws Foreign Service Act of 1952  o Republic Act No. 708 o Enacted to strengthen and ensure an independent foreign affairs policy for the Philippines o Aimed to reorganize and strengthen the Department of Foreign Affairs o Amended by the Philippine Foreign Service Act of 1991 which laid down the 3 pillars of Philippine Foreign Policy. This are: ▪ Preservation and enhancement of national security ▪ Promotion and attainment of economic security ▪ Protection of the right and promotion of the welfare and interest of Filipino overseas Foreign Policy to the Oppositionist Senator Claro M. Recto and Lorenzo Tan͂ ada were known critics of the postwar Philippine Foreign Policy. Famous for their speeches voicing opposition and alternatives for the foreign policy Our Medicant Foreign Policy o Commencement speech by Senator Recto in 1951 for UP graduates The Folklore of Colonialism o Commencement speech of Lorenzo Tan͂ ada at Lyceum of the Philippines on May 7, 1965 The two speeches criticized US-Philippines relations in particular and the foreign policy in general Foreign Policy According to Constitution 1935 Constitution o Renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the Nation’s law. 1973 Constitution o Renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation and amity with all nations. 1987 Constitution o The state shall pursue and independent foreign policy, relations with other countries shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest and right to self- determination. o Adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapon in its territory. SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY I. Agrarian Reform Policies from Commonwealth to 5th Republic AGRARIAN REFORM concerned with the relations between the production and distribution of land among farmers. redistribution of lands to members of the agricultural labor force who don't own land or are nearly landless. ACTS/BILLS DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD THAT SERVED AS A SPRINGBOARD FOR AGRARIAN REFORM Philippine Bill of 1902 - set the ceiling on the hectares of private land with 16 hectares and corporations with 1024 hectares. Land Registration Act of 1902 - registration of private lands through Torrens Title System. Cadastral Act - need of certification/title as registered land. Homestead Program of 1903 - tenants were allowed to enterprise with 16 hectares of farm. Friars Land Act of 1904 - lease and sale of friar lands during Spanish period. COMMONWEALTH/ MANUEL L. QUEZON'S ADMINISTRATION Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1936 o enacted to provide control in landlord-tenant (50-50) relationships o Regulation of 10% interest o No dismissal of tenants and the contract is good for only 1 year. JAPANESE OCCUPATION HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon) controlled whole areas of Central Luzon. Peasants earned fixed rentals of lands. MANUEL A. ROXAS' ADMINISTRATION Tenant Act or the Republic Act No. 34 o established 70-30 landlord- tenant sharing arrangement and regulated share-tenancy contracts. o Republic Act No. 55 o no dismissal of tenants. o provision of more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants. RAMON MAGSAYSAY'S ADMINISTRATION Agriculture Tenancy Act of 1954 or the Republic Act No. 1199 o governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share- tenancy and leasehold system. o provided security of tenure of tenants. o tenure system- institutional arrangement for land that defines, allocates, and regulates  the property rights to land. Land Reform Act of 1955 or the Republic Act 1400 o responsible for distribution of over 200 hectares of corn and rice lands for farmers. DIOSDADO P. MACAPAGAL'S ADMINISTRATION Agricultural Land Reform Code or Republic Act. No. 3844 o abolished share-tenancy o set retention limit at 75 hectares o exemption rule of big companies and transfer of landlordism FERDINAND E. MARCOS' ADMINISTRATION Agrarian Reform Special Fund Act or the Republic Act 6390 of 1971 o shall be used to finance the agrarian reform. Code of Agrarian Reform or Republic Act No. 6389 o created the Department of Agrarian Reform. II. Evolution of the Philippine Constitution CONSTITUTION codified list of provisions that identify the limitations of the power of the government and enumerates its responsibilities to the people. a set of established precedents and codified principles according to which a state is governed. the highest law of the land. BIAK NA BATO CONSTITUTION OF 1897 the first informal constitution in Asia MALOLOS CONSTITUTION OF 1899 the first formal constitution in Asia the first constitution of the Philippines drafted after the Congress of Aguinaldo Revolutionary Government convened on SEPTEMBER 15, 1898 at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. THREE SUBMITTED DRAFTS: o The True Decalogue and Constitutional Program of Apolinario Mabini o The Pedro Paterno Version o The Felipe Calderon Version HIGHLIGHT: o provisions stipulating the separation of the State and Church and provisions contradicting the former. o Provision of the separation of Church and State prevailed by a one-vote margin. THREE SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: provision for the Independent Republic of the Philippines consisted of three independent powers: Executive - led by president with a 4-year term and not eligible for reelection Unicameral Legislative Judicial o The Bill of Rights o The Separation of Church and State PHILIPPINE ORGANIC ACT OF 1902 provided the creation of the Philippine Assembly composed of Filipinos PHILIPPINE AUTONOMY ACT OF 1916 announced the intention of the US Government to withdraw its sovereignty over the Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established therein. 1935 CONSTITUTION the legal basis of the Commonwealth Republic under the American occupation. Philippine Independence Act - set the parameters for the creation of a constitution for the Philippines was passed by America in 1934. Came into effect on NOVEMBER 15, 1935. featured Bicameral Legislator in the Phil. Legislative (Senate and Congress). was amended by the National Assembly in 1940: o term limit of the President changed from 6 years with no re-election to 4 years with a possibility of having a second term. started suffrage - the right to vote. Males must 21+ years of age. Suffrage is extended to women. nullified during the Japanese Occupation and only came back in effect after the Second World War in 1945. was amended once again on March 11, 1947, by the Parity, giving US citizens rights to develop natural resources and operate public utilities in the country. 1943 CONSTITUTION also called as Puppet Constitution. used during the presidency of Jose P. Laurel under Japanese Occupation. the Japanese appointed the Preparatory Committee as a replacement for the 1935 Constitution they nullified. 1973 CONSTITUTION also known as the Martial Law Constitution. December 1, 1972 - the Constitutional Convention came up with a constitution providing for a modified parliamentary government and ratified through Presidential Decree no. 86, series of 1972. Legislative powers were given to a Unicameral National Assembly. 1986/1987 CONSTITUTION also called the Anti-Marcos/Freedom Constitution. gave the country Democratic Governance. secures respect for human rights and civil liberties. Presidential Decree no. 9 s. 1986 - issued to create Constitutional Commission tasked to draft a new charter to replace the 1973 Constitution. OCTOBER 16, 1986 - the Commission finished the new constitution. FEBRUARY 2, 1987 - the new constitution was ratified through a plebiscite. formulated three branches of the government:  o Executive o Legislative o Judiciary III. Philippine Taxation TAX the amount of money that the government requires people to pay according to their income. the 'lifeblood' of the government - the government relies on tax revenue to fund its operations and to finance its essential service and development projects for its citizens. The three inherent powers of the state: o Police Power o Power of Eminent Domain o Power of Taxation KINDS OF TAXES Subject matter o Personal Tax - imposed on residents o Property Tax - imposed on properties o Excise Tax - imported on a privilege or right. Purpose o Revenue - to raise money for the government. o Regulatory - to regulate an act/practice. Scope o Local - based on certain locality. o National - national in nature. Determination of the amount of tax to pay o Ad Valorem Tax - based on the value of the object taxed determined by the appraiser. o Specific Tax - based on weight and measurement Who bears the burden o Direct Tax - imposed on a person directly involved o Indirect Tax - forms part of the purchase price of the commodity and is passed on to customers. Rate o Proportional Tax - based on a fixed percentage. o Progressive Tax - based on certain tax bases. o Regressive Tax - tax rate decreases as base increases. NATIONAL REVENUE CODE the basis of Philippine Tax Laws revised with the passage of Tax Reform Act of 1997 and Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law in 2017. IV. Philippine Festivals and Celebrations Festivals are locally known as fiestas.  origins of festivals date back to the Spanish Colonial Period - barrios and towns almost had a patron saint assigned to each of them. vital instruments in spreading Christianity in the country. can be religious and cultural, or a combination of both, in nature. held to honor the local Roman Catholic patron saint, to commemorate local history and culture, to promote the community's products, or to celebrate a bountiful harvest. can be marked by Holy Masses, processions, parades, theatrical play and reenactments, religious or cultural rituals, trade fairs, exhibits, concerts, pageants, and various games and contests. 1. SINULOG FESTIVAL traditional celebration in Cebu City held every third Sunday of January to honor the Santo Niño (Child Jesus). sinulog - 'like the water current' 2. ATI-ATIHAN FESTIVAL celebrated in Aklan every January to honor the Santo Niño. Ati-Atihan - 'to imitate the Ati people' (Negrito ethnic group in Visayas). considered to be one of the oldest festivals in the country. 3. DINAGYANG FESTIVAL Dinagyang - Hiligaynon word for merrymaking celebrates the feast of Santo Niño and the pact between the datus and locals. celebrated in Iloilo City every fourth Sunday of January. 4. PAHIYAS FESTIVAL celebrated in honor of Saint Isidro Labrador, the patron saint of farmers, for a bountiful harvest. origin is way back 15th century. celebrated in Lucban, Quezon Province every 15th of May. 5. PANAGBENGA FESTIVAL Panagbenga - a local Kankanaey term in Cordillera which means 'season of blooming'. a month-long flower festival celebrated in Baguio City. This festival reflects the history, traditions, and values of Baguio and the Cordilleras. created as a tribute to the city's flowers and as a way to rise from the devastation of the 1990 Luzon earthquake. V. Pandemics and Epidemics in the Philippines before COVID-19 1. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), 2003. 21st century's first epidemic which first spread in Southern China. spread across 26 countries, infecting more than 8,000. Philippines is among the least affected and had a total of 14 cases, 12 of whom recovered, while 2 died. symptoms included fever, cough, and shortness of breath. 2. Spanish flu, 1918-1919. considered to be one of the deadliest pandemics to hit humanity, killing approximately 50 million. said to be caused by the cramped, dirty living conditions of most soldiers during the World War I. killed approximately 85,000 Filipinos. symptoms include fever and diarrhea. 3. H1NI or the Swine flu, 2009-2010. first spread in United States in 2009. combination of viruses from birds, pigs, and humans. infected approximately 700 million to 1.4 billion people globally, leaving approximately 203,000 dead. VI. Women's History THE EVOLUTION OF MOTHERHOOD AND WOMENS' ROLES IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Pre-Colonial The Malakas and Maganda folklore o gives a glimpse of pre-colonial equality - a huge bird that splits a bamboo stalk to reveal Malakas (the male identity) and Maganda (the female identity) emerging from its halves. Babaylans o Visayan term originating from Babai or woman, combined with a Malay term Belian or Balian meaning spirit medium. o equaled the power and influence of datus. 2. Spanish Era Filipinas were subjected to arduous moral reconstruction and enrolled in domestic arts and social graces. mothers were relegated as homemakers and were unable to go out, run a business, and lead a community. The Maria Clara charisma: o the ultimate female paragon and active yet silent advocacy for developing a patriarchal society. o transformed Filipinas from being independent, self- confident, and daring in the pre- colonial days to being gracious, meek, timid, accomplished gentlewomen of Spain. 3. American Era women slowly started to get opportunities for self-development: o getting college degrees. o landing employment and top company positions. o running and opening their own businesses. REPUBLIC ACT 9710: MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN ACT comprehensive women's human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination through the recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotion of the rights of Filipino women, especially those belonging to the marginalized sectors of society. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (VAW) appears to be one of the country's most pervasive social problems. one in four women aged 15-49 experiences physical, emotional, or sexual violence by their husbands and partners (2017 National Demographic and Health Survey by PSA). UN definition of VAW: "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public and private life. Gender- based violence is any violence inflicted on women because of their sex." REPUBLIC ACT 9262: The Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 law that seeks to address the prevalence of violence against women and their children (VAWC). according to RA 9262, violence against women and children is: "any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, with or without the family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty." VAW includes, but not limited to, the following acts: o physical violence o sexual violence o psychological violence o economic abuse VII. Life History, Biography Research, and Local and Oral History LIFE HISTORY In sociological and anthropological research, it is the overall picture of the informant or interviewee's life. Purpose: to be able to describe what it is like to be this particular person, that is, the one being interviewed. Background: This method was first used when interviewing indigenous people of America with Native American leaders as subjects. Technique o Narrative Method - Interviewer should be careful not to ask 'yes or no' questions but instead get the subject to tell his/her life story in their own words. BIOGRAPHY RESEARCH the study of a single life, focusing primarily upon an individual who in some way, is affiliated with the professional field of education. Among the numerous forms of biographical research in education, five types are often noted: 1. Scholarly Chronicles the most fundamental and common type of biographical research focusing on the historical portrayal of an individual life. the subject's story is told in chronological order with emphasis on the development of a quest plot (life pattern stages) and the description of acts of recognition (notoriety). 2. Intellectual Biography develops a narrative of life through the conceptual analysis of the subject's motives and beliefs within the world of ideas. 3. Life History has a strong allegiance to the social science traditions of oral history and narrative discourse. great devotion to theoretical constructs from sociology and psychology. 4. Memoir Biography devoted to the researcher's motives in relation to the biographical subject and with emphasis on the stylistic presentation of the biographer's reflections and insights about the factual account of the life. 5. Narrative Biography represents a dynamic portrayal of a life without the need for absolute facticity or a comprehensive account from birth to grave. LOCAL HISTORY attempts to reconstruct the history of a place to understand how the people's way of living connects to the community's present and future. a form of superficial history allowing historians to develop a pattern of conclusions without deeper engagement with local history in a comparative context. reflects the reality that our lives are shaped by particular places. our physical place in the world is a major determinant of how our lives are lived. ORAL HISTORY collection and study of historical information about individuals, families, important events, or everyday life using audiotapes, videotapes, or transcription of planned interviews. References:  readings in philippine history outcome based module pdf”  readings in philippine history outcome based module pdf - Google Search  google.com/search?q=readings+in+philippine+history+outcome+based+module+pdf&sourceid=chrome&i e=UTF-8  478423405 Hist 1 Readings in Philippine History Module pdf - Chapter/ Module 1: Learning History - Studocu  studocu.com/en-us/document/xavier-university-ateneo-de-cagayan/accountancy/478423405-hist-1- readings-in-philippine-history-module-pdf/17975621  478423405 Hist 1 Readings in Philippine History Module pdf  studocu.com/en-us/document/xavier-university-ateneo-de-cagayan/accountancy/478423405-hist-1- readings-in-philippine-history-module-pdf/17975621/download/478423405-hist-1-readings-in-philippine- history-module-pdf.pdf