Ancient Greece Unit 4 (23-24) - Global Studies I PDF

Global Studies I Unit 4: Ancient Greece Geography of Greece Timeline of Ancient Greece c. 6000 Earliest Neolithic settlements in BC Greece and beginning of agriculture c. 3000 First Settlement of Athens BC 2200 - Minoan Civilization on Crete 1500 BC Bronze Age civili...

Global Studies I Unit 4: Ancient Greece Geography of Greece Timeline of Ancient Greece c. 6000 Earliest Neolithic settlements in BC Greece and beginning of agriculture c. 3000 First Settlement of Athens BC 2200 - Minoan Civilization on Crete 1500 BC Bronze Age civilization developed on the island of Crete. Characterized by unique architecture, complex (labyrinthine) palaces, and bull-focused artwork (legend of the Minotaur). Used navy to gather resources and influence the Aegean Sea. 1900 - Mycenaean Civilization 1100 BC First confederacy of city-states on mainland Greece, dominated by the city-state of Mycenae. Culture had intense focus on honor and glory won in battle. If real, the Trojan War occurred during this time. c. 1194 - Trojan War 1184 BC After Helen, Queen of Sparta, is kidnapped by Paris, Prince of Troy, the Greeks (and the legendary hero Achilles) besiege the city of Troy. After ten years, the Greeks infiltrate using the Trojan Horse. c. 1100 - Greek Dark Age 750 BC After the fall of Mycenae, many Greeks leave Greece and move to Ionia. Loss of cultural and written works during this time. c. 900 Founding of Sparta BC The city-state of Sparta, located in the southern Peloponnese, would go on to conquer the entire region and turn defeated peoples into helots (slaves). Sparta develops into a militaristic oligarchy that will eventually rival Athens. c. 800 - Homer writes the Iliad and Odyssey 700 BC Written at the end of the Dark Age, two epic poems about the Trojan War (the Iliad) and the homeward journey of Odysseus (the Odyssey). Their accuracy is disputed, but they are often treated as real Greek history. c. 800 - Greek Colonization of the 500 BC Mediterranean Sea Greek city-states were established as far away as Spain, Sicily, Egypt, and Crimea, all with common elements of Greek culture. With its strong navy, Athens was particularly linked with colonies across the Aegean Sea in Ionia. 594 BC Reforms of Solon in Athens With poor Athenian citizens being sold into slavery to pay debts, the archon Solon freed the slaves and expanded participation of commoners in Athenian democracy. 550 BC Sparta Founds the Peloponnesian League 546 BC Persian Conquest of Ionian Greek City-States Greek colonies in Ionia came under the control of the expanding Persian Empire, providing the first contact between Greeks and Persians.  508 AD Reforms of Cleisthenes in Athens Athenian democracy is expanded further when Cleisthenes introduces the Assembly (for all male citizens) and the Council of Five Hundred (chosen by lot). 499 - 493 Ionian Revolt BC The Greeks in Ionia revolt against Persian rule and received aid from Athens. Once the revolt is crushed, King Darius of Persia prepares to invade and punish Greece. c. 495 BC Birth of Pericles Prominent statesman and leader of Athens, Pericles oversaw the Greek Golden Age - expansion of democracy, construction of the Parthenon, and advances in literature, philosophy, and medicine. Led Athens in the early Peloponnesian War until his death by a plague. 492 - 490 First Persian War BC Darius’ first invasion of Greece fails on two fronts: his fleet is destroyed by a storm, and his army is crushed by the Greek hoplites at the Battle of Marathon. 480 - 479 Second Persian War BC Darius’ son King Xerxes invades Greece ten years later. His army defeats King Leonidas and his 300 Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae, then goes on to sack Athens. However, Greek forces, now united against a common enemy, defeat the Persian navy at the Battle of Salamis and the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea, ending the Persian threat to Greece. 478 BC Athens Founds the Delian League Athens leads the Greek city-states of the Delian League to continue fighting Persia for another 30 years; Sparta withdraws its involvement. Using the League, Athens grows into a powerful maritime empire. 478 - 430 Golden Age of Athens BC 449 BC Peace of Callias between Athens and Persia 447 - 432 Construction of the Parthenon BC 431 - 404 Peloponnesian War BC Rival city-states Athens (with the Delian League) and Sparta (with the Peloponnesian League) fight for control of Greece. When a plague hits Athens during a Spartan siege, Pericles dies (430). During the Sicilian Expedition (415 - 413) Athens’ fleet was destroyed while sending aid to an ally. Eventually, by allying with Persia (412) and crushing the remaining Athenian navy at the Battle of Aegospotami (404), Sparta emerges victorious and Athens surrenders. 399 BC Trial and Death of Socrates The philosopher Socrates is sentenced to death by drinking hemlock (poison) for “corrupting the youth of Athens” by criticising democracy, rejecting the gods, and questioning authority. 371 BC Battle of Leuctra Battle between Sparta and Thebes, marking the first major defeat of Spartan forces on land. Spart’s power was severely weakened and Thebes became the dominant city-state. 338 BC Battle of Chaeronea  King Philip II of Macedonia defeats Greek forces and conquers all of Greece except Sparta. He then unified Greek forces under Macedonian leadership in the Corinthian League as he prepared to invade the Persian Empire. When Philip died in 336 BC, he was succeeded by his son, Alexander. 336 - 323 Reign of Alexander the Great BC Coming to power after his father’s death, Alexander the Great spent a decade ruling Greece, overthrowing the Persian Empire, conquering Egypt (peacefully), and marching as far east as the Indus River Valley. Mutiny among his troops forced him to return home, and he died in Babylon at age 32. Upon his death, his empire divided in multiple kingdoms, ushering in the Hellenistic Era. 323 - 31 Hellenistic Era BC Named for the “spread of Greek culture” across Egypt, Persia, Central Asia, and India. Lasted from the death of Alexander until Greece was made a province of the Roman Empire in 31 BC. Video: Minoan Crete Civilization Watch the linked video Complete the attached worksheet Submit the Worksheet to “CW - Unit 4 - Minoan Crete Video Worksheet” Mycenae (1600 BC - 1100 BC) City-state of Mycenae led a confederacy of independent cities Warriors who prided themselves on heroic deeds in battle ○ Fought inTrisan war Two causes of decline: ○ Earthquakes ○ Invaded from the north The Greek “Dark Age” (c. 1100 - c. 750 BCE) Begins after ○ Population decline ○ Cities abandoned ○ Migration to islands and Ionia ○ Loss of Linear B script Innovations in metalworking → development of iron Homer ’s epics appear at the conclusion of the Dark Age Excerpt: The Ideal of Arete (“excellence”) What ideals are expected of Greek men? togain honor through combat What ideals are expected of Greek women? tospin weave takecareof their households children How do these ideals compare with those in India and China? Theyare prettymuchthesamefor women butmenaresupposedtojustfollow the rules Homer’s Epics Describe ancient Greek society and values ○ Arete - the excellence befitting a hero, won in a struggle or contest Greeks regard his Iliad and Odyssey as authentic history, not simply as legends ○ Theiliad → poem of the Trojan War, telling how the “wrath of Achilles” led to disaster ○ The Odyssey → recounts the 20-year return journey of Odysseus to his wife, Penelope, after the fall of Troy The Trojan War Paris, Prince of Troy, kidnapped Helen, queen of Sparta Mycenaean Greeks, led by King Agamemnon and the legendary warrior.Ahilles , declared war on Troy After 10 years, Greeks finally sacked Troy using the Trojes horse , Did this actually happen? ○ Unknown → little archaeological evidence Clips: The Siege of Troy Summarize the events of each clip What does the dialogue from the Achilles hismen stormthe clips illustrate about Mycenaean culture? beach oftroy theywerewarriors gainedhonor from being that Achilles faces off against Hector of What does “The Trojan Horse” clip tray illustrate about Trojan life? It illustrates the craftsmen Awooden horseappears outsidethe theyare gates of tray Theythinkits a gift totheGetssotheytake ittotheirtemple ofposeiden Map: The Greek City-States What is a polis? Highlight the info about Carthage. Which other European power will come into conflict A greek city state with it? Describe the development of poleis. Romejoinstheconflict andstarts tofight carthage Theywentfromsingle city states tocometo Where was the seat of the Greek gods? to fight thepersians What event finally united the Greek Highlight it on the map. The Greek city-states? Gods linedon MT Olympus the attacking Persions Highlight Olympia. What did the Panhellenic Which two major powers colonized the festivals develop into? Mediterranean Sea, and where? Thefestivalsbecame a part of Greek Athenians spartans basically allaround culture  shoresof h eg n The Delian League The Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) Leading State:Athens Combatants: The spartan Peloponnesian Treasury / Namesake: theislandofOelos League Athens pelianleague Leadership Style:HeavyHanded ruthless 415 BC - Athenssends an expedition to cret mthmgivethetthemr sicily spaftee.hupetyfet Winner: [photo of leading person] Sparta Lasting effect: weakens thecitystates throws Greeceinto a downward The Peloponnesian League spiral 338 BC - Leading State: AlexandertheGreat his fatherconquer Sparta unite all ofGreece The Polis (plural: poleis) 700s BC - the polis - “citystate ” - evolved as the center of Greek life ○ Included city and surrounding countryside ○ Acropolis - central hill where citizens could gather for political, social, and religious activities ○ - open space below the acropolis that served as a market and agora a place of assembly Citizens with political rights →adult men Citizens with no political rights → women Noncitizens → slaves immigrants  g g at Effects of the Polis: ○ Citizens loyal to their city-states ○ distrust between various city-states ○ Greece divided into fiercely patriotic independent units No common Greek identity until 600 BC Greek Warfare Hoplites - heavily armed infantrymen ○ Carried a round shield, a short sword, and a 9-foot spear ○ Engaged enemies head-on ○ Well-trained and disciplined ○ Rectangular battle formation - phalanx. ○ Men provide their own armor triremes - ships with three banks of oars Constant warfare between city-states Athens and Sparta Athens Sparta - Location - Attica Peloponnesus Scholars - Culture - warriors Soland Cleisthenes - Reforms - Lycurgan Democracy - Government - Oligarchy - Alliance - Delian league Peloponnesian League Athenian Government and Society elite were wealthy a member of the socially farmed most haddonkeys horsesto they transportation they had Iron tippedplans kg they werefree usuallyimployedforbuilding maintanence other vital butgrueling tasks they had more freedomthenslaves elsewhere buttherewere manyofthem 3 4 perhousehold Spartan Government and Society both there were 2 kings w equalpower they came fromthe families Agiad Eurypontid recordedtime periods Ephors highest Spartan magistrates councilofelders 28men over60thatwere electedforlife likethegeneralsofthearmy spartiates were They aredescendants ofwhom the Spartansconquere inthepastcouldserve in the buthadno politicalrig army They were assignedtoSpartans individualymasters couldn'tsellorfreethem Theyhadtherightto aftertheypaid accumulatesomeproperty their masters Athenian Reforms 594 BC - Salon chosen as sole archon (aristocratic official) to make reforms Problem: farmers being soldintoslavery to pay debts Solution: canceled land debts and freed people sold into slavery ○ Effect: allowed non-aristocrats to participate in the government 560 BC - Aristocrat named Pisistratus seized power and enacted tyrannical trade policies  594 BC - Aristocrat named Cleisthenes gained control and introduced further reforms councilof 500 - chosen by lot from all Athenian citizens ○ Responsible for foreign affairs, finances, and business for assembly Assembly - included all male citizens ○ Passed laws after free open debate The reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes created the foundations for Athenian democracy. ○ “democracy” = demos (“ People ”) + kratia (“ Power”) The Spartan State Conquered neighboring city-states and turned their people intopeloponnesian. ○ Strong military to control large helot population league Control Peloponnesus through. oligarchy ○ Otherwise turned backs on the outside world Discouraged new ideas and foreign travel Lycurgan Reforms organize government into an oligarchy. ○ “oligarchy” = oligos (“few ”) + arkho (“torale command ”) to the Spartan state taught from childhood Totalloyalty Socratic Seminar: Majority Rule vs. Elitism Formative: Majority Rule vs. Elitism Socratic Seminar (Quiz Grade) ○ Download Socratic Seminar Student Checklist ○ Inner circle: discussion and debate with classmates ○ Outer circle: complete Checklist for two students in front of you ○ Swap circles every ~10 mins Map: Greece and Persia at War The Ionian Greek Revolt (499 - 494 BC) The First Persian Invasion (492 - 490 BC) How many cities revolted? Which Persian king led it? 19 Circle the Persian provincial capital. What happened to the Persian fleet? Highlight its journey. - How was it connected to the main empire? Royalroard - What happened there in 498 BC? What happened to the Persian army? Where? destroyedby rebels 494 BC - Who won during the First Persian Invasion? How did the revolt in Ionia affect the Greek mainland?  Key Figures The Second Persian Invasion (480 - 479 BC) Why was Darius called “the Which Persian king led it? Xerxes Great”? Circle the Battle of Thermopylae. Persia reachespeak - Who led the Greeks? Underhis leadership - Leonidas Why is this battle famous? Why did Xerxes invade Greece? to finish darius 300 spartansalldie Circle the Battle of Salamis. How did the invasion Athenians win? Which city-state was Leonidas Atheniannavyusesnarroyaftaifitge.to its from? Circle the Battle of Plataea and the Battle of Mycale. What was the result of these battles? Sparta Persian army destroyed flee Greece wins war Marathon: Legend vs. Reality At the Battle of Marathon (490 BC), only 26 miles from Athens, the outnumbered Greeks defeated Darius’ Persians Legend Reality → still debated Philippides ran 25 miles from Was Philippides a messenger Marathon to Athens to declare who sought help from Sparta? “we have won!” before Did the entire Athenian army collapsing and dying rush back to defend Athens? Modern marathon of 26.2 miles first introduced in 1896 Olympic games Clip: The Battle of Thermopylae What tactics do the Spartans use to combat the larger Persian army? Phalinx How might Spartan upbringing (Lycurgan reforms) prepare soldiers for this battle? The upbringing makesthem stronger What details from this scene are likely to be historically accurate? Inaccurate? The formation theyused theperson thatwentoutof formation startedfighting probablywouldn'thavehappened Gallery Walk: The Golden Age of Athens Download the Gallery Walk - Golden Age of Athens Worksheet Move around the room in groups - 5 minutes at each exhibit Take notes on each exhibit Complete the Exit Ticket Submit Worksheet to Canvas assignment “CW - Unit 4 - Gallery Walk - Golden Age of Athens” The Peloponnesian War (431 - 405 BC) 550 BC - Sparta formed Peloponnesian League 492 - 479 BC - Greece defeated Persia in the Persian Wars 478 BC - Athens formed Delian League 433 BC - Battle of Sybota - Corinth (Spartan ally) attacked Corcyra (Athenian ally) 431 - 423 BC - Phase I - “The Archidamian War” ○ Spartan slogan: “Freedom for the Greeks” Sought to liberate states under Athenian rule ○ Athens dominant at sea  ○ Sparta dominant on land → besieged Athens 430 BC -Plague killed nearly of Athens’ population, including Pericles 423 BC - Peace of Nicias - peace treaty meant to last years In reality, lasted only ○ 8 years 415 - 413 BC - Phase II - Sicilian expedition. ○ Athens sent navy to help defend allies in Sicily from Syracuse ○ Athenian official defected to Sparta and claimed Athens planned to conquer Italy ○ Sparta sided with Syracuse and defeated Athenian fleet Athens lost nearly its entire fleet 413 - 404 BC - Phase III - “Decelean War / Ionian War”  ○ Sparta sought money and weapons from the Persian Empire ○ Sparta encouraged revolutions in Athenian cities in Ionia ○ 405 BC - Battle of Aegospotami. Lysander (Spartan general) destroyed Athenian fleet and held Athens under siege 404 BC -Athens surrendered to Sparta ○ Ended the Golden Age of Greece ○ All of Greece weakened Paved the way for Tacedonia to invade The Rise of Macedonia 338 BC - King Philip II of Macedonia invaded Greece ○ Defeated Greeks at Battle of Chaeronea ○ Cefinthean league- unified Greek forces under Macedonian leadership ○ 336 BC - assassinated while preparing to invade the Persian Empire succeeded by hisson Alexander theGreat  Alexander the Great Circle and explain each event: Years Ruled: 336 323BC 334 BC - Battle of Granicus River Cities Founded - Name:Alexandri - Number: 331 BC - Liberation of Egypt 1 Theysurrendered peacefully 331 BC - Battle of Gaugamela How did Persian king Darius III die? He was killed by his satrap Death - Age: Location: 326 BC - Battle of Hydaspes River 42 babylon - Cause: Fever exhaustian Poilion - What happened to the empire after? Why did Alexander not advance into India? His collapsed Because his mutinied  tp p y Clip: The Battle of Gaugamela What strategy did Alexander employ to defeat the Persians at Gaugamela? Which Persian city fell shortly after Gaugamela? Alexander never designated a successor - why was that a problem? The Hellenistic Era Start of the Hellenistic Era Highlight each Hellenistic kingdom on the map using the colors below  Macedonia & Greece Ptolemaic Egypt People immigrate away for better takes control of theregion came tounite Someone tolomy appurtinities greece butended Hellenises it upfailing Rome defeated MacedoniaSparta was one of thecitystates thatstayeddistant I got takenoverbythe Macedonians  Bactria & Kush Social Interactions Seleucid Empire (Persia) Greek influenceplayedtradeexpands causing more Capital Antioch interactions a largerole in theKush social Eric dumped used a hornedhorse gold causinginflation they asthesymbolfor Kingdom monarchy Greececameinto Persia were The Bactriahad connections symbolfortheirmoney had forcingthe nativesofthe area largediversefarms w the silk road Buddhism Armywas to dothingsforthemPersia mostlymercenaries thepeakoffusion between infusedtheGold intoGreek wasthecontinuationofGrank culture untillRomanstook it the eastern western culture society over Theythen mixedcultures wasreached  Scientific Advancements The Rise of Rome dissection surgery Handoutabout first Romes building up their powerwhen thebrain Buildinguptheir nervoussystem spine are everyone elseis fighting all connected developments in traveling duringthe Persian democracy Macedonia invadedGreece wars King Philipfrom makingtradeeasier first theorization theRomanscame inafterwardsMacedonia proposesalliances Rome that India can be reached bysailing imposestaxeson Greece west