Grammar Exam Content

Unit \#14 Present Participle Are often used when we want to express an active action. We make the present participle by adding **-ing** to the basic forms of the verbs. We use the present participles to describe the nouns like the adjectives. The present participles describing the nouns come after...

Unit \#14 Present Participle Are often used when we want to express an active action. We make the present participle by adding **-ing** to the basic forms of the verbs. We use the present participles to describe the nouns like the adjectives. The present participles describing the nouns come after the linking verbs or before/after the nouns. Unit \#15 Past participle The past participles are often used when we want to express a passive action. We make the past participles by adding -ed to the regular verbs. For irregular verbs, the past and past participle forms are different. We use the past participles to describe the nouns like the adjectives. The past participles appear after the linking verbs or before/after the nouns. The past participles have passive meaning while the present participles have active meaning. Unit \#16 Conjuctions Afirmatives We use correlative conjuctions for two things that are related. We usually use both with the nouns. \* Both A and B form and not only A but also B form have the same meaning. E.g Both chimpanzees and orangutans are apes. =Not only chimpanzees but also orangutans are apes Negativas We use the negative correlative neither A nor B and not A but B to connect two related words. Unit \#17 Exclamations\ We use interjections to show feelings about something or someone. We can use How + adjective + (S+V)! sentences to make an exclamation. We can also make exclamations using What + (a) + adjective + noun + (S+V)! sentences. Unit \#18 Sentences Structure Some verbs can have two objects to complete the meaning. We call these verbs transitive verbs. We use the object of person (indirect Object) and then the thing (Direct Object). But the direct object (DO) can come before the indirect object (IO) if to or for is used. Some transitive verbs can have the objective complement (OC) after the object to make S+V+O+OC. The objective complement (OC) describes the action or the state of the object. Unit \#19 Speech We use the direct speech forms when we say the exact words a person said. In the direct speech, no changes are made to what the person said and put the words in quotation marks (" "). Generally, we capitalize the first word inside the quotation marks. We use indirect speech to describe what someone said without using quotation marks. We use say if the listener is not mentioned and use tell if the listener is mentioned. The pronouns and verb tenses change in reported speech. Unit \#20 Conditional Sentences We use the conditional sentences when we feel there is another possibility in the present time. We state the opposite of the real situation in the past tense in the if clause, and we use the past tense of a helping verb in the main clause to say the possible result. \*We use the be verb, were, in the if clause. CWe use wish conditional to express a desire for things that don't exist or happen now. We use the past tense in the sentences that follow wish.