Google IT Support Certification - COURSE 1 Technical Support Fundamentals PDF

Coursera: Google IT Support Certification By: Shaun Mendoza  IT 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Technical Support Fundamentals 4 Module 1...

Coursera: Google IT Support Certification By: Shaun Mendoza  IT 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Technical Support Fundamentals 4 Module 1 5 Relevant Courses 5 What is IT 5 Topics That I’m Learning 5 History of IT 6 Cryptography: The Art of Writing and Solving Codes 6 The Evolution of Data Storage and Computers 6 Open Source Software 6 The Evolution of Technology 7 Digital Logic 7 Binary System and Computer Language 7 Character Encoding 10 Logic Gates 10 Computer Architecture Layer 19 Abstraction 19 Definition: 19 Examples of Abstraction: 19 Importance of Abstraction: 19 Computer Architecture Overview: 19 Module 1 Glossary 21 Module 2 23 The Modern Computer 23 Introduction to Computer Hardware 23 Typical Desktop Setup 23 Components of a Desktop 23 Outside of the Desktop 23 Inside the Desktop 24 How it All Works Together 24 Programs. The CPU, and Memory 25 Programs 25 Cache 29 CPU’s Internal Clock 31 Overclocking 31  IT 3 Safe Overclocking Protocol 32 Final Notes 33 Resources for more information 33 Components 34 CPU (Central Processing Unit): Practical Aspects 34 RAM (Random Access Memory) 38 Motherboards 42 Physical Storage: Hard Drives 46 Power Supplies 51 Selecting a Power Supply 56 Local Input Voltage 56 Resources for more information 60 Mobile Devices Overview 61 Batteries and Charging Systems 64 Supplemental Readings for Batteries and Charging Systems 65 Peripherals and Ports 66 USB Devices and Ports 66 Display Peripherals and Connections 68 Role of an IT Support Specialist 71 Supplemental Readings 72 Generations of USB Type-A Connectors 72 Micro USB, USB-C, USB4, and Lightning Ports 73 Communication Connectors 74 Device Connectors 75 Punch Down Blocks 76 Key Takeaways 76 Supplemental Reading for Projectors 78 Connectors and Cables 78 Device Drivers 79 Lighting 79 Calibration 79 Key Takeaways 80 Starting It Up 81 Bios 81 How Devices Communicate with the CPU 81 What is BIOS? 81 What is UEFI? 83 POST (Power-On Self-Test) 83 BIOS/CMOS Settings 84  IT 4 Reimaging a Computer 85 Key Takeaways 86 Putting it All Together: Installing the Processor 87 1. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Precautions 87 2. Preparing the Motherboard 87 3. Installing the CPU 88 4. Attaching the Heat Sink 89 5. Final Check 92 Putting it All Together: Adding RAM, the Drive, and Power Supply 93 1. Installing the RAM (Random Access Memory) 93 2. Installing the SSD (Solid-State Drive) 96 3. Installing the Case Fan 100 4. Installing the Power Supply 101 Final Notes: 102 Putting it All Together: Adding Graphics and Other Peripherals 103 1. Connecting the Power Supply to the Motherboard 103 2. Connecting the Case Cables 105 3. Installing the Graphics Card 106 4. Finishing the Build 107 5. Powering On and Testing 108 6. What’s Next? 108 Congratulations! 108 Repairing Mobile Devices: Tools and Techniques 110 1. Unique Challenges of Mobile Device Repairs 110 2. Warranty and Repair Policies 110 3. Preparing a Device for Repair 111 4. Repair Best Practices 111 Key Takeaway 111 Supplemental Reading: Mobile Display Types 112 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 112 Comparison Table: Types of LCD Displays 113 Key Takeaways 114 Comparison of OLED and Advanced Display Technologies 114 Key Takeaways 115 Module 2 Glossary 117 New terms and their definitions: Course 1 Module 2 117 Terms and their definitions from previous modules 121 Chapter 2: 124 Chapter 3: 125  IT 5 Chapter 4: 126 Chapter 5: 127 Chapter 6: 128 Chapter 7: 129 Chapter 8: 130 Chapter 9: 131 Chapter 10: 132 Chapter 11: 133 Chapter 12: 134 Chapter 13: 135 Chapter 14: 136 Chapter 15: 137  IT 6 Technical Support Fundamentals  IT 7 Module 1 Relevant Courses for Certification 1. Technical support fundamentals (current course) 2. Computer network 3. Operating system 4. System Admin & Infrastructure Services 5. IT Security What is IT The use of digital technology like computers and the internet, to store and process data into useful information Topics That I’m Learning From This Course How a Computer Works: The Building Blocks How Computer Hardware Performs Calculations Building a Computer From Scratch Operating System Interaction With Hardware Computer and Internet Communication Human Interaction With Applications and Programs Problem-Solving With Computers Critical Communication Skills in Technical Environments  IT 8 History of IT Cryptography: The Art of Writing and Solving Codes A critical component in computer security, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity in digital communication. The Evolution of Data Storage and Computers 1. Punch Cards: ○ One of the first methods for storing and processing data, widely used in early computing systems. 2. Xerox Alto: ○ The first computer to feature a graphical user interface (GUI), introducing the concepts of a mouse, icons, and windows. 3. Operating Systems: ○ Early systems like Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows shaped user experiences. ○ Microsoft Windows partnered with IBM, gaining popularity due to its compatibility with a wide range of computer hardware. Open Source Software GNU: ○ A free and open-source software initiative that allows anyone to modify and share its components. Linux: ○ A widely used open-source operating system derived from the GNU project, favored for its flexibility and reliability.  IT 9 The Evolution of Technology The transition from room-sized supercomputers to pocket-sized mobile phones demonstrates rapid innovation. The future may hold developments like virtual lenses or advanced AI systems, continuing this trend of technological transformation. Digital Logic Binary System and Computer Language 1. Binary System: a. A base-2 numeral system used by computers. b. Only uses two symbols: 0 (off) and 1 (on). 2. Bits and Bytes: a. Bit: Short for binary digit, it's the smallest unit of data in computing. b. Byte: A group of eight bits. i. Example: 10101010 (8 bits = 1 byte). ii. Each byte can store one character (e.g., a letter, number, or symbol). 3. Storage and Values: a. Each byte can represent 256 possible values because 28=2562^8 = 25628=256. b. These values range from 0 to 255 in decimal format  IT 10 4. Counting Binary a. Conversion Table b. Binary to Decimal Conversion i. 1 = ON, 0 = OFF  IT 11 c. Using the ASCII Table i. H is the Character ii. 104 is the Decimal Value iii. 0110 1000 is the Binary Value d. Character encoding assigns binary values to characters so that humans can read them i. Characters from the are what’s used ASCII  IT 12 Character Encoding 1. Definition: ○ Character encoding assigns binary values to characters so humans can read and interpret them. ○ Works like a dictionary, translating binary into readable text. 2. Common Encoding Standards: ○ ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): Represents English alphabets, digits, and punctuation marks. Uses 1 byte (8 bits) to store each character. Limited to 128 or 256 characters. ○ UTF-8 (Unicode Transformation Format - 8-bit): The most widely used encoding standard today. Allows storing characters in 1 to 4 bytes. Backward-compatible with ASCII, meaning it retains ASCII values for the first 128 characters. Supports a much larger range of characters (part of the Unicode Standard) to ensure global consistency. 3. Unicode Standard: ○ A universal character encoding standard that ensures consistent representation of text across different platforms and languages. ○ UTF-8 is a popular implementation of Unicode. Logic Gates 1. Definition: a. Electrical components that tell a computer how to perform binary calculations b. Allow our transistors to do more complex tasks, Deciding where to send electrical signals depending on logical conditions  IT 13 2. 6 Common Logic Gates a. NOT Gate i. Inputs signal & Outputs a signal with the opposite binary state ii. If on, then off iii. If off, then on  IT 14 b. AND Gate i. Take 2 INPUTS 1. 4 Possible combination of INPUT values ii. OUTPUTt condition 1. Only ON when both INPUTS are On 2. Otherwise, OUTPUT is OFF iii. If & Then Statement 1. If (A AND B) = on a. Then (Output) = on 2. Else a. Output = off  IT 15 c. OR Gate i. Takes 2 INPUTS ii. OUTPUT condition 1. OUTPUT is OFF only when BOTH INPUTS are off 2. Otherwise, OUTPUT is ON iii. If A or B = on 1. Then Output = on iv. Else 1. Output = Off  IT 16 d. XOR Gate (Exclusive OR) Gate i. Takes 2 INPUTS ii. OUTPUT condition 1. OUTPUT is ON when ONLY 1 (A or B) is on a. If both inputs are on, OUTPUT is OFF 2. OUTPUT is Off when both are OFF iii. If (A or B) are on 1. Output is On iv. If (A and B) are on 1. Output is OFF v. Else 1. Output is OFF  IT 17 e. NAND Gate i. Takes 2 INPUT ii. OUTPUT condition 1. OUTPUT is off when BOTH A & B are on 2. Otherwise, OUTPUT is on iii. If (A & B) = ON 1. OUTPUT is Off iv. Otherwise, OUTPUT is ON v. Combination of AND and NOT 1. AKA “not AND” gate  IT 18 f. XNOR Gate i. Takes 2 INPUT ii. OUTPUT condition 1. Both inputs are the same = OUTPUT is on iii. If (A & B) = ON or OFF 1. OUTPUT is ON iv. Else 1. OUTPUT is OFF v. Combination of XOR and runs through a NOT Gate 1. Aka “not-XOR” gate g. Combining gates (Building Circuits) i. Logic Gates are physical electronic components  IT 19 1. Can be linked to create complex electrical system (Circuits) that performs complicated binary calculations 2. Link gates by connecting the output from one gate to the input of another gate or by using same inputs for multiple gates IT 20  IT 21 Computer Architecture Layer Abstraction Definition: Abstraction is the process of simplifying a complex system by focusing only on the essential parts, making it easier to understand and use. Examples of Abstraction: Cars: ○ While the engine might vary between models, the interface remains simple and familiar—steering wheel, gas pedal, and brakes. Computers: ○ Regardless of the internal components or operating system, the interface typically includes familiar tools like the mouse, keyboard, and monitor. Error Messages: ○ Instead of displaying technical details, an error message abstracts the complexity and presents a simplified explanation to the user. Importance of Abstraction: It helps break down complex systems into smaller, understandable parts, making it easier to solve problems, explain concepts, or build new solutions. Computer Architecture Overview: Abstraction can be applied to understand the four main layers of a computer system:  IT 22 1. Hardware: ○ Physical components like the CPU, RAM, and motherboard. 2. Operating System: ○ Software that bridges communication between the hardware and the user. ○ Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux. 3. Software: ○ Applications and programs that allow humans to perform tasks or interact with the system. ○ Examples: Browsers, word processors, games. 4. Users: ○ People who interact with the computer system. ○ The human element is the most critical part of IT, as technology ultimately serves user needs.  IT 23 Module 1 Glossary IT 24  IT 25 Module 2 The Modern Computer Introduction to Computer Hardware Typical Desktop Setup Main Components: ○ Monitor: Displays what the computer is doing. ○ Keyboard: Input device used for typing and commands. ○ Mouse: Input device for navigation and interaction. ○ Desktop (Tower): Houses the internal components of the computer. Optional Components: ○ Speakers: For audio output. ○ Printer: For physical copies of digital documents. ○ Other peripherals: External drives, webcams, etc. Components of a Desktop Outside of the Desktop Power Outlet: ○ Supplies power to the desktop through the power cord. Common Ports: ○ Connection points for external devices to extend the computer’s functionality. ○ Examples: Network Connection Port: For wired internet. USB Ports: For peripherals like a mouse, keyboard, or external drives. Monitor Ports: VGA, HDMI, or DisplayPort for the monitor.  IT 26 Inside the Desktop 1. CPU (Central Processing Unit): ○ Known as the “brain of the computer.” ○ Performs all calculations and processes data. ○ Works closely with RAM to handle tasks. 2. RAM (Random Access Memory): ○ Acts as the computer’s short-term memory. ○ Temporarily stores data that the CPU is currently using or processing. 3. Hard Drive (or SSD): ○ The computer’s long-term memory. ○ Stores files like music, pictures, documents, and applications. 4. Motherboard: ○ Acts as the body or circulatory system of the computer. ○ Connects all internal components, enabling communication between them. 5. Power Supply (PSU): ○ Converts the electricity from the wall outlet into a form that the computer can safely use. ○ Distributes power to all internal components. How it All Works Together The CPU processes the instructions from programs stored on the Hard Drive. Temporary data needed for tasks is stored in RAM for quick access. The Motherboard ensures that the CPU, RAM, storage, and other components communicate seamlessly. The Power Supply provides the energy required for all components to function. A well-maintained setup ensures smooth performance and allows for easy upgrades or repairs when needed.  IT 27 Programs. The CPU, and Memory Programs Definition: Instructions that tell the computer what to do. Analogy: ○ Programs are like recipes. ○ All the recipes (programs) are stored in a cookbook (the hard drive). ○ The Chef (CPU) follows these recipes to "prepare food" (process tasks). ○ The faster the Chef (CPU), the more tasks can be completed. How Programs Work: ○ Instead of accessing recipes directly from the cookbook (hard drive), we copy them into RAM for quicker access. ○ The Chef (CPU) can take a few recipes (data) from RAM rather than flipping through the entire cookbook (hard drive). External Data Bus (EDB) Definition: A row of wires that interconnect the computer's parts. Analogy: ○ Like veins in the body, the EDB carries information (data) between different components. How It Works: ○ Uses voltage to represent data: Voltage = 1 No Voltage = 0 ○ These 1s and 0s form "bits," which are the building blocks of data. ○ The size of the EDB is measured in bits (e.g., 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bit). Registers Definition: Small storage locations inside the CPU where data is temporarily held. Analogy:  IT 28 ○ Registers are like the Chef's (CPU's) work table, where ingredients (data) are prepared. Example: ○ When adding two numbers: 1. The first number is stored in Register A. 2. The second number is stored in Register B. 3. The result of the addition is stored in Register C. Summary of the Process: Programs (recipes) are stored on the hard drive (cookbook). The CPU (Chef) retrieves and processes the instructions. Data is copied to RAM for faster access. The external data bus (veins) transfers data between components. Registers (work table) temporarily hold data for quick processing.  IT 29 Why Data Isn't Sent Directly from RAM to the EDB 1. Reason: RAM can hold millions or billions of rows of data, but the EDB (External Data Bus) can only handle one line of data at a time. 2. To efficiently manage this, we need another component: the Memory Controller Chip (MCC). Memory Controller Chip (MCC) 1. Function: Acts as a bridge between the CPU and RAM. 2. Analogy: Think of the MCC as a nerve in your brain connecting to your memories. When the CPU (brain) needs a specific piece of information (step #? from a recipe), the MCC helps locate and retrieve it. How the MCC Works: 1. The CPU asks the MCC for a specific instruction (e.g., "What’s step #3 in the recipe?"). 2. The MCC finds the address of that instruction in RAM. 3. The MCC retrieves the data and sends it to the CPU via the EDB. This process ensures that the CPU gets the exact data it needs without being overwhelmed by the vast amount of information stored in RAM.  IT 30 Address Bus ○ Definition: A communication pathway that connects the CPU to the MCC (Memory Controller Chip). ○ Function: Sends the location of the data in RAM, not the data itself. How It Works: ○ The CPU uses the address bus to send the location (address) of the needed data to the MCC. ○ The MCC uses this address to locate the specific data in RAM. ○ Once found, the MCC retrieves the data from RAM and sends it to the CPU via the EDB (External Data Bus). Analogy: ○ Think of the address bus like giving a librarian the call number for a book. ○ The librarian (MCC) finds the book (data) on the shelf (RAM) and delivers it to you (CPU) through a delivery system (EDB). This separation of responsibilities allows efficient communication and prevents the CPU from being overwhelmed by handling both addresses and data simultaneously.  IT 31 Cache Definition: A small amount of recently or frequently used data stored on hardware or software for quicker access. Size: Smaller than RAM but faster. Purpose: ○ Avoids the need to repeatedly fetch data from the full data path (e.g., hard drives, RAM, network). ○ Instead, stores a local copy in temporary storage, reducing transaction time. How Cache Works: 1. When data is accessed for the first time, the request and response travel through multiple components like I/O devices, RAM, hard drives, or networks. 2. This journey takes time, especially if it happens repeatedly. 3. Cache stores a local copy of this data to speed up future access. CPU Cache Definition: A specialized cache stored inside or near the CPU for fast access to data. Location: ○ Modern CPUs store cache directly in each CPU core. ○ Older systems might store cache in a high-speed transistor chip attached to the motherboard. Analogy: ○ RAM: Like a refrigerator full of food—easy to put things in but harder to find and take out. ○ Cache: Like the stuff in your pocket—small, handy, and quickly accessible. Levels of CPU Cache 1. Level 1 (L1) Cache ○ Size: Smallest and fastest cache. ○ Purpose: Stores data currently in use by the CPU. ○ Location: Each CPU core has its own dedicated L1 cache.  IT 32 2. Level 2 (L2) Cache ○ Size: Larger than L1 but slower. ○ Purpose: Holds a copy of recently accessed data not currently in use by the CPU. ○ Location: Each CPU core has its own dedicated L2 cache. 3. Level 3 (L3) Cache ○ Size: Largest and slowest cache but still faster than RAM (typically 2x faster). ○ Purpose: First cache to store data transferred from RAM. Shared by all CPU cores in a single processor. Why Cache is Important: 1. By storing recent or frequently used data, cache drastically improves the CPU's efficiency and speed, reducing the time needed to fetch data from slower storage options like RAM or hard drives.  IT 33 CPU’s Internal Clock Purpose: ○ Keeps the CPU’s operations synchronized. ○ Connected to a Clock Wire that sends a voltage signal to the CPU, telling it when to begin calculations. Clock Speed (e.g., 3.4 GHz): ○ Indicates the maximum number of clock cycles the CPU can handle in one second. ○ Example: 3.4 GHz = 3.4 billion cycles per second. ○ It’s a maximum limit, not a constant speed. The CPU adjusts based on workload. Overclocking Definition: ○ Increasing the CPU’s clock speed beyond its base frequency to improve performance. ○ Example: A CPU with a base frequency of 3.2 GHz can be overclocked to 3.5 GHz. Benefits: ○ Handles processor-intensive tasks faster. ○ Improves performance in tasks like gaming, rendering, or data processing. Key Overclocking Variables: ○ Base Clock Frequency: Measured in GHz. ○ Core Frequency: Base frequency multiplied by the CPU core multiplier. ○ Core Voltage: Adjusted in small increments to meet the increased power demands during overclocking. Risks of Overclocking: ○ Overheating: Can damage the CPU and surrounding components. ○ Reduced Lifespan: Shortens the CPU’s lifespan and voids warranties. ○ System Instability: Misconfigured settings can cause crashes or freezes.  IT 34 Safe Overclocking Protocol 1. Check Compatibility: ○ Confirm that your CPU and motherboard support overclocking. ○ Refer to manufacturer documentation (e.g., Intel, AMD) for specific tools and guidelines. 2. Prepare the Hardware: ○ Clean the Computer: Turn off and unplug the PC. Use compressed air to remove dust, especially around the CPU and cooling fans. ○ Install a Better Cooler: Stock coolers are often insufficient for overclocked CPUs. Upgrade to advanced cooling, like a liquid cooling system. 3. Benchmark the Baseline: ○ Use benchmarking software to establish normal performance metrics. 4. Overclock Step-by-Step: ○ Use manufacturer software or the BIOS for adjustments. ○ Adjust Core Multipliers: Start with the lowest multiplier value. Increase each core multiplier by 1, then reboot the computer. ○ Test Stability: Run stability tests after each change. Monitor for temperature or performance issues. 5. Adjust Voltage Cautiously: ○ If unstable, increase voltage in 0.05V increments. ○ Never exceed 1.4V unless using specialized cooling hardware. 6. Respond to Issues: ○ If the computer crashes or freezes: Roll back to the last stable frequency in the BIOS. Alternatively, increase voltage slightly (0.01V increments) until stable. 7. Reboot and Repeat:  IT 35 ○ Once stable, reboot the system before making additional adjustments. Final Notes Know Your Limits: Purchase a CPU that meets your performance needs to minimize the need for overclocking. Monitor Constantly: Keep an eye on system temperatures and performance to prevent long-term damage. Overclocking is useful but should be done carefully to avoid reducing your computer’s reliability and lifespan. Resources for more information Intel: Overclocking: Maximize Your Performance - Intel’s all-inclusive guide to overclocking CPU, RAM, and motherboard. The site also provides utility tools for fine-tuning overclock performance and lists Intel CPU models that support overclocking. AMD: AMD Ryzen™ Master Utility for Overclocking Control - AMD’s toolkit for overclocking Ryzen processors. Note that overclocking support for non-Ryzen models is no longer recommended by AMD. AMD: Ryzen™ Processor Overclocked Memory Compatibility List - List of AMD Ryzen CPU models that support overclocking. AMD: How to Overclock Your AMD Ryzen CPU - Instructions for overclocking AMD Ryzen CPUs from PC Magazine.  IT 36 Components CPU (Central Processing Unit): Practical Aspects Instruction Set (Cookbook/Translation Book) ○ A list of instructions that the CPU can execute (e.g., adding, subtracting, copying). ○ These instructions are hardcoded inside the CPU. ○ Different manufacturers have unique instruction sets, but they generally perform similar functions.  IT 37 Think of it like a car engine: while designs vary, the basic functions are the same. CPU Manufacturers ○ Common examples include Intel, AMD, and Qualcomm. ○ Examples of CPUs: Intel Core i7, AMD Athlon, Snapdragon 810. ○ When choosing a CPU, ensure it is compatible with the motherboard. Types of CPU Sockets ○ Land Grid Array (LGA) The pins are on the motherboard. Different motherboards have different socket types, so check for compatibility.  IT 38 ○ Pin Grid Array (PGA) The pins are on the processor itself.  IT 39 Overheating and Cooling Solutions ○ CPUs perform intensive tasks, making them prone to overheating. ○ Use a heatsink and a cooling solution (e.g., a fan or liquid cooling) to dissipate heat. 32-bit vs. 64-bit Architecture ○ CPUs process data in bits, and the architecture indicates how much data the CPU can handle efficiently. ○ 32-bit CPUs process data in smaller chunks compared to 64-bit CPUs, which can handle more data at once. ○ Refer to resources like Microsoft's guide on 32-bit vs. 64-bit for more details. Importance of Compatibility The CPU is one of the most critical components of a computer. Ensure the CPU is compatible with all other components, especially the motherboard.  IT 40 RAM (Random Access Memory) Stores data for quick and easy access by the computer. The data in RAM changes frequently, meaning it’s not permanent (RAM is volatile). When the machine powers off, all data in RAM is cleared. For example, if you're playing a video game and making progress in a long campaign, but the power goes out before you save, all progress is lost. Purpose of RAM  IT 41 Computers are made up of programs that need to process data. RAM creates a temporary copy of data for the CPU (Central Processing Unit) to process faster. The size of your RAM determines how much data it can handle at one time (e.g., how many programs or how large programs you can run). With enough RAM, you can run multiple programs simultaneously without slowing down the computer. Different Types of RAM DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) ○ Stores each bit of data (a "1" or "0") in a tiny capacitor, which is either charged or discharged. ○ These capacitors are placed in semiconductors and assembled on chips that are part of RAM sticks.  IT 42 Memory Sticks for DRAM Chips ○ DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) A more modern design with different sizes and arrangements of pins. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) ○ Syncs with the system's clock speed, allowing faster data processing. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) ○ Commonly referred to as RAM or DDR. ○ Has several iterations: DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4. ○ DDR is faster, uses less power, and has a larger capacity compared to earlier SDRAM versions. ○ The latest version, DDR4, is the fastest type of short-term memory currently available for computers. Why Faster RAM Matters Faster RAM means programs can load and run quicker. More and faster RAM allows you to run multiple programs at the same time more efficiently. Compatibility Note  IT 43 RAM sticks must be compatible with the motherboard of your computer to work properly.  IT 44 Motherboards The foundation that holds the computer together and enables the components to communicate with one another. Routes power from the power supply to various components. Expands a computer’s functionality by adding expansion cards (e.g., graphics or network cards). Key Characteristics 1. Chipset  IT 45 ○ Acts as the "manager" of the motherboard, determining how the components communicate. ○ Manages data transfer between the CPU, RAM, and peripherals (external devices like a mouse, keyboard, or monitor). ○ Consists of two primary chips: Northbridge: Connects RAM and video cards. In modern CPUs, the Northbridge functions are directly integrated into the CPU. Southbridge: Handles input/output (I/O) tasks like hard drives and USB devices.  IT 46 2. Expansion Slots ○ Allow for increasing the computer’s functionality by adding components like graphics or network cards. ○ The standard for expansion buses is PCI Express (PCIe). PCIe slots look like connectors on the motherboard. PCIe-based expansion cards resemble small circuit boards that plug into these slots. 3. Form Factor ○ The size and shape of the motherboard, which determines: How much hardware it can support. The physical space needed for installation. ○ Common form factors: ATX (Advanced Technology Extended): Most common, especially for desktops. Comes in full-size and smaller variants. ITX (Information Technology Extended): Smaller than ATX, used for compact systems. ○ When choosing a form factor: Decide if you want a smaller system with limited capacity or a larger workstation that supports more upgrades.  IT 47 The form factor influences the type of expansion slots and hardware you can use. Why Understanding Motherboards is Important Motherboards dictate compatibility for components like the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards. Knowing the specifics helps prevent buying or installing incompatible parts. A clear understanding of motherboard features can be invaluable for troubleshooting hardware issues or building a custom PC.  IT 48 Physical Storage: Hard Drives Data Sizes Bit: The smallest unit of data storage, representing a binary digit (either a 1 or 0). Byte: Composed of 8 bits, it can hold one letter, symbol, or number. Kilobyte (KB): Equal to 1,024 bytes. Backup A backup is a copy of your data saved in a separate location to prevent data loss in case your primary storage (like a hard drive) crashes. Types of Hard Drives 1. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) ○ Mechanism: Uses spinning platters and a mechanical arm to read and write data. ○ RPM (Revolutions Per Minute): The speed at which the platter rotates determines how quickly data is read or written. Higher RPM means faster performance. For example, a 500GB HDD with a 5400 RPM will perform slower than one with 7200 RPM. ○ Pros: More affordable and available in larger capacities.  IT 49 ○ Cons: Prone to mechanical failure due to moving parts. 2. Solid State Drives (SSDs) ○ Mechanism: No moving parts; instead, data is stored on microchips, similar to USB sticks. ○ Speed: Faster than HDDs, as data travels much quicker between the chips. ○ Form Factor: Slimmer and more compact compared to HDDs. ○ Pros: More durable and faster than HDDs. ○ Cons: More expensive and offers less storage capacity for the price. 3. Hybrid Drives ○ Combines SSD and HDD features: SSDs are used for system performance (faster access to important data), while HDDs are used for less critical storage needs like large files. Interfaces Connecting Hard Drives  IT 50 1. ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) ○ Common interface standard for connecting hard drives to computers. 2. SATA (Serial ATA) ○ Most Popular ATA Drive: SATA uses a single cable for data transfers and is hot-swappable, meaning you can connect or disconnect a SATA drive without turning off your system. ○ Advantages: Faster data transfer speeds and more efficient cables than previous ATA versions. 3. NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) ○ Created for SSDs: SATA cables couldn't keep up with the speed demands of newer SSDs, so NVMe was developed. ○ Interface: NVMe connects the SSD directly to the motherboard through an expansion slot, allowing for much greater data throughput and efficiency. Summary of Pros and Cons HDD: ○ Pros: More affordable, larger storage capacities. ○ Cons: Slower speeds, more prone to damage. SSD: ○ Pros: Faster speeds, more durable (no moving parts). ○ Cons: More expensive, smaller storage options for the price. Hybrid Drives: ○ Pros: Combines SSD speed with HDD storage capacity for efficient performance. ○ Cons: More complex and may be more expensive than a single SSD or HDD. Supplemental Reading: Data Storage IT 51 IT 52  IT 53 Power Supplies Purpose Converts electricity from the wall (AC) into usable electricity (DC) for the computer. Computers require DC voltage, while wall outlets supply AC voltage.  IT 54 Types of Electricity 1. Direct Current (DC): Flows in one direction. 2. Alternating Current (AC): Changes direction constantly. Conversion Process: The power supply unit (PSU) transforms AC from the wall outlet into low-voltage DC power to safely power components like the motherboard, CPU, and other devices. Components of a Power Supply 1. Fan: Keeps the PSU cool and prevents overheating. 2. Voltage Information: Displays supported voltage levels. 3. Cables: Deliver power to internal components and external devices.  IT 55 Understanding Voltage, Amperage, and Wattage Voltage: Analogy: Water pressure in a pipe. ○ High voltage = high pressure = risk of frying a device if mismatched. ○ Low voltage = slow operation or damage over time. ○ It pushes everything Rule: Always use the proper voltage for your devices. Amperage (Amps): Analogy: The flow of water through the pipe. ○ Determines the current supplied to the device. ○ It’s pulls as much as it needs ○ Example: A 2-amp charger charges faster than a 1-amp charger. Wattage: Combination of volts and amps (W = V × A). ○ Determines the total power needed by the device.  IT 56 ○ Low Wattage: Insufficient to power demanding computers. ○ High Wattage: Won’t overpower the system, as the PSU provides only what the system needs. Power Supply Requirements Basic Usage: A smaller PSU suffices. Demanding Activities: Gaming or video production requires a higher wattage PSU to handle the increased power demands. Common Power Supply Issues 1. System won’t turn on: Often indicates PSU failure. 2. Burnouts or surges: Caused by lightning strikes or sudden power fluctuations. 3. Inconsistent performance: A failing PSU can lead to crashes or sluggish operation. Tips to Avoid Damage 1. Voltage Compatibility: Use devices designed for your region's voltage (e.g., 120V in the U.S., 220V in Europe). 2. Surge Protectors: Protect against power surges and lightning strikes. 3. Proper Wattage: Ensure your PSU meets your computer's power requirements. Diagnosing and Replacing a PSU Symptoms of a bad PSU: 1. Computer won’t power on. 2. Random shutdowns or restarts. 3. Overheating PSU or strange noises.  IT 57 Steps to Replace: 1. Disconnect the PSU from all components. 2. Remove the PSU from the case. 3. Install a new PSU with matching wattage and connector types. 4. Reconnect cables and test the system. A well-maintained PSU ensures stable power delivery, prolonging the lifespan of the computer and preventing data loss or hardware damage.  IT 58 Supplemental Reading for Power Supplies Objective: Learn how to select the correct power supply for a PC to support its main components. AC current can damage computers, so it must be converted to DC. Power supplies also reduce the voltage delivered to internal components to prevent damage. Other computer hardware components affect the size and type of power supply a PC needs. Selecting a Power Supply Local Input Voltage The main consideration when choosing a power supply is the voltage used by wall sockets in your country, as it varies by region. The most common voltages are 110–120 VAC and 220–240 VAC (Volts of Alternating Current). Example Scenario: Imagine a customer imports a PC from a country with a different voltage standard. To avoid damaging the computer, you need to adapt the input power. Solutions: 1. Replace the power supply with a unit designed for the correct voltage of the target country. 2. Install a power supply model that includes a dual-voltage switch. This switch toggles between 110–120 VAC and 220–240 VAC. 3. Use an external power converter. ○ Plug the computer into the power converter. ○ Then, plug the converter into the normal wall socket.  IT 59 ○ Power converters are available in stores that sell international travel accessories. This ensures the PC operates safely and avoids damage due to incompatible voltages. Motherboard Engineering Specifications Motherboard and Form Factor Specifications: ○ The motherboard's specifications document lists the compatible power supplies for the system. Power Consumption of Components: ○ The number of internal components and peripherals the computer will need to support determines the minimum wattage a power supply must provide. Standard Power Supply: ○ A basic power supply is sufficient for tasks like surfing the internet and other light computer usage. Higher Wattage Power Supplies: ○ Higher wattage is needed for: Powerful CPUs or multiple CPUs. Multiple hard drives or SSDs. Video rendering applications. Top-tier GPUs for gaming and other resource-heavy tasks.  IT 60 By matching the power supply's wattage and features to the computer's needs, you ensure reliable performance and avoid hardware issues. Power Supply Overview The power supply connects to an adapter on the computer’s motherboard. Wiring is color-coded, with each color carrying a different voltage or serving as a grounding wire. A standard ATX connector has 20 or 24 pins: ○ 20-pin connectors are used in older systems. ○ 24-pin connectors are the standard for modern PCs, providing more power for expansion cards, powerful CPUs, and additional components. The power supply has multiple connectors for the motherboard, hard drives, graphics cards, and other components, each designed to deliver the correct amount of electricity for its purpose. Common PC Power Supply Connections (ATX 2) 1. Floppy disk drive (obsolete). 2. Molex universal connector: Used for older IDE hard drives and optical drives. 3. SATA connectors: For modern hard drives and SSDs.  IT 61 4. Graphics card connectors: ○ 8-pin (can be separated into 6-pin). ○ 6-pin (for less powerful GPUs). 5. Motherboard connectors: ○ 8-pin. ○ P4 connector (can combine with another P4 to form an 8-pin 12V connector). 6. ATX2 24-pin connector: ○ Can be split into 20+4 pins for compatibility with older 20-pin motherboards. You will learn how to install a power supply and connect these cables later in this module. Key Takeaways When selecting a power supply, consider the following: 1. Wall socket input voltage standard for the country where the computer will be used. 2. The number and power needs of the computer’s internal components. 3. The motherboard’s model, form factor, and engineering specifications.  IT 62 Resources for more information For more information on these topics, please visit: Plug, socket & voltage by country - List of countries around the world and their voltage standards for common wall sockets and plug types. How to Diagnose and Replace a Failed PC Power Supply - Step-by-step illustrated instructions on how to diagnose a power supply failure and replace it on a desktop PC.  IT 63 Mobile Devices Overview Mobile devices are computers too because they have: ○ CPUs, RAM, storage, power systems, and peripherals. ○ Example peripherals include Bluetooth headphones, fitness trackers, and heart rate monitors. They may need specific adapters or connectors for charging or connecting to other devices. Common connectors include: ○ USB-C, Lightning adapter, Mini USB, Micro USB. ○ Micro HDMI, Mini HDMI, and Mini DisplayPort. Mobile devices are highly integrated: ○ The smaller the device, the more integrated its components tend to be.  IT 64 ○ They use a System on a Chip (SoC): Combines the CPU, RAM, and sometimes the storage unit into a single chip. SoCs are smaller and more energy-efficient than separate components. How Are Mobile Devices Different from Servers, PCs, or Laptops? General Purpose Computing Devices: ○ Mobile devices handle a wide range of tasks but are optimized for specific uses like fitness tracking, e-reading, and smartwatches. Because mobile devices are smaller and have limited power, they run operating systems (OS) and applications designed to maximize performance and battery life.  IT 65 IT Support for Mobile Devices As IT support, you may assist users with tasks such as: Setup, troubleshooting, repair, and replacement of mobile devices. Important Considerations: Mobile devices often store personal data. ○ Always handle user data with care and respect privacy. ○ Follow the organization’s privacy and data protection policies. Some organizations allow the use of personal devices for work (commonly known as BYOD, or "Bring Your Own Device"). By understanding these principles, you can provide effective and respectful support for mobile devices.  IT 66 Batteries and Charging Systems Rechargeable Devices: ○ They may use an external charger for removable batteries, a cradle stand, or a wireless charger. Battery Lifespan: ○ Rechargeable batteries have a limited lifespan measured in charge cycles. A charge cycle is one full charge and discharge of a battery. ○ As the battery nears the end of its lifespan: It takes longer to charge. It holds less charge over time. ○ To estimate remaining battery life, compare the current cycle count to the battery's rated cycle count. Charging Basics: ○ Power can be added to a battery through a wall socket, external battery, or solar power. ○ A charging circuit ensures the input power is converted to the correct output power. ○ Portable power supplies can power the device and charge the battery at the same time. Important Precautions: ○ Mismatched chargers can damage the device, charger, and battery. ○ Rechargeable batteries can be damaged by extremely hot or cold environments. ○ Batteries can swell, rupture, or even catch fire if mishandled. Signs of Battery Issues: The computer is slower than usual or shuts down unexpectedly. Swollen or damaged batteries can cause hardware problems.  IT 67 Battery Replacement and IT Support: Some devices are designed for user-replaceable batteries, while others require specialized handling. As an IT support specialist, you may: ○ Receive training to replace batteries in supported devices. ○ Be responsible for sending devices out for battery replacement and returning them to the user. Troubleshooting Batteries and Charging Systems: 1. Ensure the charger, battery, and device are compatible with each other. 2. For iOS and Android devices, there are techniques to extend battery life. ○ Be familiar with these methods to help educate users on maximizing battery performance. Good battery management and troubleshooting skills are essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of devices. Supplemental Readings for Batteries and Charging Systems Check out these links for more information: You can learn about Inductive Charging. Read more about batteries and charge cycles for Windows or Macs. You can also check out: Safe handling of lithium-ion batteries. Finally, learn how to maximize your batteries for iOS or Android.  IT 68 Peripherals and Ports A peripheral is anything you connect to your computer externally to add functionality. USB Devices and Ports USB (Universal Serial Bus) devices are the most common connections for peripherals. Transfer speeds are measured in Mb/s (megabits per second), not MB (megabytes). ○ 1 MB = 8 Mb, so transferring 1 MB of data in one second requires an 8 Mb/s connection. ○ People often confuse megabits (Mb) with megabytes (MB) when discussing speeds.  IT 69 USB Port Compatibility: ○ USB ports are backward compatible, meaning older devices (e.g., USB 2.0) will work with newer ports (e.g., USB 3.0), though you won’t get the faster transfer speed. ○ Color Coding for USB Ports: USB 2.0: Black. USB 3.0: Blue. USB 3.1: Teal.  IT 70 USB Connectors: ○ The newest standard is USB Type-C, which is designed to replace multiple peripheral connections. It supports data transfer, display output, and power delivery and is quickly becoming a universal standard. Display Peripherals and Connections In addition to USB devices, it’s important to understand display peripherals. Most computer monitors support one or more of these connection standards:  IT 71 1. DVI (Digital Visual Interface): ○ Primarily outputs video only. ○ If you need both audio and video, consider using a different type of connection.  IT 72 2. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): ○ A common standard for TVs and computers. ○ Outputs both video and audio.  IT 73 3. DisplayPort: ○ Another popular standard that supports both audio and video. 4. USB Type-C: ○ Supports audio, video, data transfer, and power delivery, making it highly versatile. Role of an IT Support Specialist As an IT support specialist, you will frequently work with peripherals, such as USB devices and display connections. Understanding the differences between these standards and how they function will help you troubleshoot and set up devices effectively. 1. Supplemental Reading on Connector types a. USB connector b. USB Type A  IT 74 Supplemental Readings USB Connectors USB connectors are the most popular type for transferring data and power to devices connected to a computer. Generations of USB Type-A Connectors There are three main generations of USB Type-A connectors in use: USB 2.0: Black port, 480 Mbps transfer speed. USB 3.0: Blue port, 5 Gbps transfer speed. USB 3.1: Teal port, 10 Gbps transfer speed. Key Points: USB ports are backward compatible, meaning you can use older USB cables with newer ports. The connected cable determines the transfer speed. For example, connecting a USB 3.0 cable to a USB 2.0 port will result in a transfer speed of 480 Mbps.  IT 75 Micro USB, USB-C, USB4, and Lightning Ports Smaller, more powerful connectors are commonly used for portable devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets. Micro USB: Found on many non-Apple phones and portable devices. USB-C: The newest reversible connector, capable of carrying more power and transferring data at 20 Gbps. It is replacing older USB connectors. USB4: Uses Thunderbolt 3 technology and USB-C cables, allowing data transfer at 40 Gbps and providing power. Lightning Port: Exclusive to Apple, similar to USB-C, used for charging and connecting to peripherals like external monitors and cameras.  IT 76 Communication Connectors Communication connectors enable data sharing between devices and internet connectivity. IT professionals often work with these to maintain network systems. POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service): ○ Transmits voice using twisted copper wires. ○ Uses an RJ-11 connector for landline phones, dial-up internet, and alarm systems. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line):  IT 77 ○ Provides high-speed internet through telephone lines. ○ Uses an RJ-45 connector, commonly found on Ethernet cables. Cable Internet: ○ Uses cable TV infrastructure with modems for high-speed internet. ○ Employs an F-type connector. Fiber-Optic Cables: ○ High-speed communication over long distances. ○ Made of glass fibers and used by major internet providers for higher bandwidth. Device Connectors Legacy devices may still use older connector types, which IT professionals should recognize. DB89 Connectors: ○ Used for older peripherals like keyboards, mice, and joysticks. Molex Connectors: ○ Provide power to internal devices such as hard drives, disc drives, and video cards.  IT 78 Punch Down Blocks Punch Down Blocks are terminal strips for connecting telephone or data lines. They are commonly used in telephone systems or Local Area Networks (LANs) to quickly make or change connections. Key Takeaways  IT 79 IT professionals should be familiar with various cables and connectors used for peripherals. 1. USB connectors are the most common and support both data transfer and power delivery. 2. Communication connectors like RJ-45 and fiber-optic cables connect devices to the internet and networks. 3. Legacy devices may require older connectors such as DB89 and Molex. 4. Punch down blocks are essential for setting up and maintaining telephone or LAN systems. As technology evolves, the types of cables and connectors will continue to change, so staying updated is crucial.  IT 80 Supplemental Reading for Projectors Projectors Projectors are display devices used to share information with people in the same location. They function similarly to regular computer displays and can experience similar issues, such as: Dead or stuck pixels: Spots on the screen that don’t display properly. Image burn-in: A persistent shadow or ghost image on the screen. Connectors and Cables Projectors connect to computers using display cables, such as: VGA DVI HDMI DisplayPort Once connected, the computer's operating system will recognize the projector as a new display. Depending on the computer's video adapter capabilities, you can: Extend the display: Use the projector as an additional screen. Mirror the display: Duplicate the screen on both the computer and the projector. Guides for connecting projectors to different operating systems: Windows: Learn how to connect to a projector or PC. macOS: Find out how to connect one or more external displays to your Mac. Ubuntu: Discover how to connect another monitor to your computer.  IT 81 Troubleshooting Tip: If the projector's display flickers or disappears, the issue might be with the cables or connectors, which can wear out or get damaged from frequent use. Check them first during troubleshooting. Device Drivers If your computer doesn’t recognize the projector’s resolution, it might default to low-resolution VGA modes like 640x480 or 1024x768. To fix this: Download and install the correct device driver from the projector manufacturer's support website. Lighting Projectors use different types of lighting to create images: Incandescent Lamps: ○ Very bright but can overheat and burn out. ○ If the projector overheats, it may shut down to protect the lamp. LED Lights: ○ Becoming more common due to longer lifespans and fewer overheating issues. Note: If the projector doesn’t work or shuts down, check if the lamp has burned out or needs replacing. Calibration Calibration ensures the projected image is properly aligned and focused on the surface. When the projector is installed, reset, or moved, you may need to:  IT 82 ○ Adjust the focus to sharpen the image. ○ Correct skewed or keystoned images to make them square and properly aligned with the screen. Tip: Refer to the vendor's documentation for specific calibration instructions, as every projector may vary. Key Takeaways 1. Connectors and cables are critical for proper operation—frequent wear and tear can cause display issues. 2. Install the correct device drivers if resolution problems arise. 3. Monitor the type of lighting used (incandescent or LED) and handle overheating or burned-out lamps as needed. 4. Perform calibration to align and focus the image for optimal display quality. 5. Always consult the projector’s vendor documentation for setup and troubleshooting guidance.  IT 83 Starting It Up Bios How Devices Communicate with the CPU Devices like keyboards, mice, and printers interact with a computer's CPU through a specific process. Here’s a simplified breakdown: When you press a key on your keyboard, it sends raw data (a byte) to the CPU. The CPU doesn’t automatically understand this data because it lacks the instructions needed to process it. To solve this, drivers or services are used. These are programs that act as translators, providing the CPU with the necessary instructions to understand and communicate with external devices like keyboards, webcams, and printers. What is BIOS?  IT 84 The CPU doesn’t know about connected devices on its own. It relies on the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) to initialize hardware and prepare the computer to load the operating system. The BIOS is software stored on a special memory chip on the motherboard called a ROM chip (Read-Only Memory). Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile, meaning the data remains intact even when the computer is turned off. Once the operating system is loaded, it can access and load drivers for additional devices directly from the hard drive.  IT 85 What is UEFI? Most modern computers use UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) instead of a traditional BIOS. UEFI performs the same tasks as BIOS but offers better compatibility and support for newer hardware. Over time, UEFI is expected to replace BIOS as the standard firmware interface. POST (Power-On Self-Test) When a computer is turned on, it runs a self-check called POST to ensure the hardware is functioning correctly. The POST is executed by the BIOS before initializing hardware or loading drivers.  IT 86 If an issue is detected, the computer may emit beep codes to signal the problem since the video driver (used to display errors) hasn’t been loaded yet. Understanding Beep Codes: Each manufacturer has unique beep codes. Refer to the motherboard manual to interpret them. A single beep usually indicates a successful boot. Multiple beeps may signal a hardware error. Not all computers have built-in speakers for beep codes, so don’t worry if your computer boots without making a sound. BIOS/CMOS Settings The BIOS uses a special chip called the CMOS chip to store basic system settings, such as: The date and time. Boot preferences (e.g., which device the computer should boot from first).  IT 87 Accessing BIOS Settings: When the computer starts, a prompt (e.g., "Press F2 to enter setup") will appear briefly on the screen. Use the specified key to access the BIOS settings menu and make adjustments. Reimaging a Computer A common task in IT is reimaging, which involves wiping and reinstalling an operating system using a disk image (a copy of an OS). Why Reimaging May Require BIOS Adjustments: To reimage a computer, you may need to change the boot order in the BIOS so the system starts from a USB drive or external media containing the new OS.  IT 88 Key Takeaways 1. Devices use drivers to communicate with the CPU, providing instructions the CPU can understand. 2. The BIOS initializes hardware and prepares the system to load the operating system. Modern systems often use UEFI instead of BIOS. 3. POST runs a self-check during boot-up, with beep codes signaling hardware issues. 4. The CMOS chip stores basic BIOS settings, which can be modified through the BIOS settings menu. 5. IT professionals often interact with BIOS settings when performing tasks like reimaging a computer.  IT 89 Putting it All Together: Installing the Processor Building your own desktop computer can be a rewarding skill with many practical applications. Here’s a step-by-step guide to install a CPU safely and effectively: 1. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Precautions To protect your expensive components from static electricity, follow these precautions: Ground yourself regularly by touching a plugged-in but powered-off electrical device every few minutes. Use an anti-static wristband if available. Keep components in anti-static bags until they’re ready for installation. 2. Preparing the Motherboard Choose the right motherboard: Ensure the form factor fits your computer case.  IT 90 Align the motherboard: Match the screw holes on the motherboard with those in the case. Install standoffs: Use standoffs to raise and secure the motherboard to the case, aligning the screw holes. 3. Installing the CPU 1. Remove the CPU from its anti-static bag carefully. CPUs are expensive and delicate, so avoid dropping or mishandling them. 2. Align the CPU with the socket: ○ Look for the alignment marker (yellow triangle) on both the CPU and the motherboard socket. ○ Ensure the CPU type is compatible with the motherboard (e.g., an LGA CPU must go into an LGA-compatible socket).  IT 91 3. Secure the CPU in place: ○ Insert the CPU into the socket, aligning the pins correctly. ○ Use moderate force to lock the CPU into place securely. 4. Attaching the Heat Sink The heat sink dissipates heat from the CPU, keeping it cool. Follow these steps to install it: 1. Apply thermal paste: ○ Apply a small dab of thermal paste to the center of the CPU.  IT 92 ○ Spread the paste evenly across the surface using a flat object to ensure good contact between the CPU and heat sink. ○ If necessary, reapply and spread the paste until it’s evenly distributed. 2. Attach the heat sink: ○ Align the heat sink screws with the corresponding holes around the CPU socket. ○ Press the heat sink firmly against the CPU.  IT 93 3. Secure the heat sink: ○ Tighten the screws in a crisscross pattern (e.g., top-left, bottom-right, top-right, bottom-left) to ensure even pressure.  IT 94 4. Connect the heat sink fan: ○ Plug the fan’s Molex connector into the motherboard. This connection allows the motherboard to control fan speed. 5. Final Check Ensure the CPU is securely installed in the socket. Verify that the heat sink is tightly fastened and the thermal paste is evenly applied. Confirm that the heatsink fan is connected to the motherboard properly. Congratulations! Your CPU is now fully installed and connected to the motherboard, ready for the next steps in building your computer.  IT 95 Putting it All Together: Adding RAM, the Drive, and Power Supply Building a computer step by step can seem complex, but by carefully following the instructions below, you’ll be installing the RAM, storage drive, case fan, and power supply with ease. 1. Installing the RAM (Random Access Memory) 1. Locate the DIMM slots on the motherboard: ○ Check your motherboard for the memory slots, which are often color-coded (e.g., black and white). For this build, use the white slots. ○  IT 96 2. Prepare the RAM sticks: ○ Align the notch on the RAM stick with the gap in the slot. ○ Double-check the alignment to avoid damaging the pins.  IT 97 3. Insert the RAM sticks: ○ Push the RAM stick into the slot until you hear a click. ○ Ensure both sides of the RAM stick are locked in place by the retaining clips. ○ Repeat for all RAM sticks, ensuring they are in the same orientation as the first one. 4. Final check: Verify that all RAM sticks are secure and evenly installed.  IT 98 2. Installing the SSD (Solid-State Drive) 1. Choose the correct drive slot: ○ Find the drive bay or cage in your computer case. ○ Insert the SSD into the cage until it clicks into place (some cases may require screws). 2. Connect the SATA cable:  IT 99 ○ Attach one end of the SATA cable to the SSD  IT 100. ○ Connect the other end to the SATA port on the motherboard.  IT 101 ○ SATA cables are keyed, so they will only fit in the correct orientation. 3. Double-check connections: Ensure both ends of the SATA cable are secure.  IT 102 3. Installing the Case Fan 1. Locate the fan slot on the case: ○ Identify where the fan will be mounted, usually near the rear or top of the case. 2. Align the fan: ○ Match the fan’s mounting holes with those in the case. ○ Use screws to secure the fan in place.  IT 103 3. Connect the fan to the motherboard: ○ Locate the fan header labeled Rear Fan (or similar) on the motherboard. ○ Plug the fan cable into the header. 4. Check airflow direction: ○ Ensure the fan is oriented to create a wind tunnel: pulling cool air in, passing it over the components, and pushing hot air out the back. 4. Installing the Power Supply 1. Position the power supply in the case: ○ Slide the power supply into its designated compartment at the bottom or top of the case. ○ Avoid bumping or damaging the motherboard during installation.  IT 104 2. Secure the power supply: ○ Use screws to fasten the power supply to the case. ○ Tighten the screws with a screwdriver to prevent movement. 3. Organize the cables: ○ Tuck unused cables to the side to keep them out of the way. ○ Neat cable management helps prevent damage and improves airflow. 4. Alternative installation method: ○ Depending on your case layout, you can install the power supply before mounting the motherboard. Final Notes: Each component is critical to the computer's operation, so take your time and ensure everything is securely connected. Double-check all connections and screws before powering on the computer. Congratulations! You’ve successfully installed the RAM, SSD, case fan, and power supply in your computer build. You're now ready for the final steps: connecting power cables to components and testing the system.  IT 105 Putting it All Together: Adding Graphics and Other Peripherals In this final step, we’ll install the graphics card, connect case cables, and hook up peripherals like the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. By the end, you’ll have a fully assembled and functional computer. 1. Connecting the Power Supply to the Motherboard  IT 106 1. Attach the main power cable: ○ Locate the large 24-pin connector from the power supply and plug it into the corresponding slot on the motherboard. 2. Power the CPU: ○ Find the 8-pin (or 4-pin) CPU power connector and plug it into the CPU power slot on the motherboard. ○ It might feel tight, but ensure it is fully inserted.  IT 107 2. Connecting the Case Cables 1. Locate the case cables: ○ These cables are for the case’s power button, reset button, and LEDs (lights). ○ Refer to your motherboard manual for the exact pin configuration. 2. Secure the cables: ○ Plug the case cables into the appropriate pins on the motherboard. ○ Use cable guides (if included) to keep everything neat and organized.  IT 108 3. Installing the Graphics Card 1. Identify the PCIe slot: ○ Locate the PCI Express (PCIe) slot on your motherboard, typically the largest slot.  IT 109 2. Insert the graphics card: ○ Line up the graphics card with the PCIe slot. ○ Apply gentle pressure until you hear a click as it locks into place. 3. Secure the graphics card to the case: ○ Use screws or a latch (depending on your case) to hold the graphics card in position. 4. Connect power to the graphics card: ○ If your graphics card requires additional power, connect the appropriate cables from the power supply. 4. Finishing the Build 1. Close the case: ○ Remove your anti-static bracelet and carefully secure the side panels of your case. 2. Connect peripherals:  IT 110 ○ Plug the keyboard and mouse into USB ports on the desktop. ○ Use a DisplayPort or HDMI cable to connect the monitor to the graphics card. 5. Powering On and Testing 1. Turn on the computer: ○ Press the power button. Look for indicator lights or fan movement to ensure the system is receiving power. 2. Check the monitor: ○ If the monitor receives a signal, you’ll see a display. If not, check cable connections and graphics card seating. 3. Troubleshooting (if needed): ○ Verify that all connectors are properly plugged in. ○ Ensure the power supply provides sufficient wattage for your build. 6. What’s Next? If the system powers on but shows an error like “Non-system disk or disk error,” this means the computer doesn’t yet have an operating system installed. Don’t worry—we’ll cover operating systems, their types, and installation methods in the next lesson. Congratulations! You’ve successfully built a computer! Take a moment to reflect on what you’ve accomplished: You’ve learned about each component and how they work together. You’ve assembled a fully functional machine, which is no small feat.  IT 111 Your computer is now ready for the next step: installing an operating system to bring it to life. Amazing job! 🎉  IT 112 Repairing Mobile Devices: Tools and Techniques Repairing a mobile device differs significantly from repairing larger computers. Let’s go over some important considerations, tools, and best practices to help you effectively maintain mobile devices within an organization. 1. Unique Challenges of Mobile Device Repairs Variety of Devices: There are thousands of different mobile devices, each with unique components and repair methods. It’s impossible to cover them all, so focus on general tools and techniques. Organizational Policies: ○ Check your organization’s policy on mobile device repairs before attempting any fixes. ○ Some repairs may be allowed, while others could void the device warranty. 2. Warranty and Repair Policies Warranty Considerations: ○ Repairs performed without proper authorization can void the warranty. ○ For example, replacing a cracked screen might be allowed, but fixing a damaged charging port could void the warranty. Vendor or Manufacturer Repairs: ○ If repairs are prohibited, your job might involve sending the device to an approved vendor or manufacturer. ○ Learn and understand the Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) process for devices you manage.  IT 113 3. Preparing a Device for Repair Data Protection: ○ Before sending a device out for repair, ensure no personal or proprietary data remains on it. ○ Perform a factory reset to remove all data, apps, and customizations. 4. Repair Best Practices When repairing mobile devices, follow these best practices: 1. Prevent Static Discharge: ○ Use anti-static tools like wrist straps to protect sensitive components. 2. Use the Right Tools: ○ Mobile devices require specialized tools, such as precision screwdrivers and plastic opening tools, to avoid damage. 3. Organize and Label Parts: ○ Keep removed components in labeled containers to avoid confusion during reassembly. 4. Take Photos During Disassembly: ○ Photographs can help you remember where each component goes. 5. Follow Vendor Documentation: ○ Use official repair guides or manufacturer documentation for accurate instructions. 6. Test After Repairs: ○ Ensure the device functions correctly after completing repairs. Key Takeaway Repairing mobile devices requires specific knowledge, proper tools, and adherence to organizational policies. By following best practices and staying informed about warranty  IT 114 implications, you can help keep your organization’s devices running smoothly while minimizing risks. Supplemental Reading: Mobile Display Types This reading introduces several types of displays commonly used in modern mobile devices and monitors. As an IT Support professional, understanding the basics of display technology is essential for troubleshooting issues, repairing screens, or selecting devices for organizational use. Below, we’ll discuss the two primary display technologies, Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), and their variations. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) LCDs use liquid crystal technology, which combines the properties of liquids and solids. Liquid crystals are manipulated with electricity to create visuals. Here are key details: Backlighting: LCDs require backlighting (usually provided by LEDs) to function. This makes them thicker and less flexible than some other display types. Displays needing backlighting are called non-emissive or passive displays. Polarizers: Polarizers on either side of the liquid crystal layer help direct light toward the user for better visibility.  IT 115 Comparison Table: Types of LCD Displays Category In-Plane Switching (IPS) Twisted Nematic (TN) Vertical Alignment (VA) How It Liquid crystals align Twisted liquid crystals Liquid crystals align Works horizontally, controlled untwist with voltage, vertically and tilt when by electrical currents at changing the angle of electricity passes their ends. transmitted light. through. Uses - Touchscreens and - Basic office tasks - General-purpose use - high-end monitors - (email, documents, Graphic work, movies, TV Design, photography, spreadsheets) - Games video editing, movies - needing fast response Color-intensive gaming times Positives - Vibrant colors and - Affordable and easy to - High contrast and deep high-quality graphics - produce - Excellent blacks - Decent response Wide viewing angles - refresh rates and times - Balanced Excellent color accuracy response times - performance in refresh and contrast Versatile size and shape rates, image quality, and options viewing angles Negatives - Expensive - Low - Narrow viewing - Motion blur and refresh rates and slow angles - Poor color ghosting with response times - accuracy and contrast - fast-moving visuals Susceptible to "IPS Glow" Noticeable color (visible backlighting from distortion side angles) This version flips the layout, presenting the categories as column titles and the LCD types as row headers for alternative readability.  IT 116 Key Takeaways Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of various display technologies will help you: 1. Diagnose and troubleshoot display-related issues. 2. Repair or recommend suitable displays based on user needs. 3. Make informed decisions when purchasing devices for your organization. By learning about IPS, TN, and VA displays, you’re better equipped to handle a wide range of display requirements in IT support roles. Comparison of OLED and Advanced Display Technologies Category OLED AMOLED Mini-LED Micro-LED (μLED) (mLED) How It Uses organic A type of OLED Similar to OLED Similar to OLED but Works materials to emit with active matrix but uses smaller uses even smaller light when technology using inorganic LEDs inorganic LEDs (~15 electricity passes thin-film (~50-60 micrometers). through. transistors (TFTs) micrometers). for individual pixel control. Uses - Foldable - High-end - LCD - Smartphones, smartphones, mobile devices, backlighting in AR/VR headsets, rollable TVs, curved screens, smartphones, wall-sized TVs - gaming - flat-screen vehicle displays - Wearables, public Backlighting for monitors - Public signage, displays, vehicle LCD TVs - VR Integrated Liquid Retina dashboards headsets touchscreens XDR screens  IT 117 Positives - Excellent - High picture - Ultra-high - Outstanding picture quality quality, fast luminance, brightness, power and contrast - response time - superior HDR - efficiency - True blacks, wide Consistent Long lifespan, Exceptional viewing angles - brightness and thin panels - durability, refresh Energy-efficient, color - Enhanced Readable in rates, and HDR - flexible, and thin contrast in varied sunlight Seamless lighting (Super connectivity, AMOLED) transparency, sunlight readability Negatives - Sensitive to - Same issues as - Expensive - Extremely high light and OLED - More compared to manufacturing costs moisture - Blue expensive and OLED for mobile - Not yet viable for LEDs degrade complex to devices - Limited mass production faster (color manufacture by LCD distortion) - backlighting Prone to burn-in properties and image retention Key Takeaways 1. Core Technologies in Mobile Displays: ○ LCD: A more traditional technology with common types like IPS, TN, and VA displays. ○ OLED: Modern, emissive displays using organic materials for superior quality. 2. Emerging OLED Variants: ○ AMOLED: Offers advanced features like pixel-level control for brightness and color.  IT 118 ○ Mini-LED: Smaller LEDs enhance brightness and HDR performance but remain tied to LCD technology. ○ Micro-LED: Delivers the best performance but is still under development for mass production. Each display technology has unique strengths and weaknesses, tailored for specific uses and budgets. Resource  IT 119 Module 2 Glossary New terms and their definitions: Course 1 Module 2 Address bus: Connects the CPU to the MCC and sends over the location of the data, but not the data itself ATA: The most common interface that hard drives use to connect to our system ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended): The most common form factor for motherboards Backward compatible: It means older hardware works with newer hardware Bios (Basic Input Output Services): The BIOS is software that helps initialize the hardware in our computer and gets our operating system up and running BYOD (Bring Your Own Device): Refers to the practice of allowing people to use their own personal devices for work Cache: The assigned stored location for recently or frequently accessed data; on a mobile app it is where anything that was changed or created with that app is stored Charge cycle: One full charge and discharge of a battery Chipset: It decides how components talk to each other on our machine Clock cycle: When you send a voltage to the clock wire Clock speed: The maximum number of clock cycles that it can handle in a set in a certain time period Clock wire: When you send or receive data, it sends a voltage to that clock wire to let the CPU know it can start doing calculations CPU: Central processing unit CPU sockets: A CPU socket is a series of pins that connect a CPU’s processor to the PC’s motherboard Data sizes: Metrics that refer to data sizes including bit, byte, kilobyte, kibibyte, and megabyte  IT 120 DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM): A type of RAM that is faster, takes up less power, and has a larger capacity than earlier SDRAM versions Desktop: The main screen where we can navigate our files, folders, and applications DIMM: Dual Inline Memory Module Display port: Port which also outputs audio and video DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory Drivers: The drivers contain the instructions our CPU needs to understand external devices like keyboards, webcams, printers DVI: DVI cables generally just output video Electrostatic discharge: Electrostatic discharge is a sudden and momentary flow of electric current between two electrically charged objects caused by contact, an electrical short or dielectric breakdown External Data Bus (EDB): It's a row of wires that interconnect the parts of our computer Factory reset: Resetting a device to the settings it came with from the factory Form factor: A mathematical way to compensate for irregularities in the shape of an object by using a ratio between its volume and height Hard drive: It is a long term memory component that holds all of our data, which can include music, pictures, applications Hardware: External or internal devices and equipment that help you perform major functions HDD (Hard disk drive): Hard disk drives, or HDDs, use a spinning platter and a mechanical arm to read and write information HDMI: A type of cable that outputs both video and audio Heatsink: It is used to dissipate heat from our CPU Instruction set: A list of instructions that our CPU is able to run  IT 121 ITX (Information Technology eXtended): A form factor for motherboards that is much smaller than ATX boards Land Grid Array (LGA): It is a type of CPU socket that stick out of the motherboard Lightning adaptor: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices Mb/s: megabit per second, which is a unit of data transfer rate Memory controller ch