Global Migrations PDF

Global Migrations 1850-1940s age of global migration. In the US 40% of the population - immigrants born outside  The Age of Global Contact from 1400: Europeans and the rest of the world - New ship technology and trade routes - Contact with non-European - Empires built b...

Global Migrations 1850-1940s age of global migration. In the US 40% of the population - immigrants born outside  The Age of Global Contact from 1400: Europeans and the rest of the world - New ship technology and trade routes - Contact with non-European - Empires built by European - Now faster airplanes, ships, road transport.  Why migrate the 21 century? st Gaping inequalities between the global north and global south. End of the Cold war. Increasing demographic pressure Increasing ethnic and political strife. The creation of new states after WWI and WWII Globalization of Migration Epochs – Net Out-Migration Europe Asia, Latin America, and Africa - 19th century – Net In-Migration North and South America America, from the 17th C Africa, Asia 2nd half of the 19th to 20th Centuries Europe, North America and Oceania Migration is all about push and pull factors Push Factors – provide example 1. Economic factors 2. Environmental 3. Political 4. Religious These factors create: refugees, asylum seekers, economic migrants Pull Factors: greener pastures. Facilitators: ??  Intervening Obstacles Environmental – Borders – Mountains – Oceans – distance Political – Documentation – US unrestricted immigration ended 1924. – Stringent anti-immigration laws Selective immigration policies Dreamers Sanctuary cities  Global Migrations Free labor Skilled from Europe to the colonies late 19th and 20th centuries Skilled from the third world – brain drain. Western care industries and the feminization of labor – in western old people’s homes, housekeeping work, cleaning public spaces (airports etc). Italians to Argentina 1947-55 Japanese workers to Argentina until 1950 Chinese to North America, South Africa, Australia Forced Labor/Migration - African slaves to the Americas/Europe up to 20m - the biggest migration in global history. - To Australia – convict settlers Indirectly forced - religious persecution - famine - Asylum seekers - Ex-US slaves voluntary emigration to Liberia and Sierra Leone Forced Migration: The slave trade Ships carrying slaves from Africa Forced Labor: The Slave Trade Contractual/Coolie Labor - Indian coolies to the Caribbean, South Africa and other British colonies. - The Chinese to the US, Canada, South Africa, Australia. - By the late 19th Century growing resentment of Asian immigrants which led to anti-Asian immigration laws.  Chinese Coolie labor on the CPR, Canada; also railroads in Australia, USA, South Africa Indian Coolie labor to the Caribbean, South Africa, Uganda and Kenya.  US migration Epochs U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually. Three main eras of immigration in the U.S. – Colonial settlement 17th and 18th Centuries – Mass European immigration late 19th to early 20th Centuries – Asian and Latin American immigration late 20th and early 21st Centuries Too many immigrants Nativism and prejudice in the US. Policy of protecting the interests native-born (white) interests vs immigrants/those who looked different or were perceived as different..1780s – anti-Catholic immigrants. - Specific target – the Irish. - seen as diseased people prone to crime. - 1820-1860 Irish 1/3 of US immigrants. -Great Famine of 1845 Nativism and prejudice …. 1850-1943 onwards – Anti-Chinese immigration. 1860s-1960s onwards Anti-African-American. 1900s – anti-Italian (also Catholic). Crime syndicates.Faced lynching in the South.. “just a little worse than African-Americans … [but] filthier.” (Parker gov. of Louisiana). 1920s to WWII – anti-Jewish (from across Europe).. Current – anti-Mexicans; anti-anti-Arabs Sources of Conflict/prejudice. Conflict usually between northern Europeans vs Southern Europeans. poor/working class whites vs the new immigrants.. Protestants vs Catholics - Christians vs Jews/Moslems. At the center of these phobias was the question of difference, religion, race, labor.  Migration Characteristics Initially gendered male but more women since the 1980s: women 55% of US immigrants – Up to the 1990s very educated - not much anymore. Ethnic enclaves: homeboy networks and cultural support. – Chinatown – Little Italy Host societies do not always welcome immigrants – examples. Immigrant communities do not always assimilate. Empire Strikes Back: Europe and its former colonies Population growth in Europe fueled by immigration Fear of difference – new immigrants the racial other: – Language (old languages vs host language) – Dressing religion – Food and other cultural habits – assimilation Hostility to immigrants – Brexit – The rise of neo-Nazi ultra right politics and presidents/political movements/parties – Immigrants blamed for lack of jobs and social ills. – Immigration important to western countries – cheap food, goods and services.: The Language Factor Race and Immigration Anti-Asian immigration Laws - The Anti-Coolie Act 1862 (California). Rising white anger against the Chinese immigrant laborers. California state imposed taxes on all Chinese businesses to protect white labor..Directed Chinese labor. - The Chinese Exclusion Act 1882. Stopped Chinese immigration into the US altogether. - Roosevelt’s Feb 1942 executive Order 9066 and the March 2, Exclusion Order 69 1942 - March 18 War Relocation Authority Chinese Exclusion Campaigns in the US Chinese Coolie Labor Race and migration Europeans as Emigrants Europe world’s biggest source of emigrants. 1815-1940 30 million Europeans immigrated into the US. Some went to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, many other colonies Impact: – European languages are now spoken by half of the world, as a result of European emigrants. – Christianity – now largest religion. – European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have diffused throughout the world. WWII and the Japanese in the US and Canada After the bombing of Pearl harbor (Dec 7 1941) all Japanese people in the US were forcibly interned/incarcerated after an executive order. 10 camps with 127 000 in the US. 22 000 Japanese in Canada © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Impact of Global Migration  Impact Columbian Exchange – crops such as peppers, potatoes, groundnuts, maize/corn, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, chilies, soya beans – Diseases – 500m infected; 50-100 000 000 died – people Languages Education Religions Dressing Food: noodles/pasta; perogies; pizza; tea; coffee  Impact Cont Racism/Discrimination/persecution/xenophobia Diseases easily spread – small pox; 1896 rinderpest epidemic enabled the conquest of Africa; Spanish influenza 1918; ebola 2000s; Zika virus 2010s; HIV/AIDS 1980s to present 2019 to the present COVID-19. Deskilling of immigrants.  Review What is brain drain? Explain the feminization of the care industry in western countries What is the difference between a refugee and an internally displaced person? What is the Columbian exchange? What was the Irish and Italian experience of immigration to North America? Under what circumstances and with what impact did Africans find themselves in the Americas?