Geography Unit 4: Afghanistan's Role in 9/11

WORLD GEOGRAPHY & GLOBAL ISSUES - UNIT 4 PACKET DAY 22 HOMEWORK - THE TEXTOOK\'S SUMMARY OF AFGHANISTAN\'S ROLE IN 9/11 AND THE U.S. RESPONSE Directions: Read pp 331-34 for general background on Afghanistan. Fill in the blanks below to create a summary of the country\'s role in 9/11 and the US res...

WORLD GEOGRAPHY & GLOBAL ISSUES - UNIT 4 PACKET DAY 22 HOMEWORK - THE TEXTOOK\'S SUMMARY OF AFGHANISTAN\'S ROLE IN 9/11 AND THE U.S. RESPONSE Directions: Read pp 331-34 for general background on Afghanistan. Fill in the blanks below to create a summary of the country\'s role in 9/11 and the US response there. In 1994, a group of young Afghan refugees called the Ialiban invaded Afghanistan from their base in Pakistan. They took control of the country in 1996 and immediately accepted a request for refuge from the notorious Saudi renegade, Osama bin Laten. His terrorist organization, a - Qaeda spent the next five years there planning and conducting terrorist attacks around the world. This culminated in the September 11, 2001 attack on New York LIT and b/a shing ton DC that killed nearly 3000 Americans and led the Bush Admini- stration to launch the \"Global War on Terrorism.\" Its first phase was an attack that caused the government to fall and the group to scatter, but US troops remain in the country because in all the intervening years they have been unable to establish sufficient order and security. The one unequivocal accomplishment of the war was the 2011 assassination of Osama bin Laden, not here but in neighboring northern JakisTan. But even this achievement has limited valued because a \| - Qae has \"become a major player in unstable countries, such as Iraq Syria, Libya and lemen NOTE: Extracting a summary from the textbook is a useful starting point, but the authors failed to mention the critical roles played by the US, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan in catalyzing the development of militant Salafi Islam in Afghanistan during the two decades preceding the 9/11 attack. The continuing consequences of these 20th Century actions are enormous. They demand explanation, which is provided by the PowerPoint outlined below. DAY 22 HOMEWORK: POWERPOINT PRESENTATION TO ANNOTATE AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN, AND MILITANT SALAFI ISLAM: FROM THE COLD WAR TO 9/11 TO TODAY I. Introduction II\. The Afghan proxy war between the US and Soviet Union, 1979-89 A. background: 1970s overthrows of Afghanistan\'s government Afghanistan\'s guvernment experienced instability and coups, leading to soviet involvement. B. US and Soviet responses, 1979 Soviet union intervened to support a communist government, promting the us to support Afghan rebels.. (mnjahedin) C. Pakistani delivery of US weapons to rebel mujahedin (holy warriors) Pakistan, Particularly through its Inter-services Intelligence (ISI, facilitated Us arms deliveries to Afghan fighters, increasing the effectiveness MD\. Osama bin-Laden in Afghanistan bin-Laden became involved in the Afghan - Soviet war, funding and recruiting fighters, earning respect among mwahedin. E. Soviet military withdrawal, February, 1989. The Soviets withdrew, leaving Afghanistan in a weakened State, unable to stabilize its government or society. F. victory: the American view vs. the mujahedin view The us viewed the withdrawal as a victory over communism, While th muranedin saw it as a triumph of jihad. III\. Post-Soviet Afghanistan, 1989-1996 A. US departure, 1989 The vs exited abruptly, showing little concern for Afghanistan\'s welfare or potential Security threats. B. Warlords and chaos: a failed state Without strong governance, warlords and factions fought for contral, leading to riolence and the growth of the opium trade; the country became a \"failed state.\" C. Afghan Pashtuns welcome the Taliban, 1994-96 The Taliban, a well-armed Pashtun-led group from refugee camps, gained support by imposing order ami ongoing chaos. IV\. Afghan refugees in Pakistan, 1980s & 90s 1. 4 million refugees in camps in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province and the Tribal Areas Millions of Afghan refugees, mostly Pashtun, lived in Pakistan\'s Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, raising social and political Challenges. 2. Saudi madrassas for refugee taliban (religious students) Saudi funded madrasses taught Salati doctrines, radicalizing a generation of refugee boys in Islamic extremism and \"ji had.\" C. Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence developed the Taliban military force Pakistan\'s IsI trained the Taliban and supported their return to Afghanistan in 1994 to establish control. V. Afghanistan under the Taliban, 1996-2001 A. Why the Taliban invited Osama bin-Laden to return to Afghanistan Bin-Laden, expelled from Sandi Arabia and targeted by the vs, found refnge with the Taliban, sharing salafi beliefs and tinancial resources. B. bin-Laden founded al-Qaeda and planned attacks on the US, culminating in 9/11 Bin-Laden sulidified ties with the Taliban leuter Mullah omar, using Afghanistan as a base for al-Qaeta and orchestrating attacks on US targets. C. Increasing opposition to the Taliban due to its harsh Salafi rule, 1996-2001 The Taliban\'s strict Salafi interpretations (banning music, Closing girls\' schools) led to harsh punishments and increased domestic and international apposition. VI\. Post-9/11 Afghanistan, Pakistan, and al-Qaeda A. US overthrew the Taliban, Nov 2001 The US, with Northern Alliance support, overthrew the Taliban swiftly after they refused to extradite bin-Laden. B. al-Qaeda leaders fled to Pakistan\'s Tribal Areas, Dec 2001 As the Taliban retreated, al-Qaeda leaders escaped to lakistan\'s tribal areas, beyond Us reach. 1. bin-Laden moved to Abbottabad (2005?) and was assassinated by US Seal Team 6 (2011) bin- Laden took refuge in Abbottabad, Pakistan, until us furces locates and killed him in 2011, revenling potential ISI involvement. 2. While the US continued military operations, the Taliban retreated and regrouped. Despite extensive Us investment, Afghan governance remained weak. The Taliban, trawing on Pashtun support, regained significant territorial influence 6y 2015.  LECTURE/POWERPOINT (DAY 22) US MILITARY WITHDRAWAL FROM AFGHANISTAN, AUGUST 2021 I. Trump, Biden, and the American majority vs. the \"Military-Industrial Complex\" 1/2 to 213 of the American public Said in Zolf that the wars in. Irag, Aybanistan, ans Syria were not worth fighting. Early 2021 polls showed overwhelming support for withdrawing from Afghanistan! ranging from 58 percent support in an Economist poll to 77 percent in a CBS News poll. II\. Negotiations and Withdrawal Trump agreed with the Taliban to make a total us military with trawal by May 1, 2021. The Taliban agreed only to prevent al-Qaeda\'s return and to halt ant prevent attacks on Americans. Trump insisted that Biden meet the May 1 deadline. Biten delayet for four months. Then the Taliban immetiately took over, and Biden was criticized. III\. Consequences 1. Humanitarian - AfghaniStan\'s greatest hamanitarian threat the wake of the us withdrawal is mass deprivation, malnutrition, and starvation. Inis is caused by an economic depression in Afghanistan crented by the Biden Administration\'s decision to freeze all bibillion of Afghan money deposited in uS banks. 2. National Security - Two Security risks of us withdrawal: I the Taliban violating the us withdrawal agreement by allowing al-Queda to return, which\" they did. 2. the Us military tase pita Pakister sent is mine weaposal Potarization, poverty, deteriorating sechrity against attacks by the Pakistani Taliban ant ISIS. IV\. A Concluding Thought The 3 Simultuneous conflicts (Ukraine war, baza war, China/Taiwan) make the present periad as complex, unstable, and dangerous as any time in recent decades. SOUTH ASIA HOMEWORK QUESTIONS (DAY 23) From \"Geopolitics of Modern South Asia,\" pp 317-20 1\. As the British surrendered imperial control of South Asia in 1947, they partitioned their colony of British India to create two sovereign states: (1) a Muslim state of PakiStan with territory consisting of those places where Muslims formed a majority of the inhabitants and (2) a secular (non-religious) but Hindu-dominated state of India containing the rest of the land. The two regions where Muslims formed the majority were centered on the delta of the Ganges\ \_River in the east and the valley of the Indus River in the west. So the new Muslim state consisted of two fragments separated by the Hindu dominated state. (The eastern fragment seceded in 1971 to form the new state of Bangladesh.) Kashmir is a Muslim-majority region that had been left out of the partition plan. Most of this region was seized by the Hindu-dominated state in a war in 1948-49. From \"The West: Pakistan,\" pp 334-36 2A. Since Pakistanis in the four disparate subregions have little else in common, Islam has been the main force binding nation and state from independence (1947) onward. Sunnis comprise \~80% of the population; almost all the rest are Shi\' i teS. Although this was not the case initially, over the decades Pakistan has become one of the world\'s most theocratic states, and it has experienced increasing violence between the two Sects 2B. The four ethnic subregions of Pakistan are described on pp 334-336 but are difficult to see on Fig 9-16 (p 332). Fortunately, they virtually coincide with Pakistan\'s four states, which are easy to see on the Canvas reference map at WGGI SG 8-2 PakPolRefMap.pdf. Use it with the descriptions on pp 334-336 while answering (1) - (4) below. Name the state or ethnic subregion that\... 1. constitutes the country\'s core and dominates its politics: Punab\ Its largest city, Lahore, has a slightly larger population than New York. 2. is smaller than (1) but, like (1), it occupies part of the irrigated Indus Valley: Sindh Its largest city, Karachi, has twice the population of New York. It is Pakistan\'s major port and a lawless \"hotbed of terrorist activity.\" 3. is inhabited mostly by Pashtuns. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa\ NOTE: This and the neighboring Tribal Areas were the locations of the camps housing four million Afghan refugees who fled the war in the 1980s and ensuing chaos. A generation of boys grew up there in Saudi-operated madrassas (religious schools with jihadi teaching). They were organized into the Taliban by the Pakistani ISI (Inter-Service Intelligence) and armed by the Pakistani military. 4. has the largest area, smallest population, and an active insurgency: Balo chistan 2C. So inside Pakistan, Balochistan is its major center of devolutionary pressure. Outside Pakistan, Kashmin is its greatest target of irredentism because it has been the major point of dispute between Pakistan and India ever since independence in 1947. From \"Communal Tensions,\" pp 338-40 3A. The Sikh s created a new religion about five centuries ago in order to bri ge differences between Hindnism and Islamy promoting faith around monotheism. They are most concentrated in the Indian State of unvab. Some of the more zealous followers of the faith became strongly politicized in the 1970s and 80s, when they posed a major devolutionary threat. 3B. Muslim s form the largest religious minority in India but, unlike 3A, they have not have not posed a devolutionary threat because they are not Concentrated in one region. 3C. Hin dutva is a movement whose most fanatical followers seek \"to forge an India in which non-Hindus are essentially outsiders\" by restricting proselytizers of other religions and and making various changes in school curriculum and family law. This movement has provided a \"guiding agenda\" for the powerful Bharatiya Janata Party \- (BJP). From \"Bangladesh,\" pp 343-45 5\. In 1971, Bangladesh fought a successful war of independence against Pa Kistan. (It had become part of that country back in 1947 due to its MuSlim majority.) Its impressive social progress is due to a various of health, literacy, and economic programs of non - governmental organizations (\"NGOs\"), most famously the provision of micro - credit LECTURE/POWERPOINT (DAYS 24, 25, & 26) THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ASIAN-PACIFIC RIM AND THE RISE OF CHINA (PARTS 1, 2, & 3) Risian Pacific Rim\" - discontinuous coastal an island areas 6etreen Japan and sinsapone with export-oriented indistnalization. II\. Stage 1 (late 19th and early 20\* centuries): the Modernization of Japan A. Perry\'s \"opening\" of Japan (1853) and Japan\'s ensuing internal conflict Perry forced Japan to accept foreigners and sell coal and water to us Ships. 1853-68: a conflict between traditionalists and modernizens over how to respond to this unexpected crisis of foreign power. B. the Meiji \"Restoration\" (1868) and Japan\'s ensuing program of modernization In 1868, Ito and saigo had Mutsuhito, the 16 yio Emperor, reinstalled as the Devine Emperor Mei Led to saigos faired rebelion against the us he nicers and the beginnings of modern capitalism. C. Japan\'s emergence as a core area of the global system (c. 1905) 1868 unward: rapid industrialization and imperial conguest madeled on the west. Japan toak Taiwan and Koren from China, and took the southern Parts of Sakhalin Island and Manchuria from Russia. These provided Japan with cheap food/raw materials and captive markets for their manufactures. This was a successful response to 1853! Modernize or be conquered by the west, D. World War II: Japan\'s defeat (1945) and redirection (1945-50) In 1943, Japan was ond of the world\'s largest empires. The wwil bombing let Would bring mass affluence in Japan, be adopted by smaller impoverished neighbors and transform them into prosperous societies, and facilitate the rise of china as a communist - capitalist power. III\. Stage 2 (late 20th century onward): the Transformation of the Asian-Pacific Rim A. Japan\'s era of phenomenal economic growth, 1950-90 Early Post-war Japanese industry made low-cost products of innovative design (House radio so hatemere car 1970% bers 190-, on mic result in 7yrS, uX in 14yrs, and 8X in 21yrs (1952-73). Slower growth in 1975-89 but Still 2X greater than any other rich country. since 1990; very slow growth and concern abont low birthrate, aging popalation, and labor Shortage. Japan is currently an affluent society with the world\'s third largest economy and the producer of goods for a huge global market. B. South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, c. 1960 onward Befor the 1980s, industrialization in these states of the Global Periphery was usually! subsidized by government, protected 6y high tariffs, and aimed at the domestic market. By reducing tariffs, GATT made it impossible to maintain this strategy. By 1980, these four small \"Asian ligers\" produced half of the manufactures exports of the entire Global Periphery. By 2000, they raise per capita incomes to European levels. C. Thailand, Malaysia, and China\'s Pacific Rim, c. 1980 onward: These nations began highly suckessful industrial development by 1980. since then, many others have discarded the strategy of import-substituting industrialization with high protective tariffs in favor GATT\'s export-oriented industrialization. IN. The Rise of China A. China\'s Conversion to Capitalism under Communist Rule 1\. the beginning, 1978 Deng xiaoping: the communist Party leader who maintained a communist government While adopting capitalist economic practices beginning in 1116. In 1979, he released Political prisoners an returnes lan money to them. This. soon generated economic growth and led to argument inside the party. 2\. results through 2020 - Deng and his successors gradually reduced government controls on private enterprise ant expanded the areas of the new economic freedoms to the rest of the countrylongest period of rapid economic growth in 20 and 21 centuries). China\'s economy grew by \~32x in only 40 years. 3\. documentary excerpts: The People\'s Republic of Capitalism (See review and discussion questions on pp 12-13.) B. China\'s Global Leadership 1\. Building infrastructure, especially the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Chinese railroads, highways, and freight terminals cuts shipment from 6o to 14 days. China\'s Belt and Road Initiative is the world\'s largest capital investment project of the zist century. China is also the largest foreign builder of infrastructure in Africa, South America, and Middle America. 2\. Addressing the climate emergency China pledge to reach its peak greenhouse gas emissions by 2030\. 2015 Paris global accord to combat climate disruption. Trump withtrew, Biden restored. Xi and Biden agreed to cooperate on climate. C. China\'s Problems and Conflicts under Xi Jinping, 2012- 1\. Changes in China\'s Governance during Xi\'s Rule Xi has succeeded in raising his status within the communist fart\'s official accounts to the level accorded to Mao and Deng. He is now freer from restraints than any premier since Mao, and he has been moving iteobgically back toward a totalitarian system. 2\. Issues of territorial control and human rights under Xi Jinping Changes in China under Xi\'s rule After 2013 Xi steadily increased goverment intervention in the economy, which reversed the long-established trend of his success ful predecessors and caused widespread insecurity that led to the excessive depositing in banks. Then CovID, and especially xi\'s \"zero COVID\" policy, les to a huge CoVID outbreak. The trade war with v.S. is another factor that damages china\'s economy. (tariffs on china) b\. China\'s plunging economic growth rate After averaging \~9% for 4 decades, china\'s growth rate feu to 3% in 2022. 3.A Survey of territorial conflict under Xi a\. Suppressing Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang (see Q4, p 17) Under, Xi, \~1,000, 000 Vyghur Muslims are held in re-education camps. Many are later sent to forces-labor factories. b\. Suppressing Tibetan Buddhists in Xizang (see Q4, p 17) The leader of Tibetan Buddhism has been exiled for decades but continues exerting influence and advocating genuine autonomy for xizang. c\. Crushing Democracy in Xianggang / Hong Kong (see Q4c on p 15) In 2019/2020, long kong residents made massive protests against China\'s control of the city government and its press censorship. d\. Asserting Its Claim to the South China Sea (see Q 5 on p 20) Xis Ching claimed that 80% of the south China sea belongs to china, china is building artificial islands for naval and air bases. e\. Pressuring Taiwan for Reunification (see Q1&3, p 14 and Q 1d, p 16) Taiwan, once laiwan, once a military dictatorship claiming to represent all of china, has grown into a thriving democracy since the 1990s, Challenging Beijing\'s claim that democracy is incompatible with chinese culture. The us maintains \"strategic ambiguity,. supporting peaceful resolution while leaving the option of military intervention if Beijing invades Taiwan. Of all the challenges that china presents to the us, the political future Taiwan is the most dangerous. EAST ASIA HOMEWORK QUESTIONS, PART 1 (DAY 24) 1\. Get your orientation to the East Asian realm by reading pp 352-53 up to \"Environment and Population,\" including Box 10-1, but take particular note of the situation regarding Taiwan that leads the authors to refer to it as \"political entity\" rather than a \"state.\" Despite the fact that it has has been self-governing for seven decades, most members of the international community do not recognize its Sovereianty Taiwan calls itself the \"Republic of China \" or \"ROC.\" (But why? You will learn the explanation of this confusing name when you answer @ 3 below.) From \"The Great Rivers,\" pp 355-56 2\. Briefly describe the geographic character of the four major river basins (i.e. important things found there and economic activities occuring there). Give particular attention to the two extraordinary concentrations of farmers labeled as B and C on Fig 1-7 in the textbook\'s introduction. Liao River Basin (lee-OW): Located in northeast china, it has rich mineral resources and supports heavy industry. Huange He River Basin (HWAHNG-huh): Known for fertile loess soil and agrieuture, but prone to flooding. It\'s central to chinese history and culture. Chang Jiang / Yangzi River Basin (chang jee-AHING / YANG-dzee): An economic powerhouse With dense farming areas, rice cultivation, and significant hydroelectric power trom the Three borges Dan Xi Jiang / Pearl River Basin (shee jee-AHNG /PERL): A Key industrial ant export hub, especially in the Pearl River Delta near Hong Kong an Guang zhou, with rapid urbanization and manufacturing From \"Peoples of the East Asian Realm,\" pp 357-60 3\. During the late 1800s, the Qing (\"Ching\") Dynasty came under greatly increasing pressure from foreign forces, specifically British \_ and French \_imperialists. It finally fell in 1911, not to foreigners but to the Chinese NaTional ists. They established a republic but never gained control of China\'s full territory. In the aftermath of World War II with foreign forces finally expelled, they fought a civil war (1945-49) against the Communists. Defeated but not destroyed, they retreated to the island of Taiwan, where they kept control over territory that had been a Chinese province for roughly five centuries. Successive governments retained their old name (\"the Republic of China\" \_\") while remaining separate. From \"East Asia\'s Economic Transformation,\" pp 360-62 4\. The first Asian country to experience a post-WWII \"economic miracle\" was Japan. This is hardly surprising since it began its modernization in the mid-19th Century, a full century before others in Asia. The four much smaller \"Asian Tigers\" who followed the same economic model in the 1960s and 1970s were: Nan. (It had been effectively separated from China by the ending of the civil war that was summarized in Q3 above.) (At the end of World War II, Soviet communists were the occupying military force in the northern half of the peninsula, whereas the south was occupied by US anti-communists, and the 1950-53 war did not change this.) Hono 0L1 (It was a British colony that was nearly self-governing in the late 20\* Century but is now an \"autonomous region\" of China that has recently come under strict authoritarian rule in violation of the terms of the 1997 UK-China treaty), and S aga Pore (It is not on this location list because it will be covered in Chapter 11 on the Southeast Asian realm). In the late 1970s, deeply impoverished China began to take the same path. It now has the second largest economy in the world - that is, the second greatest total value of goods and services produced each year - although this is partly because of its enormous population. Go to Figure 1-11 in the textbook\'s introduction and see that it is classified by the World Bank as an upper-middle-income country (like Mexico, Brazil, and Turkey) because it remains distinctly poorer than Japan and the Asian Tigers on a per capita basis. From: \"Japan,\" pp 389-92 5\. Japan\'s \"economic sclerosis\" since the beginning of the 1990s has often been explained by the \"lack of adaptability \" in its culturally embedded economic system, specifically a \"near-taboo\" on banKruptCy \_ that keeps weak firms alive. \"But perhaps a more basic explanation rests with the rapid rise of so much Competition from the Asian Tigers an china EAST ASIA HOMEWORK QUESTIONS, PART 2 (DAY 25) From: \"China\'s \"Capitalist\' Turn,\" pp 372-73 1\. Read this short section for an account of China\'s pivot from its command economy under Mao Tse-tung\'s communism to its post-Mao economic development strategy. From \"China\'s Coastal Core,\" pp 377-80 2\. Summarize China\'s geography of economic development as follows. Mao Zedong\'s successor, Deng Xiaoping, established new economic rules for certain Open Cities and Special Economic Zones (SEZs), the earliest and largest of which was Shenzhen \_ He did this to stimulate growth and modernization by introducing the economic system of Capitamism while maintaining the political system of Commun ism. (Recall from Unit 1 that this is the totalitarian system in which a single political party controls every organization in society. For most of the 20th Century, this system operated in the Soviet Union ). Building outward from the Special Economic Zones and Open Cities, the expanding core of contemporary China first ran along the Coast from Guang dang \_ Pro- vince in the south to - iaon ing Province (named for the Liao River) in the north. More recently, the country\'s core has extended inland as far as the Sichuan \_Basin on the Cnang\_ giang River. Rapidly increasing inequalities in economic development and personal wealth are geographically observable in contemporary China mainly in two consistent situations: \(1) contrasts at the regional or sub-national scale between the richer Cpasta l Core and the poorer Interor