General Physics 1 Quarter 2 Reviewer 2024 PDF

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER TORQUE AND MOMENT OF INERTIA Equilibrium stated that the summation of the concurrent forces acting on a body must be zero. A body at rest or a body at constant motion is said to be in equilibrium. Statics deals with the study of forces acting on bodies at re...

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER TORQUE AND MOMENT OF INERTIA Equilibrium stated that the summation of the concurrent forces acting on a body must be zero. A body at rest or a body at constant motion is said to be in equilibrium. Statics deals with the study of forces acting on bodies at rest. The single point in which the weight of the apple is concentrated is known as the “center of gravity.” Torque is the measure of the turning effect of a rigid body. It is operationally defined as the product of a perpendicular force and the length of its lever arm from the pivot or axis of rotation. T = F la The lever arm is a measure of the distance from the force applied to the pivot. If the force causing the rotation is clockwise, torque is negative. If the force causing rotation is counterclockwise rotation, then torque is positive. The moment of inertia is defined as the quantity that resists changes in an object’s rotational state of motion STATIC EQUILIBRIUM happens when the sum of all concurrent forces acting on a body is zero Rotational motion is the motion of a body about an internal axis. The axis of the motion is inside the moving object. Examples: spinning top, bicycle wheel, and the Earth movement Circular motion, the axis of the motion is outside the object, we call it orbit. The weight w of a body is the force that causes the acceleration g of free fall, so by Newton’s second law, weight is equal to mass multiplied to gravitational acceleration--- w= mg. G=6.67 x 10^-11 N m2/kg2 Gravitational Potential Energy = mass x gravitational acceleration x height Gravitational Field - gravitational field strength of the earth is 9.8 N/kg Satellite orbiting the earth on a circular path moves with constant speed and acceleration of constant magnitude Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 1. The law of orbits states that the planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one of the foci of the ellipse 2. The law of areas states that a straight line drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps equal areas at equal intervals of time. 3. The law of periods/harmonies states that the squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their average distances from the sun. Oscillatory motion is the repeated to and from movement of a system from its equilibrium position. 1. Damping is the decrease in amplitude of an oscillation as a result of energy being drained. 2. Undamped oscillations are those oscillatory motions where its amplitude remains the same or constant. 3. Damped oscillations are those oscillatory motion where its amplitude decreases with time until it achieves the state of equilibrium. 4. Under damped condition in which damping of an oscillator causes it to return to equilibrium with the amplitude gradually decreasing to zero. 5. Critically damped condition in which the damping of an oscillator causes it to return as quickly as possible to its equilibrium position without oscillating back and forth about this position. 6. Over damped condition in which damping of an oscillator causes it to return to equilibrium without oscillating. Slower than critically damped A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without particles being moved. 1. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves. 2. A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction that the wave moves. A sine wave is any oscillation, such as a sound wave or alternating current, whose waveform is that of a sine curve. A periodic wave is a wave with a repeating continuous pattern that determines its wavelength and frequency. Cycle: In a sine wave, it is the complete event starting with a rise from zero energy to a maximum amplitude Frequency: The number of cycles of vibration in a given unit of time/. Period: the time it takes to complete one cycle. Wavelength: The distance sound travels during one period, regardless of frequency. the SI Unit for string tension is Kilogram per meter The PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION states that when two or more waves cross at a point, the displacement at that point is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves. Constructive Interference If the two waves are in phase, there is constructive interference; the resultant amplitude is large, equal to the sum of the two wave amplitudes Destructive Interference If the two waves are in antiphase, there is destructive interference: the resultant amplitude is small, equal to the difference between the two wave amplitudes The Doppler effect can be described as the effect produced by a moving source of waves in which there is an apparent upward shift in frequency for observers towards whom the source is approaching and an apparent downward shift in frequency for observers from whom the source is receding. Density is defined as mass per unit volume. ρ=m/V Specific gravity tells us the relationship between the density of an object, and the contact substance. The contact substance is most often water. If the specific gravity is greater than one, then we know that the object will sink. If the specific gravity is less than one, then we know that the object will float on water. The pressure is defined as the magnitude of the force acting perpendicular to a surface divided by the area of the surface. Pressure is a scalar quantity. So, it is expressed in magnitude only. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), Pressure in fluid increases as the depth increases. The pressure on the bottom of an object is greater than the top According to Pascal's law, any force applied to a confined fluid is transmitted uniformly in all directions throughout the fluid regardless of the shape of the container. Exampleof application: Hydraulic Lift Archimedes’ principle states that when a body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid pushes upward with a buoyant force with magnitude. Buoyancy is the force that causes objects to float. The SI unit of buoyancy is the newton (N). Bernoulli’s Principle - states that where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is low, and where the velocity of fluid is low, the pressure is high. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - states that if two systems or objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third system or object, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. The first law of thermodynamics is just the conservation of energy principle applied to heat, work, and the change in the internal energy Thermal Expansion - Most materials expand when their temperature is increased. The change in length Δ𝐿 is directly proportional to the change in temperature Δ𝑇 and original length of the object, 𝐿0. We can write this proportionality as an equation: Δ𝐿= 𝛼𝐿0Δ𝑇 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion refers to the rate at which a material exapands with increase in temperature. Coefficient of Volume Expansion refers to the increase in volume per unit of the original volume per degree rise in temperature. Gas Laws The relationship between the volume of a gas(fixed amount), at a constant temperature, is known as Boyle’s law Charles’ law - It is the pressure that is kept constant. Gay- Lussac law. When the volume is kept constant An ideal gas / combined law: PV = nRT R – gas contant with value: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝑳 𝒂𝒕𝒎/𝒎𝒐𝒍. 𝑲 The properties of an ideal gas are: 1. An ideal gas consists of a large number of identical molecules. 2. The volume occupied by the molecules themselves is negligible compared to the volume occupied by the gas. 3. The molecules obey Newton's laws of motion, and they move in random motion. 4. 4. The molecules experience forces only during collisions; Processes Four Types of Thermodynamic Processes 1. Isothermal process. Constant temperature. 2. Isobaric process. is a thermodynamic process in which the pressure stays constant. isobaric process is boiling water in an open container 3. Isochoric process. A thermodynamic process taking place at constant volume. Example Boiling water in an close container. 4. Adiabatic process. No exchange of heat from the system to its surrounding. Hot water in an insulated flask. Reversible Processes- the process can be turned back to such that both the system and the surroundings return to their original states, Examples: extension of springs the frictionless motion of solids An irreversible process can be defined as a process in which the system and the surroundings do not return to their original condition once the process is initiated. Examples: Relative motion with friction Throttling Heat transfer The second law of thermodynamics states that heat flows spontaneously from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature “Isara mo ang pinto, lalabas and aircon” Because heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature region. Entropy – the disorder in the system. the entropy of an isolated system - It can never decrease. A heat engine is said to be efficient if it produces high amount of work from small input of heat. A closed system is one in which mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do so.