Gender Roles and Gender Stereotypes PDF

Gender Roles and Gender Stereotypes Gender Roles also known as sex role. it is how we\' re expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. It encompasses a range of behavior and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirab...

Gender Roles and Gender Stereotypes Gender Roles also known as sex role. it is how we\' re expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. It encompasses a range of behavior and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable to their gender, determined by the prevailing cultural norms. the behaviors men and women exhibit in the private and public realm. They are the sociocultural expectations that apply to individuals on the basis of their assignment to a sex category (male or female). Usually an individual' s sex is determined by how their genitalia look at birth. Gender roles of men and women MEN are generally expected to be strong, aggressive and bold. Show less emotion and affection especially towards other men. They are traditionally viewed as a \" pro creator, a protector, and a provider,\" hence, most men are called the breadwinner. WOMEN generally expected to dress typically feminine ways and be polite, modest and nurturing. Also known as more emotional and submissive. Take overall responsibility for the reproductive and domestic work involved in the organization of the household called the homemaker. Philippine Gender Roles Across the Eras - Pre-Colonial Era: men and women in the pre-colonial, Philippines enjoyed nearly equal status with each other. - Spanish Era: During the Spanish occupation the woman being subordinate was instilled, men rising as the dominant gender, establishing a patriarchal society that has prevailed and surpassed generations, and is now the existing type of society that we follow. - American Era: Gender roles are more fixed or modernized but the patriarchy still dominates over society. - Japanese Era: On this era, society is barely existing because of the war. During the war men fought in guerrilla warfare while women served as medical aides and nurses. Being captured by the japanese is another story, men will be executed with little to no second thoughts and women were made to be comfort women Gender Stereotypes - it is a *generalized view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women.* - Stereotypes can be both positive and negative. Gender stereotypes for Men and Women - Religion plays a significant role in shaping gender roles in the Philippines, particularly Catholicism, which is the dominant religion Traditional Family Values - Patriarchal structure: Catholicism emphasizes the traditional family structure with a male head of household. This often translates to men having more authority and decision-making power within the family. - Role of women: women are often expected to be nurturing caregivers, responsible for domestic duties, and prioritize family over career aspirations. This is rooted in the biblical teachings of eve\' s role as a homemaker and mother. - Marital expectations: marriage is highly valued, and there\' s a strong emphasis on chastity and fidelity, especially for women. Divorce is not recognized by the catholic church, which can lead to challenges in situations of marital breakdown Impact of Gender Equality - Limited opportunities: traditional gender roles can limit women\' s educational and career opportunities, as they are often expected to prioritize family responsibilities. - Domestic violence: while not directly condoned by the church, the emphasis on male authority can contribute to a culture where domestic violence against women is sometimes tolerated or even normalized. - Reproductive rights: the church\' s stance against abortion and contraception can limit women\' s reproductive choices and autonomy. Challenges and Changes - Modernization and education: As the Philippines modernize and education levels rise, there\' s a growing movement towards gender equality. More women are pursuing higher education and entering the workforce. - Feminist movements: feminist groups advocate for women\' s rights and challenge traditional gender roles. - Secularization: while Catholicism remains influential, there\' s also a growing trend of secularization, where people are less influenced by religious teachings Influence of culture in gender roles - The influence of culture on gender roles and expectations has been immense over time. Culture plays a pivotal role in dictating the norms and beliefs around gender and what is expected of individuals based on their sex. In many parts of the world, culture and society have specific ideas of what is acceptable and unacceptable for men and women, often limiting the way people can live their lives. - Cultural attitudes towards gender vary widely, often making distinctions between masculine and feminine behaviors and characteristics. Many cultures strongly define and limit what men and women can and should do. Men may be expected to behave in ways deemed more masculine such as being stoic and hardworking, while women may be expected to be gentle, submissive and deferential. Consequently, these beliefs and expectations can place limits on a person' s freedom to act as they choose and can create an environment of judgement or prejudice The Site Of the First Mass [Limasawa] - The *first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines* was held on March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. - It was *conducted* by Father Pedro de Valderrama of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition along the shores of what was referred to in the *journals* of Antonio Pigafetta as 'Mazaua'. Person - Father Pedro de Valderrama - Ferdinand Magellan - Antonio Pigafetta Place: Mazaua (known today as Limasawa) Butuan - In 19^th^ century, the prevailing belief was that the first mass was held in Masao, Butuan. - To end the conflict for the issue about the first mass, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), agreed that the evidence and arguments presented by the pro-Butuan advocates are not sufficient and convincing enough to warrant the repeal or reversal of the ruling on the case by the National Historical Institute. - It is further strengthened by the evidence that it was only after 22 years, in 1543 -when a Spanish expedition led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos landed in Mindanao. Pigafetta's Testimony on the Route of Magellan's Expedition March 16, 1521 - Saturday, 16 March: Magellan's expedition sighted a 'high land' named "Zamal" (known as Samar) March 17, 1521 - Sunday, March 17: The following day after sighting Zaman Island, they landed on another island which was uninhabited. The name of this land was "Humunu" (Homonhon) March 1521 - Magellan's expedition stayed 8 days at Homonhon: from *Sunday, march 17* to the *Monday* of the following week*, March 25*. - Monday, March 25: In the afternoon, the expedition weighed anchor and left the island of Homonhon. - They left Homonhon sailing towards Leyte, they passed a lot of Island and the continued towards "Mazaua". Thursday, March 28: In the morning of Holy Thursday, March 28, they had anchored off an island where the previous night they had seen a light or a bonfire. That island is called "Mazaua". Sunday, March 31: Early in the morning of Sunday, the last of March and easter day, Magellan sent a priest at shore with some men to prepare for the Mass. Later in the morning, Magellan landed with some 50 mem and Mass was celebrated, after which a cross was venerated. Magellan and the Spaniards returned to the ship for the noon-day meal, but in the afternoon, they returned at shore to plant the cross on the summit of the highest hill. In attendance, both at the Mazaua at the planting of cross were the king of Mazaua and the king of Butuan. "News: Metro Manila (CNN PH, August 20) \-- The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) sustained findings that the Limasawa Island in the Southern Leyte as the site of the 1521 easter Sunday Mass, the first Catholic mass in the country" Cavite Mutiny [Mutiny:] Revolt among group of people who want to oppose or overthrow. A specific association or organization JUNE 12, 1896: PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY 1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective Jose Montero y Vidal - Born on January 28, 1851 in the Andalusian town of Gergal. - Government official residing in Manila in 187. - Civil Governor in colonial provinces of the Spanish Empire in 1875 as one of the most knowledgeable Spanish historians in the Philippines. - At the time of Cavite Mutiny, he was a government official residing in Manila. - His book Historia General de Filipinas was produced in Madrid in 1895. - A prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. - "the idea of attaining their independence. It was towards this goal that they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain section of the native clergy..." Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquirdo - Born: September 20, 1820 - Died: November 9, 1883 - In his official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization. - Executed 41 mutineers including GOMBURZA martyrs. Jose Montero y Vidal & Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquirdo - The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one other, only that the general's report was more spiteful. - Both Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from force labor were the main reasons of the "revolution" as how they called it. - *[Abolition of privileges]* enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal - *[Spanish revolution]* which overthrew the secular throne - *[Dirty propagandas]* proliferated by unrestrained press democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines - [Presence of the native clergy] who conspired and supported the rebels and enemies of Spain January 20, 1872: FEAST OF THE VIRGIN OF LORETO Spanish Version: Planned Conspiracy January 20, 1872 - The fireworks and rockets fired in the celebration of the [Feast of the Virgin of Loreto] are the reason why the people in Cavite mistook these for the signal to revolt where 200 native soldiers under the leadership of [Sergeant La Madrid] assassinated the commander of the fort and wounded his wife. - When the news reached [Gov. Izquierdo], he readily ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. February 5, 1872 - [sentenced to die by strangulation the Filipino priests], D. Jose Burgos, D. Jacinto Zamora and D. Mariano Gomez, - Francisco Saldua. -Maximo Inocencio, Enrique Paraiso and Crisanto de los Reyes to [ten years imprisonment.] - An attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia (*rule of the friars*) to instill fear among the Filipinos so that they may never commit such daring act again, the GOM'\[BURZA were executed. This event was tragic but served as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino nationalism. A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera - Born: April 13, 1857, Escolta [Street, Manila](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=9c1db43462cf1df4&sxsrf=ADLYWILMwWiNpFUikxmB0QxDL8nVJh2Xwg:1728903813498&q=Escolta+Street&si=ACC90ny8E30vD16OoPAAI4cStfcliGy35W8UAhb0TsHNc_ISQVnOOqOG2TwSjhM4TU2jXqYnD07cNm2xL_lmDNN1LUvbIOxedPplo3kmQ7pn-fxbLbCgVf4mUAmCv2Rt8vch4tDo612Lgg_NmXnvelA8x1QVePzApTnNx6mRsAkS4Cv6A0aSBOKXW8TfVEWNZieZOEWRA3YvwS-Zwv6gvblf1TP0f5Qr9g%3D%3D&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG4J3N3I2JAxXIslYBHSlIGsgQmxMoAHoECCAQAg) - Died: March 26, 1925 (age 67 years), [Manila](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=9c1db43462cf1df4&sxsrf=ADLYWILMwWiNpFUikxmB0QxDL8nVJh2Xwg:1728903813498&q=Manila&si=ACC90nzx_D3_zUKRnpAjmO0UBLNxnt7EyN4YYdru6U3bxLI-L18rxU3UykpfMu6pk2_rViziUaoILEWwcGlrF78tjWTTNarEg51H_cuL3eCOv7ikMEm2aLtMnqGq0QOpJ5ZQUte8CSa2n70200Ni_kC9Isgne08AaWiA4EfbR1Kd0BjudoksoSwxcuhOmongzh_Bx90EEnmy&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG4J3N3I2JAxXIslYBHSlIGsgQmxMoAHoECBYQAg) - Education: [Colegio de San Juan de Letran](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=9c1db43462cf1df4&sxsrf=ADLYWILMwWiNpFUikxmB0QxDL8nVJh2Xwg:1728903813498&q=Colegio+de+San+Juan+de+Letran&si=ACC90nzx_D3_zUKRnpAjmO0UBLNxnt7EyN4YYdru6U3bxLI-L_SgC1AweZ23pxa-Z59WSNU7dx5JHCimlroJ4uaPvESnbvMPJ6qE3wMUxu7aKvTownB2H0Jos6d9rpgGq2mqybKR4JVkbH5NDs52b_fLzAe5liauVSi7EcRvhdjigQdwxuhVdRyX-KMASmZ-7AGlWyqrbA2Q-Oz92-jBgAVygXSKf-Dm6LQ40Cj1cmRMikANwnGfr-DCaScAN3QKKj231p_SDvXVCjTx2B07r7K41ljTEeHjzqwtF72sZWJckJ8WQc6Tfb8%3D&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG4J3N3I2JAxXIslYBHSlIGsgQmxMoAHoECBsQAg) (1873)  - A *Filipino physician*, *scholar and researcher*. - Wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. - Acc. to Taverna POV: the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges. - Excemption in Polo Y Servicio and increased tax - January 20, 1872: About 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. - The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was officially declared subdued. - This turnout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something drastic in their desire to maintain power in the Philippines. - Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational decree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called Philippine Institute. - Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that the scheme was true without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged "revolution" reported by Izquierdo and friars. - Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA (Mariano Gómes, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora). - The French writer Edmund Plauchut's account complimented Tavera's account by confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal workers and soldiers in Cavite fort. The Frenchman, however, dwelt more on the execution of the three martyr priests which he actually witnessed. - First, there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo; - Second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish government out of disgust; - Third, the Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired but relied on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public; - Fourth, the happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the Central Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government affairs as well as in the direction and management of schools prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend their stay and power; - Sixth, Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what they deemed as injustices; - Lastly, the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government, for the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually independence. - January 22, 1872: Cavite Mutiny - February 5, 1872: GOMBURZA - 1886-1887: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo - August 23, 1898: Philippine Revolution - June 12, 1898: Independence Day Retraction Controversy - This document was discovered by the archdiocesan activist Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M. Instead of ending the doubts about Rizal\'s retraction has, in fact, encouraged it because of the retraction which appeared in the Manila newspapers could be shown to be the exact copies of the \"original\" but only imitations of it. - It only means that the media had the original while theirs was just an imitation. Media and news channels are used to let the people know the said retraction written by Jose Rizal. - The first text was published in *La Voz Espanola* and Diario de Manila on the very day of Rizal\'s execution, Dec. 30, 2986. The text also appeared in Barcelo, Spain, on February 14, 1987, in the fortnightly magazine in *La Juventud*. - In a notarized testimony of Fr. Balaguer, he named the witnesses. He said. \"This\... retraction was signed together with Dr. Jose Rizal by Senor Fresno, Chief of the Picket, and Senor Moure. Adjutant of the Plaza. However, the proceeding quotation only proves itself to be an addition to the original - In addition, Jesuit missionary who befriended the hero during his exile in Dapitan, Rizal accepted a shorter retraction after making some modifications in the document. In his retraction, disavowed Masonry and religious thoughts that opposed Catholic beliefs. RIZAL RETRACTED HIS WORDS AND DEED - Some part of the history believed that Jose Rizal retracted. According to Fr. Victor Balaguer, Rizal retracted his words and deeds. It was also he who made the claim that he married Jose Rizal and Josephine Bracken, at 6:15 am on December 30, 1896, just minutes before Rizal was executed - The truth is that Rizal fell in love with Josephine and wanted to marry her canonically but he was required to sign a profession of faith and to write a retraction - There are many arguments that Rizal retracted. There are pieces of evidence but those evidence were not justified. It is not efficient or enough to call the evidences real RIZAL DID NOT RETRACT - Rizal did not retract. Rizal had published books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain and which were frankly anti-Catholic. - According to joserizal.ph (an online source) which was obtained by Jose Rizal University, documents were forged. This was revealed by Fr. Balaguer. - The alleged copy of the retraction paper that was signed by Rizal himself was kept as secret and was only published in newspapers. When Rizal\'s family requested for the original copy, the document was said to be lost. - According to Ricardo Pascual Ph.D., who was permitted by Archbishop Nozaleda to examine the document and later concluded in his book \"Rizal beyond Grave\" that the document presented was forgery. - There are three copies of the documents about the retraction. The first one indicates the year 1890, the second one changes it into 1890, and the final one, the written year is 1896, there was a revelation of a forger. - The common rebuttal of this argument was either Fr. Balaguer or Fr. Pi had made errors in reproducing another copy of the original Another evidence that Rizal did not retract is that when Fr. Balaguer came to terms that he married Jose and Josephine, after Jose had signed the retraction paper, however, there were no marriage certificate or publich record shown that could prove Fr. Balaguer\'s statements. The Cry of Balintawak - The term \"Cry\" is translated from the *Spanish \'el grito de rebellion\'* means \'cry for rebellion\' THE FIRST CRY \"The \'first cry\' is generally signified as the\... \'First Call for Rebellion\'. It is *marked as the beginning of Philippine revolution or seeking of independence of filipinos from Spanish colonial rule with the use of violence in arms.* How did it started? Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan - commonly known as Katipunan or KKK and established on July 7, 1892. - Its primary goal is to gain independence from Spain through revolution. - The Katipunan was a secret organization until it was discovered in August 19, 1896 which led to start the Philippine Revolution, which is now called as the 'first cry' Significant Events in the First cry - TEARING UP OF COMMUNITY TAX CERTIFICATES : The tearing up of community tax certificates (cedulas personales) symbolizes the termination of Katipunero's loyalty to Spanish Regime - PATRIOTIC SHOUTS SUCH AS "VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA FILIPINA": The shouts for "Viva La Independence Filipina" or "Long Live Philippine Independence!" was to express the goal of their secret organization. FIRST CRY OF REBELLION CONTROVERSY AND CONFLICTS - Controversy about this particular event actually arises especially in the specific dates and places where this cry particularly happened. - This controversy remains unsolved in the Philippine history since different Filipinos have varying accounts as to when and where it happened. BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHORS AND THEIR ACCOUNTS [DR. PIO VALENZUELA (THE CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN)] - A Filipino physician and revolutionary leader - At the age of 23, he joined the Katipunan and become one of the officials - Friend of Andres Bonifacio - He was also present during the meeting before the actual first cry happen. - FIRST VERSION: (he said that the rebellion was held in) Balintawak on Wednesday of August 26, 1896 - SECOND VERSION: (later he wrote his memoirs of the revolution and claimed that the cried took place at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896 [GEN. SANTIAGO VIRATA ALVAREZ (THE CRY OF BAHAY TORO)] - well known katipunero also known as "Kidlat ng Apoy" - A delegado general of the provincial council of the Katipunan in Cavite. - Became the captain general and later commander in chief of the Magdiwang Forces and valiantly fought the Spaniards form 1896-1897 - A relative of Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Andres Bonifacio - In his account, the first cry happened on August 24, 1896 at Bahay Toro, Quezon City. [GEN. GILLERMO MASANGKAY (THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK]) - is a friend and advisor of Andres Bonifacio - he was one of the first members of the katipunan which has designated to build KKK in Cavite - he played a key role in the Filipino- American War as a revolutionary general - First version: August 26, 1896 (sunday tribune, first decade of american occupation) - Second version: August 23, 1896 ("Bagong Buhay") - Changed back on August 26, 1896 by his granddaughter Soledad Buehler- Borromeo [GREGORIA DE JESUS (THE FIRST CRY)] - The Lakambini of the Katipunan - She was the custodian of the documents and seal of the Katipunan - In her account, the first cry happened near Caloocan on August 25, 1896 - The only eyewitness who accounted that the cry happened in Pugad Lawin. - \"The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario and myself was in Balinwatak. The first five arriving there on August 19, and I on August 20, 1896.\" - The first place where some 500 members of the Katipunan met on August 22, 1896, was the house and yard of Apolonio Samsom at Kangkong. Aside from the people mentioned above, among those who were there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views were only exchanged and no resolution was debated or adopted. TEODORO AGONCILIO - \"REVOLT OF THE MASSES (1956)\" - Agoncillo used his considerable influence and campaigned to change the date and venue of the first cry to Pugad Lawin, August 23, 1896. - In 1963, president Macapagal ordered that the cry of Balintawak shall be called cry of Pugad Lawin and it should be celebrated on August 23 instead of August 26. THE FIRST CRY HAPPENED IN BALINTAWAK - Some accounts show that the first cry happened in Caloocan Quezon City, Bahay ng Toro and Pugad Lawin. - According to Dr. Milagros Guerrero, Ramon, Villegas and Emmanuel Encarnation stated that all these mentioned places are part of Balintawak but Quezon City is still not an existing place during the Spanish Regime. - Guillermo Masangkay is an *eyewitness of the historic event*. Events according to Masangkay - August 26th 1896, a meeting held in balintawak at the house of Apolonio Samson. Among those who attended were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Aguedo Del Rosario - 9:00 am August 26th the meeting was opened with Andres Bonifacio presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting as Secretary. The purpose was to discuss when the uprising was to take place. - Andres Bonifacio argues with the other leaders about starting the revolt too early and leaves. - Upon leaving the meeting Andres Bonifacio gave a fiery speech and people shouted \"Revolt" - After the speech, they all tore their cedulas (t certificate) - After the pledge and tearing of cedulas, Andres Bonifacio returns to the session hall and informs the leader of what took place outside. - Despite their differences, they all voted for revolution and outside the people shouted \"Long live the Philippine Republic!\" - At 5:00 pm while gathering at Balintawak were celebrating, guards up in the trees gave a warning that the Spaniards were coming. Andres Bonifacio then led them to prepare the attack by the civil guards. Conclusions - The Cry of Pugad Lawin or Balintawak marked the start of the Philippine Revolution in 1896 which eventually led to independence of the Philippines in 1898. - This historical event made the Filipino people to *fight for our freedom and independence*, proving themselves worthy to be called a truly free people.