General Biology 1: Cell Types and Cell Modifications PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Cell Types and Cell Modifications Learning Competencies At the end of our tutorial, you will be able to: distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features; classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Cell Types and Cell Modifications Learning Competencies At the end of our tutorial, you will be able to: distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features; classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the functions of each; and describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions. MAJOR TYPES OF CELLS https://cdn.hswstatic.com/gif/ PROKARYOTES “pro” – before + “karyon” – kernel or nut simple, unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles most of its DNA is found in what is known as the nucleoid region Single celled organisms are the earliest and most primitive ck12.org, sciencenewsforstudents.org, thoughtco.com forms of life on earth EUKARYOTES “eu” – good, well or true + “karyon” – kernel or nut organisms whose cell has a nucleus enclosed by a membrane other organelles are also bound by microscopeclarity.com, quora.com, w3spoint.com membranes  PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES size smaller; unicellular larger; unicellular Kingdom Archaea; bacteria and Protists, multicellular Fungi, Plants, nucleus Animals absent present organelles absent present  PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES cell wall present; chemically found only in sexual complex none; DNA transfer plants; simple meiosis reproduction cell thru conjugation binary fission mitosis division CELL SPECIALIZATION - also known as cell differentiation. It is the process by which generic cells change to different types of cells to be able to perform special or specific functions. franklinscience.weebly.com  STEM CELLS Cells that can be divided and produce the same cells and have the potential to develop into many different types of cells (become specialized). Ongoing source o f differentiated cells. CELL SPECIALIZATION SPECIALIZED CELLS IN ANIMALS Name Function Adaptation no nucleus red carry O2 biconcave shape bloo throughout contains d the body hemoglobin cell whit plays an irregular shape e important can produce bloo role in the antibodies and d immune antitoxins cell system SPECIALIZED CELLS IN ANIMALS Name Function Adaptation fertilize an long tail to swim egg cell to numerous sperm make a mitochondria cell with chemicals on baby the head for egg carries cell entry large and bulky egg a chemical change in cell genetic the membrane material prevents fertilization of more than one sperm SPECIALIZED CELLS IN ANIMALS Name Function Adaptation nerve carry long, thin axon cell nerve branching or impulses dendrites neuron through myelinated the body muscle facilitate elongated and cell movement elastic numerous mitochondria  SPECIALIZED CELLS IN PLANTS Name Function Adaptation regulates cell wall has guar varying rate of d cell thickness transpiratio n absorbs long and thin root water and with large hair minerals surface area cell from the soil researchgate.net, sciencephoto.com SPECIALIZED CELLS IN PLANTS Name Function Adaptation produces contains photosynthe food through numerous tic cells the process of chloroplasts photosynthesi s has lignin transport water and no protoplasm xylem minerals cells form a vessel from the continuous roots to tube CELL MODIFICATIONS -adaptations or changes acquired by the cell after cell division that aids the cell in various beneficial ways. franklinscience.weebly.com CILIA hair-like organelles extending from the cell surface Types of cilia Non-motile or primary cilia (sensory) Motile (movement) microbenotes.com, advancedsciencenews,com, microscopemaster.com, library.med.utah.edu, sciencelearn.org FLAGELLA long, whip-like, tail-like structures made of protein filaments aids in biologyexams4u.com, movement Villi or Microvilli small, slender, vascular, finger- like projections increases surface area to increase absorption Sciencephoto.com, sciencelearn.org, library.med.utah.edu PSEUDOPODS “false feet” temporary extension of the cytoplasm movement and ingestion (phagocytosis) microscopemaster.com, sciencephoto.com References: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/prokaryote s-and-eukaryotes/ What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? https://www.livescience.com/65922-prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-cells.html Introduction to Development https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/develop ment-and-differentiation/a/introduction-to-development Explanation of Cell Specialization https://sciencing.com/explanation-cell-specialization-6363421.html Cell differentiation https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology/Cell-differentiation How Cells Become Specialized (Amoeba Sisters) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3g26p9Mh_k Thank You!