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MODULE V the right to collect tributes–or taxes–from the inhabitants of the area assigned to him. The man I. INTRODUCTION...

MODULE V the right to collect tributes–or taxes–from the inhabitants of the area assigned to him. The man I. INTRODUCTION who received this favor was called an encomendero. The encomienda Colonialism is not a modern phenomenon. World history is full of was, therefore, a public examples of one office. society gradually expanding by incorporating adjacent territory and settling its people on newly The encomenderos were required by law to perform the following duties: conquered territory. The ancient Greeks set up colonies as did the Romans, the Moors, and the to give protection to the natives to help the missionaries convert the natives to Ottomans, to name just a few of the most famous examples. Christianity Colonialism, then, is not restricted to promote education to a specific time or place. Nevertheless, in the sixteenth century, Unfortunately, many Spanish encomenderos committed abuses, such colonialism changed as: decisively because of technological developments in navigation that Brutal treatment of the Filipinos began to connect more Collecting more tribute than that authorized by law remote parts of the world. Fast sailing ships made it possible to Forcing the people to work for them reach distant ports and to Because of the abuses of encomenderos, much bad feeling resulted. sustain close ties between the center and colonies. Thus, the First, peace and order, modern European colonial project which the colonizers and the early Spanish friars had established, emerged when it became possible to move large numbers of people was disturbed. Second, the across the ocean and to abuses led to a conflict between the friars and the encomenderos. maintain political sovereignty in spite of geographical dispersion. The early friars observed that This entry uses the term the encomenderos neglected their duty of teaching the Christian colonialism to describe the process of European settlement and faith to the Filipinos. They saw political control over the rest of that the encomenderos were only interested in enriching themselves the world, including the Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa instead. and Asia. The friars tried to protect the Filipinos from the greed and abuses of the encomenderos by; B. ENCOMIENDAS ASSIGNED BY LEGASPI preaching from the pulpits against encomendero abuses writing letters and memorials to the King of Spain in In 1570 the encomienda was introduced in the Philippines when which they reported the abuses of the encomenderos Legaspi, in compliance refusing to absolve the encomenderos from their sins. with the decree issued by King Philip II in 1558, distributed lands The Filipinos, seeing that the encomenderos were interested only in in Cebu to loyal Spanish getting rich, grew subjects. These men had helped conquer the Philippines. The lazy. They reasoned that it was useless to work too hard for a living encomienda was not actually a if the fruits of their work land grant but was a favor from the kind under which the would only go to the payment of excessive tributes to the Spaniard receiving his favor was given encomenderos. This attitude was encouraged by the friars who told them that the abandonment of political power often came through violence (Arendt, 1977; Brinton, their labors would free from 1938; see also Kim, 1991). injustice. Yet not all political thinkers of the time believed that “revolutions” were a permanent aspect of There were three kinds of encomiendas: politics. Aristotle, for instance, argued that the most stable political the Royal Encomiendas, belonging to the King system was neither a the Ecclesiastical Encomiendas, belonging to the Church Private Encomiendas, belonging to private individuals democracy, oligarchy, nor a monarchy but a combination of the three. Aristotle’s stable political At first the natives paid eight reales as tribute. This amount was increased to ten reales system would have a large middle class. The middle class would be a hybrid class, which would in 1589 by order of King Philip II. Aside from the tribute expected from the royal encomiendas, take advantage of the wisdom and wealth of the oligarchy and monarchy but also would consist the king also received reales from each tribute each encomiendero received from his of the greatest number of people as was the case in a democracy (Sabine & Thorson, 1973). In encomienda. The total amount of the tributes intended for the king was kept as fund to pay the other words, when property and power are widely distributed among individuals of a given expenses for the country’s defense. This fund was called the situado. society, there will be no good reason to ignite revolution. Indeed, The size of an encomienda was determined in two ways: modern industrial by the number of people living in it democracies, which have a large middle class, seem to be politically by the value of the land stable, and this evidence The law limited the number of natives in an area and administered suggests that Aristotle’s theory has stood the test of time. by an encomendero A. EARLY PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION (1574-1841) to not more than 300, and the value of the land was limited to not more than P2,000. At first an You will recall before the arrival of the Spaniards, our Malayan ancestors were a free encomienda could be held for three generations (about ninety and independent people. They lived in a society of their years). making. Most important of all, their government was their own and they make their own laws to This was later reduced to two generation. But because of the suit their needs and their way of life. complaints from encomenderos, the king decided to return the Under this free society, everyone was able to lead a happy, encomienda tenure to three generations in 1635. contented, and useful life. As a token of business to the Spanish crown, Filipinos were forced to pay annual MODULE VI tributes. Popular uprisings are as old as history. In classical Greece, Each family, consisting of the husband and wife and “revolutions” were considered a minor children, paid eight reales normal way of assuming power by differing regimes. They occurred (one peso) at first. whenever democratic, Single men and women paid one- half of amount. oligarchic, and monarchic regimes alternated in assuming power, Filipino people were burdened with the polo y servicio and such alternation of where they forced every male  Filipino between age 16 and 60 to work for the deprived them of their historical inheritances as tribal chiefs government forty days a year. or Datus. Spanish Friars took away the best lands of the country. Some people, Kapampangan leaders connived with the The Spanish officials did not people of Manila and hesitate to take advantage of their positions and enrich themselves. Borneans to rise revolt. Tribute collectors asked for more than what was required People plan to secretly enter the city of Manila one dark by law. night and massacre the Spaniards. Those who were unable to pay were treated harshly. Natives who rendered service were TONDO CONSPIRACY (1577-1588) not given free rice, their daily wage, and treated well as provided by law. Other names: Conspiracy of Maharlikas Natives who rendered service were taken away when they Place: Tondo; Cuyo ; Calamianes were most needed in their Result: Failed farms, homes, and families. Leaders: Agustin de Legazpi, Magat Salamat (son of Lakandula), Martin Pangan LAKANDULA’S REVOLT (1574) (gobernadorcillo of Tondo), Juan Banal (Tondo Chief), Pedro Other names: Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt, Tagalog Balingit (Chief of Revolt Place: Tondo, Navotas Pandacan), Esteban Taes (Chief of Bulacan), Pitonggatan Leaders: Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman (Chief of Tondo), Result: Failed Felipe Salonga (Chief of Polo), Geronimo Basi (Brother of Cause: This revolt was caused by losing Soliman and Agustin de Legazpi) Lakandula’s kingdom Cause: Regain the lost freedom. when they were defeated by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to accept Attempting to restore freedom and local leadership being the Spanish enjoyed during the pre- sovereignty on the promise that they would be well-treated by colonial years. the Spaniards and CAGAYAN REVOLT (1589) would retain some of their royal and political powers. o Other names: Revolts Against the Tribute, The Cagayan and Legazpi died and was replaced by Governor Guido de Dingras Revolts Lavezaris who revoked Against Tribute the exemptions from paying tribute and confiscated their lands. Place: Cagayan; Ilocos Norte Result: Failed Father Martin convinced Lakandula and Sulayman to Cause: Ilocanos, Ibanags, and other Fililipons revolted abort the revolt and against alleged abuses by the tax collectors, including the promise to grant their privileges. collection of high taxes. It began when six tax collectors who had arrived from PAMPANGA REVOLT (1585) Vian were killed by the natives. Place: Pampanga Gobernador-General Santiago de Vera sent Spanish and Leaders: Kapampangan leaders Filipino colonial troops Result: Failed Cause: Disgruntled the encomenderos administered who to pacify the rebels. had  o The rebels were eventually pardoned and the Philippine tax o Cause: Oppression of Spanish officials system reformed. o The Gaddangs revolted to the encomenderos and government o Rebels failed as they were easily suppressed by the Spaniards. officials. MAGALAT’S REVOLT (1596) o Father Pedro de Santo Tomas – a Dominican Missionary convinced the 2 rebel o Year: 1596 leaders to surrender peacefully along with the other o Place: Cagayan missionaries. o Result: Failed o He succeeded in convincing the Gaddangs to lay down their o Leader: Magalat (a rebel from Cagayan) arms. o Cause: Abuses of tribute collectors. TAMBLOT’S REVOLT (1622) IGOROT REVOLT (1601) o Year: 1622 o Year: 1601 o Place: Bohol o Place: Norther Luzon o Result: Failed o Result: Failed o Leaders: Babaylan Tamblot o Cause: Demand for Religious toleration o Cause: Desire to abandon Christianity and return to old religious faith. o Governor-General Tello – ordered an expedition to Cordillera region for religious BANCAO’S REVOLT (1622) conversion purposes with the aid of Padre Esteban Marin. o Year: 1622 o Marin – the curate of Ilocos at that time, tried initially to o Other names: Bankaw Revolt convince the Igorots to o Place: Leyte convert peacefully to Catholicisim. He was allegedly tried to o Result: Failed create his own o Leaders: Bancao (Datu of Carigara), Babaylan Pagali dictionary in the Igorot language to advance the cause. o Cause: Desire for religious toleration o Igorots killed Marin. Gobernardo-General sent Captain Aranda with Spanish and o Bancao had warmly received Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as his guest, when he Lumad foot soldiers. first arrived in the Philippines in 1565. o The revolt was short-lived as Aranda made use of extreme measures and o Although baptized as a Catholic in his youth, he abandoned this faith in later executed them quickly to dispel the revolt in Cordillera Region. years. With a babaylan Pagali, he built a temple for a diwata GADDANG REVOLT (1621-1622) or local goddess, o Year: 1621 – 1622 and pressed six towns to rise up in revolt. o Place: Cagayan Valley o Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza sent the alcalde o Result: Failed mayor of Cebu, o Leaders: Felipe Cutabay, Gabriel Dayag Juan de Alcarazo, with Spanish and foot soldier colonial troops to suppress the  rebellion. o Leaders: Pedro Mateo, Salarogo Ambaristo o Bancao’s severed head was impaled on a bamboo stake and o Cause: Government monopoly of basi (wine) manufacture. displayed to the o Ilocanos were forced to buy from government stores. public as a stern warning. o September 16, 1807 – wine-loving Ilocanos in Piddig rose in ITNEG REVOLT (1625-1639) revolt. Spanish led o Year: 1625 – 1639 troops eventually quelled the revolt on September 28, 1807. o Other names: Mandaya Revolt, Itneg and Mandaya Revolt PULE’S REVOLT (1840-1841) o Place: Cagayan (Itneg and Mandaya tribe) o Year: 1840 – 1841 o Result: Failed o Other names: Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule o Leaders: Miguel Lanab, Alababan o Place: Quezon o Cause: Desire for independence; punishment of a woman who o Result: Failed displeased certain o Leaders: Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) Spanish officials. o Cause: Being a native, Pule was denied admission as a monk, o Miguel Lanab and Alababan – were previously baptized as he founded the Catholics against religious brotherhood, Confraternity of Saint Joseph (Cofradia their will. de San Jose), o They killed, beheaded and mutilated two Dominican which was the government outlawed and ordered dissolved. missionaries, Father Alonzo o Thousands of people in Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna, and Garcia and Brother Onofre Palao who were sent by the Manila already joined. Spanish colonial o Because of this, the Spanish government sent in troops to government to convert the Itneg people to Christianity. forcibly break up the o After cutting Father Garcia’s body into pieces, they fed his order, forcing de la Cruz and his followers to rise in armed flesh to a herd of pigs. revolt in self-defense. o They compelled their fellow Itnegs to loot, desecrate Catholic o November 4, 1841 – Spaniards eventually won and de la images, set fire to Cruz was executed in the local churches, and escape with them to the mountains. Tayabas. o Governor-General Fernando de Silva – sent Spanish and foot MODULE VII soldier colonial Propaganda is the more or less systematic effort to manipulate troops to suppress the rebellion. other people’s beliefs, attitudes,or actions by means of symbols (words, gestures, banners, monuments, music, clothing,insignia, BASI REVOLT (1801) hairstyles, designs on coins and postage stamps, and so forth). o Year: 1801 Deliberateness and a relatively heavy emphasis on manipulation distinguish propaganda from casual conversation or the free and o Other names: Ambaristo Revolt easy exchange of ideas. Propagandists have a specified goal or set of o Place: Pangasinan goals. To achieve these, they deliberately select facts, arguments, and displays of symbols and present them in ways they think will o Result: Failed have the most effect. To maximize effect, they may omit or distort pertinent facts or simply lie, and they may try to divert the commitment to independence among the somewhat less privileged attention of the reactors (the people they are trying to sway) from class. Shocked by the arrest of Rizal, these activists formed the everything but their own propaganda. Katipunan under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio, a self-educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated to the expulsion of A. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT: FILIPINO HISTORY the Spanish from the islands, and preparations were made for Propaganda Movement, reform and national consciousness armed revolt. There had been many Filipino rebels throughout the movement that arose among young Filipino expatriates in the late history of Spanish rule, but now for the first time they were 19th century. Although its adherents expressed loyalty to the inspired by nationalist ambitions and possessed the education Spanish colonial government, Spanish authorities harshly repressed needed to make success a real possibility. the movement and executed its most prominent member, José Rizal. On August 26, 1896, Bonifacio issued the Grito de Balintawak (“the Public education did not arrive in the Philippines until the 1860s, Cry of Balintawak”), calling for an armed uprising against the and even then the Roman Catholic Church controlled the Spanish. The centre of the revolt was in Cavite province, where curriculum. Because the Spanish friars made comparatively little Filipino independence leader Emilio Aguinaldo first came into effort to inculcate a knowledge of Castilian, less than one-fifth of prominence. Spain sent reinforcements until there was an army of those who went to school could read and write Spanish, and far 28,000, along with a few loyal regiments of Filipino soldiers. A stiff fewer could speak it. The Filipino populace was thus kept apart from campaign of 52 days brought about the defeat of the insurgents, the colonial power that had been ruling it for more than three but the Spanish once again endeavoured to work against their own centuries. After the construction of the Suez Canal in 1869, sons interests. Although Rizal had no connection to the uprising or of the wealthy were sent to Spain and other countries for study. At Katipunan, the Spanish military arrested him and, after a farcical home and abroad, a growing sense of Filipino identity had begun to trial, found him guilty of sedition. He was executed by a firing squad manifest, and in 1872 this burgeoning nationalism spawned an in Manila on December 30, 1896. armed insurrection. About 200 Filipino soldiers at the Cavite B. MONASTIC SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES arsenal revolted, killed their officers, and shouted for independence. Plans for a similar demonstration in Manila failed. The rebellion Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas was quickly suppressed and led to wholesale arrests, life (Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines), first published in imprisonment, and the execution of, among others, three Filipino Barcelona, Spain, in 1889, and reprinted in Manila in 1898. priests, whose connection with the uprising was not satisfactorily Translated by Dr. Encarnacion Alzona in 1957 Publication in Spain explained. was hailed by Spanish liberals and former Spanish administrators In 1888 Filipino expatriate journalist Graciano López Jaena founded o Former governor-general, Emilio Terrero (1885-1888) the newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona. Throughout its course, o Former director-general of the civil administration, Benigno La Solidaridad urged reforms in both religion and government in the Quiroga Philippines, and it served as the voice of what became known as the Propaganda Movement. One of the foremost contributors to La o Miguel Morayta and Ferdinand Blumentritt—scholars Solidaridad was the precocious José Rizal y Mercado. Rizal wrote o Jose Rizal— the most cultured of the reformist group called two political novels—Noli me tangere (1887; Touch Me Not) and El Del Pilar’s work as filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed)—which had a wide impact in the Philippines. López Jaena, Rizal, and journalist Marcelo del one that had “no chaff; it is all grain.” Pilar emerged as the three leading figures of the Propaganda Movement, and magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering flourished. ITS POLITICAL ASPECT While López Jaena and Pilar remained abroad, in 1892 Rizal o The interference of the friars in the government of the returned home and founded the Liga Filipina, a modest Philippines is so ingrained reform-minded society that was loyal to Spain and breathed no that without difficulty the friars control the status quo of the word of independence. As with the Cavite mutiny, the Spanish country in defiance of authorities overreacted to a perceived threat to their rule. They promptly arrested and exiled Rizal to a remote island in the south. the nation and the institutions. Meanwhile, within the Philippines there had developed a firm ITS RELIGIOUS ASPECT  o In the performance of their duties, the municipal officials pesos had been earmarked to pay supporters to attend a depend on the parish proclamation rally in his honor at Luneta. priest. To report the conduct of a citizen the testimony of one hundred members The Revolution of 1986 sparked a selfless sense of community in of the Principalia is not enough. The essential requirement is multitudes, rarely seen in such demonstrations. Edwin Lacierda, the curate’s approval. presidential spokesperson of Cory’s son, Benigno S. Aquino III, was there to witness: “More than a rally,” he recalls, “all of us came to ITS ECONOMIC ASPECT EDSA to break bread and fellowship with all who were willing to o The government refrains from creating new sources of stand in the line of fire and take the bullet, as it were, for freedom revenue in order not to and change of government.” burden Filipino interests, but the friars invent everyday new When Jaime Cardinal Sin broadcasted his famous message to forms of devotion, gather at EDSA over Radio Veritas, hundreds of thousands heeded the call. Food was never a problem, thanks to volunteer “food some very costly,and the public pay, not because of fanaticism, brigades”; there was always a pot of rice, a pan of pancit, tins of but rather, for crackers to be passed around. fear of displeasing the friars whose power they know has sent When the Malolos Congress—which ushered in the birth of the many innocent First Philippine Republic—was ratified, among the witnesses was a victims to exile. delegation of Filipino soldiers who had marched away from a Manila that they had won. MODULE VIII THE 1986 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION PEN NAMES OF FILIPINO PROTAGONISTS 2016 marks the 30th anniversary of the People Power Revolution. During those momentous four days of February 1986, millions of ANDRES BONIFACIO – May Pag-asa, Agapito Bagumbayan Filipinos, along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) in Metro ANTONIO LUNA – Taga-Ilog Manila, and in cities all over the country, showed exemplary courage and stood against, and peacefully overthrew, the dictatorial regime EMILIO AGUINALDO - Magdalo of President Ferdinand E. Marcos. More than a defiant show of EMILIO JACINTO – Di Masilaw, Tingkian unity—markedly, against a totalitarian rule that had time and again proven that it would readily use brute force against any and GRACIANO LOPEQ JAENA – Diego Laura all dissenters—People Power was a reclaiming of liberties long denied. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN – JoMaPa The millions that gathered for the 1986 People Power Revolution—the culmination of a series of public protests, often JOSE RIZAL – Dimas alang, Laon laan dispersed if at all given leave—was a nation wresting itself, as one, JUAN LUNA – Buan back from a dictator. MARCELO DEL PILAR – Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat On February 20, 1986, Marcos proclaimed himself victor of the snap elections, and was set to retain the presidency; on the same MARIANO PONCE – Tikbalang, Naning (Satanas), Kalipulako day, Corazon C. Aquino led a people’s victory rally at Luneta and called for civil disobedience, which included the boycotting of known NOVEMBER 30 - Andres Bonifacio day Marcos-crony institutions. Two million people took up the cause with DECEMBER 30 - Dr. Jose P. Rizal day her at that rally; stocks of singled-out companies fell the very next day. Marcos responded with the threat of reinstating Martial Law, JUNE 12, 1898 - Philippine Independence should Cory Aquino lead a nationwide strike; he, too, orchestrated a mass demonstration of support—reports emerged that twelve million