Principles of Human Development PDF

Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Nursing Chapter 2 Principles of Human Development 1 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development ...

Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Nursing Chapter 2 Principles of Human Development 1 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development  Principles of human development  There is a set of principles that characterizes the pattern and process of growth and development.  These principles or characteristics describe typical development as a predictable and orderly process (prediction the rate of development of children).  There are individual differences in children’s personalities, activity levels, and timing of developmental milestones, such as ages and stages, A milestone is " a significant event in one's life".  The principles and characteristics of development are universal patterns. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 2 Principles of Human Development…..cont'd 1. Development is continuous  The process of growth and development continues from the conception till the individual reaches death.  Development of both physical and mental traits continues gradually until these traits reach their maximum growth.  It goes on continuously throughout life.  Even after maturity has been attained, development does not end. 2. Development is gradual  It does not come all on a sudden.  It is also cumulative in nature. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 3  Principles of Human Development…..cont'd 3. Development is sequential  Development is sequential or orderly.  This pattern in general is the same for all individuals.  e.g. The child crawls before he creeps, stands before he walks. 4. Rate of development varies person to person  Rate of development is not uniform.  Individuals differ in the rate of growth and development.  Boys and girls have different development rates.  Each part of the body has its own particular rate of growth.  There are periods of great intensity and equilibrium and there are periods of imbalance. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 4  Principles of Human Development…..cont'd 5. Principle of proceeding general to specific  Growth and development proceeds from general to specific. For e.g., First the child learns to control his full hand, later he tries to control on the movement of fingers on his hands.  In all areas of development, general activity always precedes specific activity. For example, the fetus moves its whole body but is incapable of making specific responses. 6. Most traits are correlated in development  Generally, it is seen that the child whose mental development is above average, is also superior in so many other aspects like health, sociability and special aptitudes (abilities ). 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 5  Principles of Human Development…..cont'd 7. Principle of interaction between heredity and environment  Development is influenced by both heredity and environment.  Both are responsible for human growth and development. 8. Development is predictable  The difference in physiological and psychological potentialities can be predicated by observation and psychological tests.  i.e. Different aspects of motor development, emotional behavior, speech, social behavior, concept development, goals, intellectual development etc.…….. follow predictable patterns. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 6  Principles of Human Development…..cont'd 9. Principle of uniformity of pattern  Every species follows the standard pattern (directions and sequence) of development which is uniform over the world and there is no difference among them. e.g., The child crawls before he creeps, babbles before he talks. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 7  Principles of Human Development…..cont'd 10. Principle of integration  Development involves a movement from the whole to parts and from parts to the whole and this way it is the integration of the whole and its parts as well as the specific and general responses.  It enables a child to develop satisfactorily concerning various aspects or dimensions of his personality.  Example: Child first starts to learn hand movement then finger movement and then learn the movement of both hand and finger together this is called integration. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 8 Patterns of physical development  There are definite and predictable patterns in growth and development that are continuous, orderly, and progressive.  These patterns are universal and basic to all human beings. 1. Cephalocaudal pattern. 2. Proximodistal pattern. 3. Simple to complex pattern 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 9 Patterns of Physical Development are universal and basic to all human beings. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 10 Patterns of Physical Development ….…..cont'd 1. Cephalocaudal pattern  Direction of growth from head to foot ( head to tail).  According to this pattern, the child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs.  Is most pronounced during the prenatal period, decreases by birth.  It reflects the physical development and maturation of neuromuscular function.  Infants develop control of the head and face movements within the first two months after birth.  Infants start to gain leg control and may be able to crawl, stand, or walk. N.B. : Coordination of arms always precedes coordination of legs. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 11 Patterns of Physical Development ….…..cont'd 2. Proximodistal (Near to far) pattern  It describes the direction from near to far (midline to periphery).  This means that the spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body.  The infant's shoulder control precedes mastery of the hands, and feet develop before the fingers and toes.  Finger and toe muscles (used in fine motor dexterity or cleverness) are the last to develop in physical development. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 12 Patterns of Physical Development ….…..cont'd 3. Simple to complex pattern  Large muscle development takes place first leading to more fine muscle and complex abilities later.  Infant creeps before stand and stands before walk.  Infant babbles before form wards that finally forming a sentence. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 13  Growth Disorders “ A growth disorder is any type of problem in infants, children, or teens that prevents them from meeting realistic expectations of growth ”. 1. Intra Uterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)  It is a condition refereed to fetal growth has been constrained.  It's defined as “ birth weight less than the 10 th. percentile of the international birth weight for gestational age curve ” small for gestational age, commonly synonymous to IUGR.  Not appropriate for gestational age. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 14  IUGR neonate Normal neonate 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 15 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 16  Intra Uterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 17  Growth Disorders …..cont'd 2. Failure to thrive ( FTT )  It is a descriptive, non-specific term e.g. malaise, weight loss, poor self-care that can be seen in elderly individuals.  The most common definition is “ weight less than the third to fifth percentile for age ”,  On more than one occasion or weight measurements that fall 2 major percentile lines using the standard growth charts. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 18 Failure to thrive ( FTT ) 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 19  Growth Disorders …..cont'd 3. Kwashiorkor  Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition characterized by severe protein deficiency.  It causes fluid retention and a swollen, distended abdomen.  Kwashiorkor most commonly affects children, particularly in developing countries with high levels of poverty and food insecurity.  People with kwashiorkor may have food to eat, but not enough protein.  Occurs between 1 – 4 years of age when infant weaned from the breast, once the second child is born. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 20 3. Kwashiorkor 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 21  Growth Disorders …..cont’d 4. Marasmus  Marasmus is a deficiency in all the macronutrients that the body requires to function, including carbohydrates, protein and fats.  Marasmus causes visible wasting of fat and muscle under the skin, giving bodies an emaciated appearance.  It causes stunted growth in children.  Body weight may be reduced to less than 80% of the average weight than corresponds to the height.  Marasmus occurrence increases prior to age 1year, whereas kwashiorkor occurrence increases after 18 months.  Prognosis is better than it is for kwashiorkor. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 22  Marasmus 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 23  Growth Disorders …..cont'd 5. Dwarfism  Dwarfism is short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition.  Dwarfism is generally defined as an adult height of (147 cm.) or less.  The average adult height among people with dwarfism is (122 cm).  The majority of children born with this condition have average-sized parents.  Abnormal skeletal growth is known as skeletal dysplasia. 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 24  Growth Disorders …..cont'd 5. Dwarfism 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 25 2ndt Semester 22-23 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Growth and development 26