Functional Groups PDF

Functional groups Alkenes through amides  Alkenes Only C,H Have a carbon-carbon double bond in molecule C=C Nonpolar Not water soluble ---ene ending used Need to number carbon chain to describe where C=C starts at Priority is important (FG’s are always m...

Functional groups Alkenes through amides  Alkenes Only C,H Have a carbon-carbon double bond in molecule C=C Nonpolar Not water soluble ---ene ending used Need to number carbon chain to describe where C=C starts at Priority is important (FG’s are always more important than branches in numbering) 5-ethyl 1-heptene  Alkynes Only C,H Contains a carbon-carbon triple bond Nonpolar Not soluble in water ------yne ending 2,2-dimethyl 3-hexyne  Alcohols Contain C,H,O Contain an OH bonded to C NOT BASES BECAUSE NOT IONIC HYDROXIDES…CAN’T GIVE OFF OH Polar Alcohols with 4 or fewer carbons are water soluble -----anol ending  Classification of alcohols 3 groups of alcohols Classified based on number of carbons directly bonded to the carbon with the OH If one carbon directly bonded to OH carbon: Primary 1o If two carbon directly bonded to OH carbon: Secondary 2o If three carbons directly bonded to OH carbon: Tertiary 3o 3-ethyl 2-hexanol  Thiols C,H,S Contains an SH bonded to C Slightly Polar Slightly soluble in water Odor---skunk  Ethers C,H,O Oxygen breaks up carbon chain Slightly polar but not soluble in water Naming: ether as separate word Because oxygen breaks up carbon chain these are named differently Each carbon chain coming off oxygen named as if a branch (yl ending). Di is used if both carbon chains are the same size Different sized carbon chains listed in alphabetical order Butyl ethyl ether  Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes Ketones C,H,O C,H,O C double bond O at end of chain C double bond O on an interior carbon Polar Polar 4 carbons or less water soluble 4 carbons or less water soluble ------anal ending ------anone ending Because FG always appears on first Location of FG can be on any interior carbon; numbers are NOT used to carbon so numbers MUST be used to describe location of FG describe location of FG 2,2-dimethyl pentanal 2-methyl 3-hexanone  Carboxylic acids C,H,O At end of chain Polar 4 carbons or less are water soluble Weak acids Ending -------anoic acid Smell “vomit” stomach acids Because FG always appears on first carbon; numbers are NOT used to describe location of FG 3-ethyl pentanoic acid  Esters C,H,O Break in carbon chain Slightly polar Not water soluble Because of disruption in carbon chain esters are named differently than some of the other organic molecules ------anoate ending Smell- “nice” “fruit” “perfume” Esters are made from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid; so are named from those “pieces” Alcohol “piece” named as a branch (yl) ending and carboxylic acid “piece” named as the main root Methyl propanoate  Amines C,H,N Nitrogen in molecule Weak bases; the N is the basic part of molecule that can grab H + Smell---decaying flesh Polar 4 carbons or less are water soluble Ending = amine as a separate word Named in a similar way to how ethers are named, carbon chains that attached to N are named as branches in alphabetical order Butyl ethyl amine  Amides C,H,N,O Formed from reaction of carboxylic acid and amine Important in protein structure Slightly polar Not water soluble