Forensic3: Introduction to Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology PDF

**FORENSIC3: INTRODUCTION OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY** **[TOXICOLOGY]** ***TOXICOLOGY* --** the branch of science which treats of poison, their origin, physical and chemical properties, physiological action, treatment of their noxious effect and methods of detection **Forensic toxicolog...

**FORENSIC3: INTRODUCTION OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY** **[TOXICOLOGY]** ***TOXICOLOGY* --** the branch of science which treats of poison, their origin, physical and chemical properties, physiological action, treatment of their noxious effect and methods of detection **Forensic toxicology** **-** is the study and practice of the application of toxicology to the purposes of the law. The relevance of any finding is determined, in the first instance, by the nature and integrity of the specimen(s) submitted for analysis. **Forensic toxicologists** **-** perform scientific tests on bodily fluids and tissue samples to identify any drugs or chemicals present in the body. Working in a lab, the forensic toxicologist performs tests on specimens collected by forensic pathologists during an autopsy or by crime scene investigators. **IMPORTANCE OF TOXICOLOGY** Toxicology provides critical information and knowledge that can be used by regulatory agencies, decision- makers, and others to put programs and policies in place to limit our exposures to these substances, thereby preventing or reducing the likelihood that a disease or other adverse health outcome would occur. Benefits of toxicology include: - Government agencies have a sound scientific basis for establishing regulations and policies aimed at - protecting and preserving human health and the environment. Companies, such as pharmaceutical and chemical, are able to develop safer products, drugs, and workplaces. - Consumers have access to information that helps them make decisions about their own health and prevent diseases.  **POISON** \- from the medical point of view, is a substance which when introduced into the body and is absorbed through the blood stream and acting chemically is capable of producing noxious effect or even causes death. **[CLASSIFICATION OF POISON]** ***1. According to kingdom*** Animal -- ex. Cantharides Vegetable -- ex. Strychnine Mineral -- ex. Hydrochloric acid **Cantharides** consists of the broken dried remains of the blister beetle **Strychnine** is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds  **Hydrochloric acid** is a clear, poisonous liquid. It is a caustic chemical and highly corrosive, which means it immediately causes severe damage to tissues, such as burning, on contact. This article discusses poisoning from swallowing or breathing in hydrochloric acid. ***2. According to chemical properties*** A. Inorganic poisons - Volatile and non-volatile -- ex. Bromine, chlorine, iodine, sulfuric acid - Mineral acid -- ex. Hydrochloric acid - Mineral Alkali -- ex. Sodium hydroxide **bromine** are used in **agriculture and sanitation and as fire retardants** (chemicals that help prevent things from catching fire). Some bromine-containing compounds were historically used as sedatives (drugs that can make people calm or sleepy). **Chlorine** most important use is **as a bleach in the manufacture of paper and cloth, but it is also used to make pesticides (insect killers), rubber, and solvents**. Chlorine is used in drinking water and swimming pool water to kill harmful bacteria. ** iodine** has many commercial uses. Iodide salts are used in **pharmaceuticals and disinfectants, printing inks and dyes, catalysts, animal feed supplements and photographic chemicals**. Iodine is also used to make polarising filters for LCD displays. **Sulfuric acid** In various concentrations the acid is used in the **manufacture of fertilizers, pigments, dyes, drugs, explosives, detergents, and inorganic salts and acids, as well as in petroleum refining and metallurgical processes**. **Hydrochloric acid,** also known as muriatic acid, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. **Sodium hydroxide,** also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻. - Volatile -- ex. Alcohol, chloroform - Alkaloids -- ex. Strychnine -- are nitrogenous organic basic compound with bitter taste containing usually oxygen that occurs especially in seed plants. - Animal poison -- ex. Snake venom - Bacterial poison -- ex. Ptomaine - Organic poison -- Salicylic acid - Glucosides -- ex. Digitalis Chloroform is used **as a solvent, a substance that helps other substances dissolve**. Also, it is used in the building, paper and board industries, and in pesticide and film production. It is used as a solvent for lacquers, floor polishes, resins, adhesives, alkaloids, fats, oils and rubber. **Strychnine** is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. **food poisoning**, formerly called **ptomaine poisoning**, [acute](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acute) gastrointestinal [illness](https://www.britannica.com/science/disease) resulting from the [consumption](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consumption) of foods containing one or more representatives of three main groups of harmful agents: natural [poisons](https://www.britannica.com/science/poison-biochemistry) present in certain plants and animals, chemical poisons, and microorganisms (mainly [bacteria](https://www.britannica.com/science/bacteria)) and their toxic secretions. The majority of cases of acute [food](https://www.britannica.com/topic/food) poisoning are caused by bacteria such as [*Salmonella*](https://www.britannica.com/science/Salmonella), [*Shigella*](https://www.britannica.com/science/Shigella), *Escherichia coli*, and [*Staphylococcus*](https://www.britannica.com/science/Staphylococcus) and their toxic products **Salicylic Acid** helps cause the [wart](https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/warts) to gradually peel off. This medication is also used to help remove [corns](https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-corns-calluses-basics) and [calluses](https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-corns-calluses-basics). This product should not be used on the face or on moles, [birthmarks](https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/birthmarks-topic-overview), [warts](https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-warts) with [hair](https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-hair) growing from them, or genital/anal warts.Salicylic acid is a keratolytic. It belongs to the same class of drugs as [aspiri](https://www.webmd.com/drugs/mono-3-ASPIRIN+-+ORAL.aspx?drugid=1082&drugname=Aspirin+Oral)n **Digitalis** Signs and symptoms of acute digitalis (digoxin or digitoxin) poisoning by ingestion include primarily gastrointestinal effects (nausea and vomiting), hyperkalemia, and cardiovascular effects  ***3. According to physical Actions*** - Corrosives -- these are highly irritant poisons which cases local destruction of tissues and characterized by nausea, vomiting, and great local distress. Ex. Strong acids and alkalis. - *Irritants* -- One which produces irritation or inflammation of the mucus membrane and characterized by vomiting, pain in abdomen, and purging. Ex. Arsenic - *Narcotics* -- poisons which produce stupor, complete insensibility or loss of feeling. Ex. Opium, Demerol, cocaine. - *Neurotics* -- one which act chiefly on the nervous system producing delirium, convulsion, and respiration as the outstanding symptoms. Ex. CO, alcohol, opium, strychnine. - *Tetanics* -- substance which acts directly upon the spinal column producing such spasmodic and continuous contraction of muscles as a result of stiffness or immobility of the parts to which they are attached. - *Depressants of sedatives* -- agents which retard or depress the physiological action of organ. - Ex. Nicotine and cocaine - *Aesthenics or exhaustive* -- agents which produce exhaustion, marked loss of vital or muscular power. - Ex. Hyrdrocyanic acid. ***4. According to Pharmacological Action*** - Substance characterized but local action. - Ex. Volatile oils, skin irritants - Substances characterized by their action after absorption. - Ex. Alkaloid - Heavy metals and metalloids. - Ex. Arsenic and mercury ***5. According to method isolation*** - Volatile poisons and those that are isolated by distillation with or without current of steam. - Examples: alcohol, phenol, chloroform - Non-volatile poisons -- those that are isolated by extraction with organic solvents. - Examples: alkaloids, organic acids - Metallic poisons - Examples: arsenic, mercury - Substances for which special method of isolation are required. - Examples: acids and alkali metals are extracted by water. **TYPES OF POISONING** 1. From medical point of view. 2. From the legal point of view. **TYPES OF POISONING FROM THE MEDICAL POINT OF VIEW** 1. ***Acute poisoning* --** one in which there is prompt and marked disturbance of function or death within a short time due to either taking a strong poison in excessive single dose or several doses at short interval. 2. ***Sub-acute poisoning* --** cases of short duration and extreme violence which may include symptoms of chronic poisoning 3. ***Chronic poisoning* -** a kind of poisoning in which there is gradual deterioration of tissue function and may or may not result in death. It is produced by either taking several small doses at long intervals or taking only toxic doses of the drug. **[TYPES OF LEGAL POISONING FROM THE LEGAL POINT OF VIE*W*]** 1. ***Accidental poisoning*** -- those in which the poison was taken without intention to cause death. It may be taken by mistake or without knowing that it is poisonous. 2. ***Suicidal poisoning*** -- those in which the poison was taken by the victim voluntarily for the purpose of taking his own life. 3. ***Homicidal poisoning*** -- those in which the poison was given willfully and with intent to cause the death of the victim*.* 4. ***Undetermined*** -- those in which the history is hazy as to how the poison was obtained and why it was administered **ACTIONS OF POISONS** a. ***Local* --** the changes or disturbance produced on the part with which the poison comes in contact. Ex. The corrosions produced by corrosive poison*s* b. ***Remote*** -- the changes or disturbance produced in distant part from the site application. Ex Dilation of the pupils when belladonna is taken orally. c. ***Combined* --** the effect of the poison is not only localized on the site but also affect remote organs. Ex. Phenol causes corrosion of the gastro-intestinal tract (local) and causes convulsion (action on the cord). **CONDITIONS MODIFYING THE ACTION OF POISONS** A. ***THOSE ATTRIBUTED TO THE INDIVIDUAL*** - Age and sex - Health - *Habit* -- the repeated taking of small doses of drug - *Idiosyncrasy* -- a term applied to individuals who exhibit unusual reactions to certain substances. - Diseases - Food - Sleep - Exhaustion - Physical stated or form of the poison - Dilution - Solubility if the poisons - Mode of administration at one time - Chemical combination - Mechanical combination - ***Dose*** -- is the quantity of a poison to be administered ***POSOLOGY*** -- a branch of science, which treats the form and quantity of medicine to be administered within a certain period of time**.** **[KINDS OF DOSE]** 1. ***Safe dose* --** one that does not cause any harmful effect. 2. ***Toxic or Poisonous dose* --** one that is harmful to both the healthy and sick 3. ***Lethal dose*** -- one that kills 4. ***Minimum dose* --** is the smallest amount that will produce the therapeutic effect without causing harm. 5. ***Maximum dose* --** is the largest amount that will cause no harm and at the same time produces the desired therapeutic effect **Entrance of Poison** Poison may enter the body through 1. Mouth and are absorbed into the circulation after passing through the stomach and intestinal wall. 2. The nose and enter the blood from upper rispiratory passage or lungs 3. Eyes 4. Rectum, vagina, urethra, bladder and ureter by ureter 5. Hypodermic injection 6. Intraveneous injection **[ELIMINATION OF POISONS]** **Poisons may be eliminated by:** 1. Emesis 2. Respiration 3. Feces 4. Urine 5. Milk 6. Saliva 7. Sweat 8. Tears **DIAGNOSIS OF POISONING BEFORE DEATH** Diagnosis of poisoning before death is very difficult because of: 1. The large number of poison and the factors modifying them 2. Some of the symptoms observed in cases of poisoning are also seen in certain diseases. **DISTINGUISHING POISON FROM DISEASE** 1. Symptoms of poisoning come suddenly in a person who previously has been in good health, while diseases are usually preceded by a number of hours, days, or even weeks of local or general disposition. 2. In case of poisoning, the symptoms commonly make their appearances after taking of food and medicines. 3. If several persons take the same food and drinks, they should all show similar symptoms. 4. Diseases are generally much slower in their progress and are preceded by circumstances such as exposure, recognized symptoms and general or local indisposition of longer duration. **[SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY POISONING AND DISEASE]** 1. ***Vomiting (frequently associated with purging and abdominal pain)*** - POSIONS: arsenic, antimony, corrosive acid and alkali, barium, cantharides, digitalis, copper, iodine, mercury, phosphorous, phenols, wood, alcohol - DISEASE**:** gastritis, gastro-enteritis, choler, acidosis, early stage of pregnancy, brain tumor. ***2.* *Convulsion*** - POISON: cyanide, strychnine - DISEASE: tetanus, epilepsy, uremia ***3. Coma*** - POISON: opium, and most of its derivatives, chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, CO2, chloroform, atropine, various alcohols and phenols - DISEASE: uremia, acidosis, cerebral thrombosis ***4. Dilation of pupils*** - POISON: belladonna, cocaine, nicotine - DISEASE: certain nervous diseases cause optic atrophy ***5. Contraction of pupils*** - POISON: opium and its derivatives, physostigmine and its derivatives - DISEASE: certain diseases of the nervous system ***6. General and partial paralysis*** - POISON: cyanides, CO and CO2, botulism - DISEASE: brain tumor, meningitis. ***7. Slow respiration*** - POISON: opium and its derivatives, CO - DISEASE: uremia, compression of the brain as from hemorrhage ***8. Rapid respiration*** - POISON: atropine group, cocaine, C02 - DISEASE: acute respiratory disease ***9. Delirium*** - POISON: atropine group, cannabis, cocaine - DISEASE: epilepsy, insanity, meningiti**s** ***10. Cyanosis*** - POISON: nitrobenzene, aniline, acetanilide, opium - DISEASE: disease of cardiac and respiratory system **Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)** BAC can be used as a guide to what effects alcohol may have on behavior. People who drink alcohol regularly may show less effect at higher BAC.  - A BAC of up to 0.05 g% is likely to cause a feeling of wellbeing. Likely effects are being talkative, more relaxed and more confident. - A BAC of 0.05 to 0.08 g% is likely to make you at risk of impaired judgment and reduced inhibitions. - A BAC of 0.08 to 0.15 g% is likely to put you in a risky state. Likely effects include slurred speech, impaired balance and coordination, unstable emotions and possibly nausea and vomiting. - A BAC of 0.15 to 0.30 g% will put you at high risk with likely effects to be inadequate breathing, unable to walk without assistance, loss of bladder control and possibly loss of consciousness. - A BAC of over 0.30 g% is likely to put you in a coma or result in death. **[GENERAL TREATMENT OF POISONING]** After the physician has recognized that he is dealing with poisoning cases, his chief effort should be directed towards treatment of the patient. **The plan of the procedure as it follows:** 1. Removal of poison from the stomach 2. Administration of antidotes 3. Elimination of poison by excretion 4. Stimulation and other symptomatic treatment 5. Special treatment **REMOVAL OF POISON FROM THE STOMACH** If the poison is taken orally, the removal of the poison is brought about by: **1. Inducing vomiting using emetics** **2. Use of stomach pump of stomach tube** **ANTIDOTES --** are any agents which neutralize a poison or otherwise counteract of oppose it or its effects. **ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIDOTES** **KINDS OF ANTIDOTES** ***A.Mechanical antidote* --** an agent that removes the poison without changing it or coats the surface of the organ so that absorption is prevented. ** Examples of mechanical antidote:** - Stomach or tubes of pumps - Emetics - Cathartics - Demulcents - Precipitants **EMETIC --** is a substance the produces vomiting**.** **CLASSES OF EMETICS** a. ***Local Emetics* --** produce their effects by their irritation of the terminal nerve filaments of the pharynx, esophagus or stomach***.*** b. ***System or general emetics*** -- produce their effects through the medium of circulation. - **CATHARTICS** -- agents which produce intestinal evacuation. - **DEMULCENTS** -- substance which soothe and protect the part which they are applied. - **PERCIPTANTS** -- these are substances which prevent absorption of poisons by precipitating them and rendering them soluble. ***B. Chemical Antidotes*** -- is a substance that makes the poison harmless by chemically altering it. ***C. Physiological Antidotes* --** sometimes called antagonist. An agent that acts upon the system so as to counteract the effect of the poison. It merely mask the symptoms produced. **[ELIMINATION OF POISON BY EXCRETION]** *Poison are eliminated through the excretory organs.* This is done by the intravenous infusion of saline solution, diluted alkali solution or diluted solution of glucose. The poison is generally excreted through the urine, feces, vomitus or saliva. **STIMULATION OF OTHER SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENTS** 1. **Fore excessive pain --** morphine or analgesic 2. **For convulsion** -- chloroform 3. **For shock** -- oxygen inhalation **[SPECIAL TREATMENT]** a. ***If the poison is a gas* --** there is an immediate need for fresh air and artificial respiration. b. ***If the poison is external*, *like burn on the hand by concentrated acid* --** wash with plenty of water or with alcohol, sodium bicarbonate, lime water, or milk of magnesia. c. ***If alkali burn* --** wash with lemon or other citrus fruits. d. ***If the poison came from a bite or injection* --** the poison can be checked from spreading through the body by applying tourniquet or a restricting band tightly above the wound. This retards the absorption of the poison by the blood. The poison may then be removed by sucking. **Evidence of Poisoning in the Living Body** The evidence of poisoning will depend upomn whether the poisoning is acute or chroninc. In acute poisoning the symtoms appear suddenly while the individual is in good health. In chronic on set of symptoms is more gradual and insidious due to small quantity of poison which has been administered on such occasion since the intention of the poisoner is to kill the victim slowly in order to avert suspicion. **Evidence of Poisoning in the Dead** - Post Mortem Examination or autopsy - Evidence from chemical analysis of the organs taken from the body - **Post Mortem Appearance** Poison Indicated 1. **Lesion of the mouth** b\. Brownish --Yellow stain strong menirals acids, oxalic acid, carboxylic acid c\. Corrosion ans softening tissue of mouth and throat Alkalis d\. Severe corrosion without blackening hydrochloric acid e\. Sever corrosion and yellow stain nitric acid Lips swollen, tongue raw, esophagus with 2**. Lesion of the gastric intestenal tract** a. Corrosion strong acid b. Soapness caustic alkalis c. Dark brown gelatinous mass in the stomach oxalic acid d. Stomach grayish white acetic acid e. Stomach yellow or reddish yellow picric acid Stomach green or bluish green copper salt Other Lesions and changes a. Bright red spots on skin hydrocyanic acid, cyanides, CO a. Tissue abnormally red potassium or sodium nitrate, CO b. Odor marked on the opening the body in some cases opium and some of its derivatives d\. Pupils contracted belladona, scopolamine **Specimen Organs to Submitted for Chemico-toxicological Analysis** **Specimens/Organs minimum amount poison for which best situate** 1. Stomach content all available in case of poisoning in which it is suspected that the poison was taken by mouth within a few hours. 2. Stomach the whole stomach for all types of poisoning taken by mouth. 3. Intestinal contents all available for cases in which poison was taken by mouth witihin one or two days. 4. Liver 300 grams metals, bartiburates, fluorides, oxalate, sulfonals and many other poisons. 5. Kidney one kidney metals, especially Hg, sulfonamides, Blood at least 10 cc all gas poisons, sulfonamides, bromides alcoholism, drowning for chloride contents. 6. Brain 500 grams volatile poisons, bartiburates, alkaloids, alcoholism. 7. Urine all available in nearly all types of poisoning. 8. Bone 200 grams lead, arsenic, radium 9. Muscles 200 grams in most active poisoning and internal organs are badly putrefied. 10. Hairs 5 grams chroni arsenic poisoning. **Interpretation of Toxicological Analysis** In cases wherein post mortem examinations confirm the strong possibility of poisoning but toxicological analysis fails to show the presene of the poison, the negative result of the toxicological examination must be interpreted to explain the discrepancy between the clinical and postmortem findings and that of the toxicological analysis. **REASONS FOR NEGATIVE RESULTS OF THE** **TOXICOLOGICAL EXAMINATION** - Some poisons may be rapidly altered in the body to a form which is not detetable by the methods of analysis employed. - Some poisons with or without previous chemical hange may be rapidly excreted although its toxic effect remains, and may only be detectable in the urine but not in the body tissues or organs. - Sometimes symptoms of poisonin may appear, whih may be fatal following the administration of even small and ordinarily harmless quantity of a subtance classed as a poison. **FORENSIC QUESTIONS FOR THE TOXICOLOGIST TO EXPLAIN/ANSWER:** In every case of poisoning, the expert is often confronted with forencsic questions which he should explain in order to help investigator in assessing the evidence. 1. Was death or illness of the subject caused by poison? 2. What poison produced the illness or death? 3. When and how was the poison administered? 4. Could the substance that was administered cause illness or death? 5. Was the poison found by the toxicologist in the body the poison which caused the death? 6. Is the substance given in minute quantity a poison? 7. Was the poison taken in sufficient quantity to produce death? 8. May poisoning have occured and the poison either be or become detectable? 9. May the poison extracted from the body have an origin other than that of poisoning? 10. May the poisoning be stimulated? **PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS FOR TOXICOLOGICAL EXAMINATION:** 1. Blood -- place in a test tube with sodium oxalate or anticoagulant 2. Refrigerate with solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) good for 72 hours. 3. Chemical preservative -- 100 cc ethyl alcohol (95%) for each 100 grams of sample and extra 250 cc for analysis. 4. Do not use denatured alcohol, rubbing alcohol or similar preservative since denaturants will give false and misleading results in the analysis. 5. Formalin -- extremely undesirable as preservative of specimen for toxicological examination since it will seriously interfere with the test for most organic poisons. **LABORATORY METHODS USED IN TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS** 1. Physical test 2. Crystalline test 3. Chemical test 4. Spectrophotometric test 5. Chromatographic test **LAW REGARDING THE SALE AND STORAGE OF POISONS** The laws controlling the sale and storage of poisons are found under Section 755 to 757 of the Administrative Code. - Section 755 -- provisions relative to dispensing of violent poisons like arsenic, cyanide, atropine, cocaine, morphine, stychnine. - Section 756 -- provisions relative to dispensing of less violent poisons like aconite, belladonna, cantharides, digitalis, ergot, carbolic acid, chloroform. - Section 757 -- receptacle for poisonous drugs. **3 STAGES IN CHLOROFORM POISONING BY INHILATION:** 1. Stage of excitement 2. Stage of surgical anesthesia 3. Stage of paralysis **COMMON VOLATILE, NON-VOLATILE AND METALLIC POISONS:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Salicylic acid -- found in "ap-ap" solution. 8. Formalin -- an embalming fluid. 9. Cocaine -- found in coca leaf. 10. Picrotoxin -- derived from fish berries (the fruit of picrotoxin) Locally known as "lagtang" 11. Ethly alcohol or ethanol -- alcohol found in wine. Also grain alcohol. 12. Ergot -- develops in rye plants. A fungus that grows in kernels of re and other cereal grains. 13. Bartiburates -- sleeping pills. A derivative of malonyl urea or barbituric acid. Example: secobarbital, phenobarbital, amobarbital 14. Strychnine -- an alkaloid found in dried ripe fruits of nux vomica. 15. Nicotine -- found in leaves of tobacco plants. 16. Morphine - found in poppy plant (papaver somniferum). An alkaloid present in opium by about 9% white crystals. 17. Physostigmine - also called serine. Founf in calabar beans 18. Chloral hydrate -- used in "knock out" drops. 19. Carbolic acid or phenol -- obtained from coal tar. A very violent poison. 20. Arsenic -- a rat poison. Brittle, steel gray. 21. Lysol -- a disinfectant. A brown liquid cresol and soap emulsion. 22. Methyl alcohol or methanol -- causes blindness. A solvent for varnish. An anti-freeze in automobiles. Also called wood alcohol. 23. Chloroform -- colorless liquid with sweet taste and suffocating odor. An anesthesia. 24. Carbon tetrachloride -- a dry cleaning agent. Found in "pyrene" fire extinguisher. 25. Formic acid -- acid found in ants and spiders. 26. Hydrogen cyanide -- found in kamoteng kahoy. Also called hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid. 27. Acetic acid -- acid found in vinegar. In oure form, it is called glacial acetic acid. 28. Aspirin -- an analgesic. Its chemical name is aceto-salicylic acid. 29. Atropine -- obtained from the plant group "SOLANACEAE". 30. Amygdalin -- white crystalline subtance found in bitter almond. 31. Phosphorous -- glows in the dark.