Horse Forelimb Arthrology 2024 PDF

Arthrology and joints of horse forelimb by Dr. Meray Nabil  Joints of Forelimb of Horse Cranial Caudal Shoulder J. Elbow J. Carpal J....

Arthrology and joints of horse forelimb by Dr. Meray Nabil  Joints of Forelimb of Horse Cranial Caudal Shoulder J. Elbow J. Carpal J. Fetlock J. Pastern J. Coffin J.  I. Joints of the thoracic limb I. Junction between the thoracic limb and the trunk (Synsarcosis): *Def: Due to the absence of the clavicle, the thoracic limb forms no articulation with the trunk but it is attached to it by group of muscles. Dorsal group Ventral group 1.Latismus dorsi 1.Pectoral muscle 2.Trapizus muscle 2.brachiocephalic muscle 3.rhomoideus 3.Serratus ventralis  II. The shoulder joint (gleno-humeral J.) a) Articular surfaces: 1. Cx: head of the humerus. 2. Cv: glenoid cavity of the scapula. b) Anatomical type: simple joint (two bones only) c) Movement type : Ball and socket joint, Capable of the different movements of this type. in quadrupeds, the chief normal movements are flexion and extension. d) Joint capsule: single cavity. e) Ligaments: absent from this joint and replaced by the presence of muscles and tendons around this joint (No collateral ligament) * N.B. Luxation or dislocation of shoulder joint in horse? * Bicipital bursa (between bicipital tendon, bicipital groove) Muscles acting as supporting ligaments and acting on this joint: Cranially: supraspinatus, biceps (extensor) Caudally: teres minor, teres major, deltoideus, long head of triceps (flexor) Medially: subscapularis (adduct) Laterally: infraspinatus (abduct) Glenoid cavity Head of the humerus  II. The elbow joint Cubital J. brachio-antebrachial J. a) Articular surfaces: 1. Cx: The 2 condyles of the distal extremity of the humerus. 2. Cv: The glenoid cavities on the proximal extremity of the radius, together with the semilunar notch of the ulna. b) Anatomical type: ginglymus (hinge). It is a composite joint formed of humeroradial and humeroulnar joints. Movement: only flexion-extension is allowed c) Joint capsule: In horse, the capsule is attached to the margins of the 3 bones, which is thin caudally forming a pouch in the olecranon fossa called (Olecranon bursa) between skin, olecranon tuberosity. If inflammaion (capped elbow) d) Ligaments: l. lateral collateral lig. 2. medial collateral lig. Elbow joint Medial condyle Lateral condyle Semilunar notch of ulna Glenoid cavities of radius Elbow joint Lateral View Medial collateral lig. Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral collateral lig. Lateral tuberosity Muscles acting on the elbow joint: Flexors: biceps brachii, brachialis,extensor of carpus and digit Extensor: Triceps brachii, tensor fasia antebrachii, anconeus, flexor carpus and digits  IV. Radio-ulnar joint  Movement : No movement  ligaments: inter-osseous ligament of forearm & radio-ulnar ligament (transverse or arciform). Radioulnar joint Semilunar notch of ulna Prox.ext. radius Interosseus space Proximal joint Human Horse Dog Radioulnar ligaments Medial col. lig. Lateral col. lig. Interosseous lig Radial annular. lig. Dog Horse  V. The carpal joint (knee joint) Ante-brachio-carpal J& Capo-metacapal J Anatomical type: plane (Glinding) Only flexion-extension is allowed Articular surface: distal end of the radius , two row of carpal bones, proximal ends of the metacarpal bones. It is a composite joint consists of several articulations (3 chief): A. The radio – Carpal joint: Formed by the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of the carpal bones (carpus). B. The middle carpal joint: Formed between the 2 rows of the carpal bones. C. The carpo- metacarpal joint: Formed between the distal row of the carpus and the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones. D. The intercarpal joints: Is present between the individual carpal bones. Horse carpal joint  Radius Accessory Carpal Ulnar Radial Carpal Carpal Intermediate Carpal 2 33 44 M.C. Equine left Medial Lateral Carpus Dorsal view  Intermediate Accessory Carpal Carpal Ulnar Carpal Radial 4 3 2 Carpal M.C. Lateral Equine left Medial Carpus Palmar view  Fibrous Synovial sacs Radius layer of knee joint 1- Radio – carpal sac. 2- Middle carpal sac. 4 3 2 3- Carpo - metacarpal sac. M.C. Equine left Carpus Palmar view  Ligaments of the carpal joint: 1. lateral collateral lig. (superficial ,deep) 2. medial collateral lig. (superficial ,deep) 3. Special ligaments: These includes: a. Long ligaments. b. Transverse ligaments. Muscles acting on carpus, digit: Extensor & Flexor:  Carpal canal  Def.: Vertical canal on the caudo-medial aspect of carpal joint.  Boundaries:  Cranially: carpal bones, carpal palmar ligament  Caudolaterally: accessory carpal bone  Caudomedially: flexor retinculum  contents:  SDFT  DDFT  Medial palmar A., N. Carpal canal syndrome: fracture accessory carpal bone, pressure on vessels Ttt:. Resection of flexor retinculum  fetlock joint of horse (Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation)  Articular surface: 1. Cx: Distal extremity of the large (III) metacarpal bone. 2. Cv: a. Proximal articular surface of the proximal phalanx. b. Proximal sesamoid bones.  movement type: saddle joint.Only flexion-extension. Hyper extension in normal standing.  Ligaments: 1. Collateral ligaments. 2. Sesamoidean ligaments.  Palmer View M.b. Proximal Sesamoids 1st phalanx Lateral View Equine Distal Limb  Sesamoidean ligaments 1. Proximal sesamoidean ligament: (suspensory lig. Or middle interosseous M.). 2. Middle sesamoidean ligament: a. Intersesamoidean ligament: b. Collateral sesamoidean lig: (Lateral and Medial) 3.. Distal sesamoidean ligament 3. Distal sesamoidean ligaments: (Which include): a. Straight ses. lig. :Y –shape, end to P2 b. Oblique ses. lig.:V-shape, end to P1 c. Cruciate ses. lig.: X-shape, end to P1 d. Short ses. lig. End to P1 Short lig. Suspensory apparatus:  it consists of 3 parts: suspensory ligament+ proximal seasmoids+ distal seasmoidean ligament.  it help with SDFT, DDFT in stay apparatus in fore limb.  Pastern joint of horse proximal interphalangeal J. a) Articular surface: 1. Cx: The distal articular surface of the first phalanx.. 2. Cv: The proximal articular surface of the second phalanx. b) movement: saddle joint.Only flexion-extension. Hyper extension in normal standing. c) ligaments: 1. Collateral ligaments: (lateral and medial). 2. Four palmar (pastern) ligaments 3. Two central ligaments: (lateral and medial).  Palmer View 1st ph 1st ph 1st phalanx 2nd phalanx 2nd ph 2nd ph Lateral View Equine Distal Limb (Pastern joint)  Coffin joint of horse Distal inter-phalangeal J a) Articular surface: 1. Cx: The distal articular surface of the second phalanx... 2. Cv: a. Articular surface of the third phalanx. b. Articular surface of the distal sesamoid bone (Navicular bone) b) movement: saddle joint. Only flexion-extension. Joint inside the hoof c) ligaments: 1. Collateral ligaments: (lateral and medial). 2. Two collateral Sesamoidean ligaments. 3. Distal seasmoidean (impar) ligament. Lateral View Palmer View Equine Coffin joint 2nd phalanx Distal Sesamoid 3rd phalanx  Palmer View 2.Collateral/proximal sesamoidean lig. 1.Medial col. lig. 1.Lateral col. lig. (Coffin joint) Ligaments 3. distal Lateral View navicular lig.  Palmer View 1 4.Ligaments of the cartilages of the 3rd phalanx. Lateral View 2 2.Collateral/proximal sesamoidean lig. (Coffin joint) Ligaments 3. distal navicular lig. Ligaments of fetlock, pastern and Coffin joints