FINALS - Science, Technology, and Society conv 1 PDF

GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Discuss the interactions between science and technology, and society throughout ancient times. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment during ancient times. Explain how Philippine scientific and technological inventions shaped and were shaped by various social contexts GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology in the World MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology SCIENCE SCIENCE is(knowledge from) the careful study of the structure and behavior of the physical world, especially by watching, measuring, and doing experiments, and the development of theories to describe the results of these activities SCIENTISTS (Natural Philosophers in the Ancient Time) formulate testable explanations and predictions based on their observations TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. It is a scientific or industrial process, invention, method, or the like. It is from Greek from tekhnē (art or craft) and -logia (study or knowledge). ANTECEDENT is a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another ANCIENT TIMES Mesopotamians Cuneiform fron ancient Mesopotamia. Source: https://topancienthistory.com/the-mesopotamians-inventions/history/ Wheel The wheel was used not for transportation but as potter’s wheel and existed around 3500 BC. Chariot It was originally based on two wheels which were attached with an animal like a horse using wood and ropes Cuneiform The Sumerians developed the first form of writing called “cuneiform” to maintain business records. The Wheel.Top 11 Inventions and Discoveries ofMesopotamia.Source:https://www.ancienthis torylists.com/mesopotamia-history/top-11-inventions-and-discoveries-of-mesopotamia/ Scale model of a simple two-wheeled chariot which was invented by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. SSPL/Getty Images. Source https://www.history.com/news/sumerians-inventions-mesopotamia Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was an ancient region located in the eastern Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau, corresponding to today’s Iraq, mostly, but also parts of modern-day Iran, Syria and Turkey. Egyptians Aeolipile or steam engine Hero of Alexandria as he was often known, was a Greek born in 10AD in Alexandria, part of Egypt, invented the Aeolipile or steam engine. It was used to automate opening of temple doors by lighting a fire on the altar. Papyrus.Source:https://www.museumfacts.co.uk/20-great-inventions-of-ancient-egypt-that-changed-the-world/ An illustration of aeolipile, the earliest recorded steam engine. Source: https://www.museumfacts.co.uk/20-great-inventions-of-ancient-egypt-that-changed-the-world/ Papyrus Sheets Papyrus sheets are the earliest paper-like material Ox-drawn Plough Using the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionized agriculture. The Ox-drawn Plough. Source:https://discoveringegypt.com/ancient -egyptian-inventions/ Egyptians Ink The black ink was the often used one for writing in hieroglyphs. This ink was very black like carbon black and could not deteriorate when been applied over the papyrus to write. Sunclock (sundial) The Egyptians were so advanced that had the idea of calculating time as early as the 3,500BC and they invented the sun clock (sundial). The sundial made it possible to differentiate between and predict morning, afternoon and night. The oldest surviving sun clock was found in the 2013 in the Valley of the Kings. Mummification The ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife, plenty gods and goddesses which made to actually start the process of mummification (to preserve the human body from decaying). They whole heartedly believed that when a Pharaoh dies his life energy (ka) would move from his body to another realm temporarily, so it was important to them to preserve the body from decaying when the spirit returns. Black Ink. Source: https://topancienthistory.com/ancient-egyptian-inventions/history Mummification. Source: https://topancienthistory.com/ancie nt-egyptian-inventions/history Sunclock. Source:https://topancienthistory.com/anci ent-egyptian-inventions/history/#sun-clock Chinese Great Wall This is one of the seven famous wonders of the world, representing a series of fortifications made initially of stone, earth and later of bricks. It was erected in 221 BC with the goal of protecting the northern borders of the country from different nomadic groups that invaded the Chinese Empire Great Wall of China. The Most Important Inventions of Ancient China. Source: http://www.infoniac.com/offbeat-news/the-most-important-inventions-of-ancient-china.html Compass Originally, it was used in fortune-telling and architecture until the Chinese figured out it could be used for traveling Compass. The Most Important Inventions of Ancient China. Source: http://www.infoniac.com/offbeat-news/the-most-important-inventions-of-ancient-china.html Chinese Seismograph Each of the dragons was facing downwards and had a small ball in its mouth. In the case of an earthquake, the dragon facing the closest direction would open its mouth releasing the ball into the mouth of small bronze frog underneath. Ancient Chinese seismograph. Source:https://ninchanese.com/blog/2016/06/09/ancie nt-chinese-inventions/ Paper Although the discovery of paper is linked to 105 AD, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that it already existed in Ancient China from around 100 BC. Back then, the paper was made from mulberry tree bark but the creator later included hemp and fishnets to strengthen it. Earliest know extant paper fragment from the second century BC. Source: https://historyofyesterday.com/the-ancient-chinese-inventions-that-changed-the-world-3f6523cd4fe5 Chinese Gunpowder Gunpowder was invented in the Tang dynasty in the ninth century by alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. Gunpowder is a mixture of charcoal, saltpeter and sulfur Ancient Chinese Compass. 10 Most Signiificant Ancient Chinese Inventions we Use Today. Source: https://curiosmos.com/10-most-significant-ancient-chinese-inventions-we-use-today/ Mechanical Clock The first mechanical clock in Europe was created around the beginning of the 13th century. However, the first chinese mechanical clock was created in 725 by Yi Xing, a Buddhist monk, astronomer, mathematician and mechanical engineer who lived during the Tang Dynasty (from 618 to 907).. His clock worked by dripping water that activated a wheel Mechanical clock. The Most Important Inventions of Ancient China. Source: http://www.infoniac.com/offbeat-news/the-most-important-inventions-of-ancient-china.html Greek Natural Philosophers Aristotle (384 –322 BC) Thales of Miletus (620 – 546 BC) Pythagoras (570 – 495 BC) Plato (427 – 347 BC) Ptolemy (90 – 168 CE) The Greeks’ interest in field of science can be seen as far back as the sixth century BC, and they have often been hailed as the fathers of science, medicine, zoology, and many other areas. Their findings in the areas of astronomy, geography, and mathematics made them pioneers in the field of science. Thales of Miletus (620 – 546 BC) Ernst Wallis/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain Thales was a geometer, military engineer, astronomer, and logician. Probably influenced by Babylonians and Egyptians, Thales discovered the solstice and equinox and is credited with predicting a battle-stopping eclipse thought to be on 8 May 585 B.C Anaximander of Miletus (611 – 547 BC) ISAW/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain He invented the gnomon on the sundial (although some say it came from the Babylonians), providing a way to keep track of time. He also created a map of the known world. He was one of the first cartographers. The gnomon is the triangular blade in this sundial. Plato (428-348 BCE) Ancient alarm clock used by the Egyptians was made by a greek engineer, physicist and mathematician Ctesibius (285– 222 BCE) who lived in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. But, Plato (428–348 BCE), a greek philosopher constructed his own version of an alarm clock with vessels much ahead of Ctesibius. Plato’s alarm clock. Ancient Greeks Invented Alarm Clock. Source: https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/ 06/ancient-greeks-invented-alarm-clocks/ Aristotle (of Stagira) (384-– 322 BCe) Aristotle decided the Earth must be a globe. The concept of a sphere for the Earth appears in Plato's Phaedo, but Aristotle elaborates and estimates the size. Aristotle classified animals and is the father of zoology. Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria (90– 168 CE) Claudius Ptolemy. Source: https://www.famousscientists.org/claudius-ptolemy/ Ptolemy founded the Ptolemaic System of geocentric astronomy, which held for 1,400 years. He drew maps with latitude and longitude and developed the science of optics. MIDDLE AGE INVENTIONS 1. MECHANICAL CLOCK Timekeeping devices have emerged since the ancient world, but it was not until the Middle Ages that the technology was invented that allowed for mechanical clocks to accurately keep track of time. The knowledge of not only what hour it was, but even what minute and second it was, would change the way people scheduled their days and work patterns, especially in urban areas. MIDDLE AGE INVENTIONS 2. PRINTING PRESS While printing technology had been developed in 11th century China, it was the 15th century German Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press that started a new era of the mass production of books. Until the rise of computers in the 20th century, books and the printed word would remain the dominant form of media for the world’s knowledge. Gutenberg’s Printing Press. Source: http://vrworld.com/2014/08/17/week-history-gutenbergs-bible/ MIDDLE AGE INVENTIONS 3. EYEGLASSES Although we are not sure who can be credited with the invention of eyeglasses, this device could be found in Western Europe the latter years of the 13th century. Its ability to correct vision problems makes it a much it one of the most useful medieval inventions and a great benefit to hundreds of millions of people today. MIDDLE AGE INVENTIONS 4. WATER AND WINDMILLS While mills were in used from antiquity, it would be in the Early Middle Ages that they became very popular. Throughout the medieval period, new and ingenious forms of mills were invented, which allowed people to harness the energy from natural forces like rivers and wind, a process that continues to the present-day. Watermill. Source: https://inteng-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/images/sizes/Mechanical_engineering_tidal_mill_112_resize_md.jpg MIDDLE AGE INVENTIONS 4. SPINNING WHEEL Spinning Wheels may have their origin in India sometime between the 5th and 10th Century AD. There is evidence they were in use in China at about 1000 AD. They reached Europe via the Middle East, by around 1400. The spinning wheel replaced the earlier method of hand spinning, in which the individual fibers were drawn out of a mass of wool held on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to form a continuous strand, and then wound on a second stick. Spinning Wheel. Source: https://inteng-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/images/NOVEMBER/sizes/inventions_of_the_middle_ages_spinning_wh eels_resize_md.jpg BLACK DEATH The mass disruption to medieval society caused by the plague set the progress of science and discovery back, and the knowledge would not reemerge until the Renaissance. About 35% of the English population died due to the Black Death. The devastation was so severe that you might have found entire ghost towns in the English countryside where the whole town was killed by the plague. Black Death. Source: https://www.factinate.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/could-anthrax-have-caused-the-black-death.jpg Renaissance THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS THAT LED TO A “REBIRTH” IN TECHNOLOGY Leonardo daVinci Inventions Siege Defenses War Scythe Multi-Barrel Gun Ornithopter Tank Helicopter Airplane Wing Nicholas Copernicus Arts, Law, Medicine, Astronomy Heliocentric Universe Galileo Galilei Physics Isochronous Motion Parabolic Motion Inertia (Newton) Thermometer Telescope Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, Milky Way Scientific Revolution THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS THAT LAID THE SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF TODAY Christian Huygens Pendulum Clock John Harrison Regulating Spiral (1675) Theory of Light Isaac Newton Principia (3 books) Modern Mechanics Celestial Mechanics Laws of the Universe Johannes Gutenburg Moveable Type Latin Bible Industrial Revolution THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS THAT POWERED THE WORLD THROUGH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones. Industrial Age: A Brief The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as the second Industrial Revolution, started sometime between 1820 and 1870. The Industrial Revolution led to inventions that included the telephone, the sewing machine, X-ray, lightbulb, and the combustible engine. The increase in the number of factories and migration to the cities led to pollution, deplorable working and living conditions, as well as child labor. Steam Engine, 1712 Thomas Newcomen invents the first steam engine. It is not very useful yet, but the idea of using steam to make machines go will be important to the Industrial Revolution. Spinning Jenny, 1764 James Hargreaves, a British carpenter and weaver, invents the spinning jenny. The machine spins more than one ball of yarn or thread at a time, making it easier and faster to make cloth. Cotton Gin, 1794 Eli Whitney creates a machine that makes it much easier to separate cotton seeds from cotton fiber. It greatly reduces the time it takes to clean cotton and helps the southern states make more money from cotton crops. Telegraph, 1844 Samuel Morse invents the telegraph, which allows messages to be sent quickly over a wire. By 1860, telegraph wires stretch from the east coast of the United States west of the Mississippi River. Sewing Machine, 1846 At a time when people had to make their own clothes at home or pay someone else to sew them by hand, Elias Howe invents the sewing machine. Now clothes can be made in large factories. Safety Break, 1853 Elevators were already invented by 1853, but people worried about elevator cars falling. Elisha Otis invents a safety break to prevent them from falling if a cable breaks, making people feel more confident about using elevators in tall buildings. Dynamite, 1866 Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, which is a safer way to blast holes in mountains or the ground than simply lighting black powder. Dynamite is important in clearing paths to build things such as roads and railroad tracks. Vaccine, 1870 A chemist named Louis Pasteur believed that germs caused disease. Using this information, he created vaccines that helped prevent many common diseases, which helped people live longer. Telephone, 1876 He may not have invented the telephone, but Alexander Graham Bell was the first to get a patent for it. Being able to speak to people over a telephone wire greatly changes the way the world communicates. Light Bulb, 1879 Not the first man to create a light bulb, Thomas Edison created a light bulb that lasted longer than other designs and showed it off by lighting a lamp. Edison's light bulbs allow people to do many things at night, such as work, that used to only happen during the day. Modern Era THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS THAT PAVED THE WAY INTO THE FUTURE Rockets to Space Robert Goddard Liquid-Fueled (1929) ⬗ Werner vonBraun V1, V2, V5, Saturn 5 ⬗ Albert Einstein Special Theory (1905) General Theory Quantum Theory Big Bang Theory Curved, Finite Space Atomic Bomb Responsibility of Science The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project Oppenheimer Fermi, Berthe, Teller Four Sites Project Trinity Los Alamos ⬗ ⬗ Ground Zero - Alamagordo Fat Man & Little Boy Treason The Computer Pioneers Charles Babbage Hollerith & Watson Enigma & Colossus John vonNeuman Ekert & Mockley Shockley, Bardeen &Brattain Jack Kilby Jobs & Wozniak Gates & Allen Thomas A. Edison “Invention is 1% Inspiration and 99% Perspiration” GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society History Technology of Science and in the Philippines MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology STONE AGE Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C. Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan. They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed method of sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C. By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes, ornaments of seashells and pottery. Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese porcelain. Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments. IRON AGE During Iron Age, Filipinos were engaged in extraction, smelting and refining of iron from ores, until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China. Industry/Agriculture By the first century AD, Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass ornaments, and cultivated lowland rice fields with dikes and terraced fields with spring water in mountain regions. They had also learned how to build boats for trading purposes. Spanish chronicles noted refined plank-built warships called caracoa suited for interisland trade raids. Trading By the 10th century, Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-i (Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the Philippines. The People of Ma-i and San-Hsu (group of Palawan and Calamian Islands) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, lead fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin. Filipinos also traded with Borneo, Malacca and parts of Malay peninsula By the time the Spaniards came, they found autonomous communities (barangay). Filipinos were already engaged in activities and practices related to science forming primitive or first wave technology. They were curative values of some plant on how to extract medicine from herbs. They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and weights and measure. They had no calendar but counted the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest to another. Filipinos had learned to make and use artillery. They were growing rice, vegetables and cotton; raising swine, goats and fowls; weaving cloth and producing beeswax and honey They wore colorful clothes, made their own gold jewelry and even filled their teeth with gold Their houses were made of wood and bamboo The beginning of modern science and technology in the Philippines Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific research, greatly shaped by the role of religious orders though University of Santo Thomas remained as the highest institution of learning In 1887, the Laboratory Municipal de Ciudad de Ciudad de Manila was created Leon Ma. Guerrero, father of botany in the country and one the first licensed pharmacist Manila prospered due to Galleon trade Only shipbuilding industry prospered. Shipbuilding was entirely in the hands of the natives. Mining, handicrafts and other industries declined. Manila was opened to Asian shipping in 1789, then eventually to world trade in 1829. Production of sugar and hemp was accelerated and modernized. Imports of manufactured also rose Waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspaper and banking system were introduced in Manila Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded the Manila Observatory in 1865. Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first public typhoon warning In 1901, the Observatory was made a central station of the Philippine Weather Bureau Manila prospered but countryside remained underdeveloped and poor The expansion of the agricultural production for export exacerbated existing socio economic inequality and introduced private ownership of land. There was an increase of concentration of wealth to landowners, Spaniards, Chinese mestizos, and native Principalia Science and technology in the Philippines rapidly during the American regime advanced The Americans introduced public-school education a system of secularized Primary education was free, with English as the medium of instruction. It was followed by the setting up of a Philippine Normal School to train Filipino teachers. Secondary school were opened afterward The University of the Philippines was created on 18 June 1908 by Act of the Philippine Legislature. College of Agriculture in Los Baños, Laguna in 1909, Colleges of Liberal Arts, College of Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in 1910 College of Law in 1911. School of Forestry and Conservatory of Music in 1916 College of Education in 1918 Most of the teachers were Americans and foreigners, except in the college of Medicine. Young men and women were encouraged to get a higher professional education in American colleges In 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was created and later named Bureau of Science It pioneered research on diseases such as leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri. Studies on the commercial value of tropical products, tests on minerals and roadbuilding materials, the nutritional value of foods were done here. From 1906, the Bureau of Science published the Philippine Journal of Science which reported not only work done in local laboratories but also scientific developments abroad which had relevance to Philippine problems The Philippines became an Asian leader in transportation and communication. Railroads were developed in Luzon, Cebu and Panay. More ports and shipping were opened up. Pier 7 in Manila was the largest port in Asia. Philippine economic development was determined by free trade relations As a result, the Philippine economy became tied to that of the United States, remaining primarily an exporter of agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of American manufactured goods. The Philippines entered Industrial age (mass production) Offices were organized for the growth of scientific research Weather Bureau (1901) Board (later Bureau) of Health (1898) Bureau of Mines (1900) Bureau of Forestry (1900) Bureau of Agriculture (1901) Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey (1905) Bureau of Plant Industry (1929) Bureau of Animal Industry (1929) National Research Council of the Philippine Islands (NRCP) The creation of these science agencies showed increasing concern and support for the development of science and technology. The Philippine Inventors Commission (1964) Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964) Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967) Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission (1969) Metals Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC) Philippine Science High School (PSHS) Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR). The Commonwealth government worked towards the development of economic self reliance but failed due to foreign trade and tariff policies that were controlled by the American government Public school system (basic education) expanded and private schools (higher education) were reorganized. The National Development Company was mandated to undertake the development of successful researches of government science agencies, such as the Bureau of Science, Bureau of Animal Industry and Bureau of Plant Industry. The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during the war brought educational and scientific activities to a halt. TopAncientHistory. Top Inventions of Ancient Egyptian civilization, 2018. Retrieved from https://topancienthistory.com/ancient-egyptian-inventions/history/ TopAncientHistory. Top Inventions of Ancient Egyptian civilization, 2018. Retrieved from https://topancienthistory.com/the-mesopotamians-inventions/history/ JohnBlack, The ancient inventionof the steam engine by the Hero of Alexandria, March 21, 2014. Retrieved from https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-technology/ancient-invention-steam-engine-hero-alexandria-001467 Vladislav Tchakarov, 10 Most Signiificant Ancient Chinese Inventions we Use Today. Aug. 25, 2020. Retrieved from https://curiosmos.com/10-most-significant-ancient-chinese-inventions-we-use-today/ Ng, Esther K.H. The Ancient Chinese Inventions that Changed the World. Jan 2, 2021. Retrieved from https://historyofyesterday.com/the-ancient-chinese-inventions-that-changed-the-world-3f6523cd4fe5 Gill, N.S. "Inventions and Discoveries of Ancient Greek Scientists." ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/ancient-greek-scientists-inventions-and-discoveries-120966. Lloyd, Ellen, Ancient Greeks Invented Alarm Clock. May 6, 2016, AncientPages.com. Source: https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/06/ancient-greeks-invented-alarm-clocks/ Caoli. (1986) History of Science and Technology of the Philippines. Retrieved from https://dokumen.tips/reader/f/47b-history-of-science-and-technology-in-the-philippines Phillippine Daily Inquirer. Did you know: Leon Ma. Guerrero. Jan. 24, 2013. Retrieved from ttps://newsinfo.inquirer.net/345945/did-you-know-leon-ma-guerrero GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Identify the paradigm shifts in history. Articulate ways how scientific revolutions transformed the society. GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Identify the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian paradigms shift in history. Articulate ways how Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian revolutions transformed the society. GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Meso-American, Asian, Middle Eastern, African MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Identify the Meso-American, Asian, Middle Eastern, and African paradigms shift in history. Articulate ways how Meso-American, Asian, Middle Eastern, and African civilizations transformed the society. https://www.slideshare.net/WinRigor1/carol-intellectual-revolution-that-defined-society-asian https://www.slideshare.net/WinRigor1/innah-intellectualrevolutionsthatdefinedsociety-1 https://www.slideshare.net/rey_john_rey/intellectual-revolutions-that-defined-society?from_action=save https://www.slideshare.net/donnaruthtalo/lesson-2-intellectual-revolutions-that-defined-society GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Science and Technology for Nation-building MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Discuss history of science and technology education in the Philippines Identify the challenges faced by the Philippine science education system. Discuss the major research and development breakthroughs in the Philippines. Discuss the role of science and technology to nation-building. GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING (The Question Concerning Technology) MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES ▪ Identify the impact of technology to human ▪ Explain the role of technology in enframing and destining Technology can be viewed as a means to an end (instrumental) Or it can be viewed as human activity (anthropological) Both are correct, but neither touches the essence of technology What is the essence of technology? We are blinded to it when we think of it as something neutral Technology brings about change causally The cause is what is responsible for the effect, and the effect is indebted to the cause According to Aristotle, there are four ways in which this relation holds The unifying notion is that of starting something on its way to arrival Being responsible is an inducing to go forward The bringing forth which underlies causality is a bringing out of concealment This revealing is what the Greeks call truth Technology brings forth as well, and it is a revealing This is seen in the way the Greeks understood techne, which encompasses not only craft, but other acts of the mind, and poetry Both primitive crafts and modern technology are revealing But the revealing of modern technology is not a bringing-forth, but a challenging-forth It challenges nature, by extracting something from it and transforming it, storing it up, distributing it, etc. Modern technology takes all of nature to stand in reserve for its exploitation Man is challenged to do this, and as such he becomes part of the standing reserve Man becomes the instrument of technology, to be exploited in the ordering of nature It is not man that orders nature through technology, but a more basic process of revealing The challenge of this revealing is called “enframing” In enframing, the actual is revealed as a standing-reserve This is “historically” prior to the development of science Enframing is the essence of technology Men are sent upon the way of revealing the actual as a standing-reserve So enframing, and hence technology, is a “destining” The destining of man to reveal nature carries with it the danger of misconstrual Man is in danger of becoming merely part of the standing-reserve Alternatively, he may find only himself in nature Most importantly, he may think that the ordering of the world through technology is the fundamental mode of revealing So the real threat of technology comes from its essence, not its activities or products The poet Hölderlin writes that the saving power grows where danger is The saving would allow a bringing-forth that is not a challenging-forth (things would reveal themselves not just as standing-reserve) Both technology and bringing-forth grow out of “granting,” which allows revealing Poetry and other arts have the power to reveal, in the sense of “bringing-forth” Poetry is included in the Aristotelian techne, and is akin to modern technology But it is also fundamentally different from technology It may be the best means for getting at the essence of technology itself Thank you for listening. https://www.google.com/search?q=The+Question+Concerning+Techn ology+ppt&rlz=1C1GCEU_enPH823PH823&oq=The+Question+Concer ning+Technology+ppt&aqs=chrome..69i57.2270j0j8&sourceid=chrom e&ie=UTF-8 DISCLAIMER: This presentation is lifted from different online sources and not owned by the presentation manager GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Good Life MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology so that the student can define for themselves the meaning of the good life. express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the students as part of history. Examine local government policies that protect the well-being of the person in the face of developing technologies. WHAT IS HUMAN FLOURISHING? Flourishing is the highest good of human endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is success as a human being. The best life is one of excellent human activity. According to Ceslas Spicq, the focus of ancient philosophers was defining the well-lived life. They called this life Eudaimonia, which we can translate as “flourishing” or happiness. The Stoic Happiness Triangle explains the Stoic’s core teachings. The Stoic Happiness Triangle is part of the book ”The Little Book of Stoicism.” The only way to achieve true flourishing was to live a Stoics life separate from the influence of fickle emotions. Stoic Happiness Triangle 1. Live with Areté: This is about being your best version in the here and now. 1. Focus on What You Control: The Stoics realized that there are things we control, and things we don’t control. 1. Take Responsibility: Even if we don’t control everything that happens, we must take responsibility for our own lives. Because every event oﬀers an area we control, namely how we judge the event and how we choose to respond. Immanuel Kant Kant’s vision of ethics was that they should not be about the individual’s flourishing and happiness, but about principles of duty, ultimately the duties that are universal to all people. The highest good for human beings is attaining both virtue and happiness at the same time. There is no necessary connection between virtue and happiness, frequently it is the case that doing what is right is in the opposition to doing what would make us happy. Happiness is not ignored when making decisions in life. It is not unimportant. “We should all cultivate good will with the rest of the world, and that is not a measure of happiness but real well-being.” His ethics can be viewed as a form of egoistic hedonism (or hedonistic egoism). “We all desire happiness as an end in itself, and all other things are desired as a means for producing happiness.” He said that human beings need health of the body and calm of the soul and that freedom from pain and peace of mind imply a state of rest and tranquility. When it reaches this goal, he is in a state of contentment and rest called happiness, eudaimonia, or tranquility of mind (ataraxia). Virtues are rational behaviors that lead to Eudaimonia. Epicurus Virtues are desirable purely as instrumental means to happiness and are chosen because of pleasure and not for their own sake. Actions should be measured in terms of happiness or pleasure that they produce. Happiness = pleasure and the absence of pain We should pursue pleasure and happiness not just for ourselves, but for as many sentient beings as possible. John Stuart Mill believed that happiness not pleasure should be the standard of utility. Utilitarians For Jeremy Bentham, pleasure and pain govern not only how human beings act but also how human beings ought to act. “I ought do that act which will bring about the greatest happiness (pleasure) for the greatest number of persons (the community).” Coined the word Eudaimonia. He was an empiricist. You should become virtuous because if you are, then you can attain the pinnacle of humanity (Eudaimonia). “All humans seek to flourish. It’s the proper and desired end of all of our actions.” There are four aspects of human nature, and he is often quoted saying “Man is a rational creature who lives in poleis (societies).” Aristotle The four aspects of human nature are physical being, emotional being, social being and rational being. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN CONDITION MPS Department І FEU Institute of Technology When Technology And Humanity Cross OBJECTIVES Examine human rights in order to uphold such rights in technological ethical dilemmas CONTENTS ▪ Robotics and Humanity ▪ Robot Ethics ▪ The Three Laws of Robotics ▪ Ethical Dilemmas An actuatedmechanism programmablein two or more axes with a degree of autonomy, moving within its environment, toperform intended tasks Autonomyis the ability toperform intended tasks based on current stateand sensing without human intervention A robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial application A robot may be classified according to its intended application as industrial robot or service robot. Humanoid Smart Dish Delivering Service Robot. Source: https://i2.wp.com/ae01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1QN4rOXXXXXcRaXXXq6xXFXXX3/theme-restaurant-Humanoid-Restaurant-smart-Robot-Dish-delivering-service-robot.jpg?fit=100%2C100&ssl=1 Ethicsisthebranchof philosophy whichstudieshuman conduct,moral assessments,theconceptsof good and evil,rightandwrong,justiceandinjustice Roboethics--also calledmachineethics--dealswith the codeof conductthatroboticdesignerengineersmust implementin theArtificial Intelligenceof a robot American inventor known for developing UNIMATE, the first material handling robot employed in industrial production work Unimate. Source: https://spectrum.ieee.org/george-devol-a-life-devoted-to-invention-and-robots George Devol. Source: https://spectrum.ieee.org/george-devol-a-life-devoted-to-invention-and-robots 1 Ease theworkload 2 and mankind Make lifemore efficient andless stressful 3 Perform complicated activities 4 Pleasure, entertainment in parks or exhibits Robots Movie. Source: https://www.suggestingmovie.com/Movies/2561-lci.jpg In the 1940s, American writer Isaac Asimov developed the Three Laws of Robotics arguing that intelligentrobots should be programmed in a way that when facing conflictthey should remit and obey the followingthree laws: A robot maynot injure a human being or, throughinaction, allow a human being to come to harm A robot must obey orders givenit byhuman beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law Who should be held accountable if someone’s safety is compromised by a robot? (Who should be blamed, the robot, agent using the robot, or the maker/inventor of the robot?) https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/19/uber-self-driving-car-fatality-halts-testing-in-all-cities-report-says.html What if robots become sentients? (Should they be granted robotrights?) Hanson Roboticsis an AI and roboticscompany dedicatedto creatingsociallyintelligentmachinesthat enrichthe quality of our lives Founded by DavidHanson Sophiais a social humanoid robot developed by Hong Kong -based company HansonRobotics. Sophia. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(robot) Evans, Dylan. The ethical dilemmas of robotics. March 9, 2007. BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6432307.stm Deng, Boer. Machine Ethics:The robot’s dilemma. July 1, 2015. Nature Journal. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/523024a Fourtane, Susan. Roboethics: The Human Ethics Applied to Robots. Sep. 22, 2019. Retrieved from https://interestingengineering.com/roboethics-the-human-ethics-applied-to-robots GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Information Age MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Linked learned concepts to the development of the information age and its impact on the society. Gutenberg: Start of the Information Age Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the mid 1400's. The book refers to this as the start of the spread of information to the masses. His invention did make information available to more people than ever before. Information Age The Information Age is a historic period beginning in the late 20th century and characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization to an economy primarily based upon information technology. Information Age: A Brief The Information Age, also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age and the New Media Age, is coupled tightly with the advent of personal computers, but many computer historians trace its beginnings to the work of the American mathematician Claude E. Shannon. At age 32 and as a researcher at Bell Laboratories, Shannon published a landmark paper proposing that information can be quantitatively encoded as a series of ones and zeroes. Known as the "father of Information Theory," Shannon showed how all information media, from telephone signals to radio waves to television, could be transmitted without error using this single framework. Information Age: A Brief By the 1970s, with the development of the Internet by the United States Department of Defense and the subsequent adoption of personal computers a decade later, the Information or Digital Revolution was underway. More technological changes, such as the development of fiber optic cables and faster microprocessors, accelerated the transmission and processing of information. The World Wide Web, used initially by companies as an electronic billboard for their products and services, morphed into an interactive consumer exchange for goods and information. Information Age: A Brief Electronic mail (email), which permitted near-instant exchange of information, was widely adopted as the primary platform for workplace and personal communications. The digitization of information has had a profound impact on traditional media businesses, such as book publishing, the music industry and more recently the major television and cable networks. As information is increasingly described in digital form, businesses across many industries have sharpened their focus on how to capitalize on the Information Age. Information Age: A Brief Companies whose businesses are built on digitized information have become valuable and powerful in a relatively short period of time. In "The companies that define the Information Age are the ones that know consumers the best," author Larry Allen of Real Media Group points out that just as land owners held the wealth and wielded power in the Agrarian Age and manufacturers such as Henry Ford and Cyrus McCormick accumulated fortunes in the Industrial Age, the current Information Age has spawned its own breed of wealthy influential brokers, from Microsoft's Bill Gates to Apple's Steve Jobs to Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg. Beyond Information Age What would a world with too much information look like? And what problems would it create? Paralysis through analysis. In a world of ubiquitous information, there is always more out there. Information gathering is easy, and often quite enjoyable as well. Many students frequently complain that they need more information before coming to a view on a difficult case-study decision. Many corporate decisions are delayed because of the need for further analysis. Whether due to the complexity of the decision in front of them, or because of the fear of not performing sufficient due diligence, the easy option facing any executive is simply to request more information. Easy access to data makes us intellectually lazy. Many firms have invested a lot of money in “big data” and sophisticated data-crunching techniques. But a data-driven approach to analysis has a couple of big flaws. First, the bigger the database, the easier it is to find support for any hypothesis you choose to test. Second, big data makes us lazy – we allow rapid processing power to substitute for thinking and judgment. One example: pharmaceutical companies fell in love with “high throughput screening” techniques in the 1990s, as a way of testing out all possible molecular combinations to match a target. It was a bust. Most have now moved back towards a more rational model based around deep understanding, experience and intuition. Impulsive and flighty consumers. Watch how your fellow commuters juggle their smartphone, tablet and Kindle. Or marvel at your teenager doing his homework. With multiple sources of stimulation available at our fingertips, the capacity to focus and concentrate on a specific activity is falling. This has implications for how firms manage their internal processes – with much greater emphasis being placed on holding people’s attention than before. It also has massive consequences for how firms manage their consumer relationships, as the traditional sources of “stickiness” in those relationships are being eroded. A little learning is a dangerous thing. We are quick to access information that helps us, but we often lack the ability to make sense of it, or to use it appropriately. Doctors encounter this problem on a daily basis, as patients show up with (often incorrect) self-diagnoses. Senior executives second-guess their subordinates because their corporate IT system gives them line-of-sight down to detailed plant-level data. We also see this at a societal level: people believe they have the right to information that is in the public interest (think Wikileaks), but they are rarely capable of interpreting and using it in a sensible way. The broader point here is that the democratization of information creates an imbalance between the “top” and “bottom” of society, and most firms are not good at coping with this shift. Consequences So what are the consequences of a business world with “too much information”? At an individual level, we face two contrasting risks. One is that we become obsessed with getting to the bottom of a problem, and we keep on digging, desperate to find the truth but taking forever to do so. The other risk is that we become overwhelmed with the amount of information out there and we give up: we realise we cannot actually master the issue at hand, and we end up falling back on a pre-existing belief. Social Media Social media are interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation or sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. Ways social media has changed our society. From Chomwa Shikati, Medium (November 2017) Does anyone still remember a world without social media? It is hard to believe that only a little over a decade ago, our way of life was really different from the way it is now. On social media’s existence Although, they were some social media sites long before that, most of the population did not really see the need or use for it. Most did not even have the access to them. It wasn’t until Facebook, Twitter and smart phones came along when things really started to change. Needless to say that in 2017, social media has forever changed the way society works, whether it’s the sharing of an idea, the communication of news, or the availability of a product or service. Social media is now used in almost every part of our lives. Business Impact Businesses across the globe can now amplify their brand message to a wider audience than they could ever dream of doing before achieving success that they could only wish for. In the old days, mass media ruled. A company had to pony up thousands or even millions of dollars to be heard in most cases. Very large companies with deep pockets ruled the roost. Only those businesses could afford to have wider reach. And now? Well, even an individual with a very brilliant idea coupled with excellent marketing abilities can achieve great financial success on social media. Small companies are curving out a market for themselves amongst the 2.4 billion people estimated to be connected on social media quite easily. Compared to television advertisements and other expensive forms of marketing, social media presence is a cheap and effective means to enhance brand image and popularity. Social media has moved from a “nice to have” to a “must have” component or department of a company’s business strategy. Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. Social Impact In terms of social circles, social media has broken down barriers when it comes to communicating and we are spoilt for choice when it comes to ways of getting in contact with someone. Social media has also made it easier for us to express ourselves. They are numerous ways we can express ourselves, not only to our friends but to the outside world. Whether that is through Facebook, Instagram pictures, YouTube videos, Medium articles. Normal people now have the capacity to make their opinion known on a massive scale. Before social media, you could have an opinion but you could only tell a few people close to you, and now, the story is different. Within a few minutes, thousands could know about your opinion. Social media has also made it easier for us to track people down. I know what some of my former high school peers are up to even when I have not even been in touch with some of them for years. It’s that easy. There are seemingly endless sources we can search to access the information we need to find the people we have to find. Social networks offer the opportunity for people to re-connect with their old friends and acquaintances, make new friends, trade ideas, share content and pictures, and many other activities. Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. Quite too often you see people with double identities. A self-centred attitude and the need to be accepted and liked by ‘friends’ on social media has led people to create or lead a life that they feel will be accepted and liked by the masses. And well most people attach their self-esteem to their social media activity. Another thing that most people forget, is that, If you are not careful, what you post on the Net can come back to haunt you. Revealing personal information on social sites can make users vulnerable to crimes like identity theft, stalking, etc. As stated earlier on, many companies perform a background check on the Internet before hiring an employee. If a prospective employee has posted something embarrassing on social media, it can drastically affect their chances of getting the job. But just like most things, they are drawbacks and downsides to the excessive use and reliance of social media… First of all, the idea of ‘friends‘ was once very simple. If you knew someone, hung out with them regularly, and liked their company then they were a friend. While the people who still fit that description are still your friends, so are the people you have connected with on social networking sites apparently. Whether you talk to them, care about what they’re up to, or have any interest in them whatsoever, they’re still listed as friends. Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. In terms of productivity, it is quite easy to lose your focus on what you’re doing because of being addicted to social media. In fact, many companies have blocked social networks on their office Internet as addicted employees can distract themselves on such sites, instead of focusing on work. Cyber bullying is also becoming frequent. If you are not careful, unscrupulous people can target you for cyber bullying and harassment on social sites. School children, young girls, and women can fall prey to online attacks which can create tension and distress. Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. Conclusion No doubt that social media is changing and will continue to change our society. This change is permanent because the upcoming generation won’t even know a world were social media does not exist. This has its advantages and disadvantages, but like everything else, it’s up to the user to decide whether social media can enhance their lives or not and this all depends on how they decide to use it. Political Correctness Political correctness is a term used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society. The truth about political correctness is that it doesn’t actually exist. From Amanda Taub, Vox (January 2015) Jonathan Chait has written an article for New York Magazine about his concerns that political correctness threatens free debate by trying to silence certain points of view. Chait’s POV Political correctness, in Chait's view, is a "system of left-wing ideological repression" that threatens the "bedrock liberal ideal" of a "free political marketplace where we can reason together as individuals." He writes, "While politically less threatening than conservatism (the far right still commands far more power in American life), the p.c. left is actually more philosophically threatening. It is an undemocratic creed." Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. But political correctness isn't a "creed" at all. Rather it's a sort of catch-all term we apply to people who ask for more sensitivity to a particular cause than we're willing to give — a way to dismiss issues as frivolous in order to justify ignoring them. Worse, the charge of "political correctness" is often used by those in a position of privilege to silence debates raised by marginalized people — to say that their concerns don't deserve to be voiced, much less addressed. That's a much bigger threat to the "free political marketplace" that Chait is so eager to protect. "Politically correct" is a term we use to dismiss ideas that make us uncomfortable.” First things first: there's no such thing as "political correctness." The term's in wide use, certainly, but has no actual fixed or specific meaning. What defines it is not what it describes but how it's used: as a way to dismiss a concern or demand as a frivolous grievance rather than a real issue. Chait identifies a long list of disputes that he describes as examples of "p.c." demands that are hurting mainstream liberalism. But calling these concerns "political correctness" is another way of saying that they aren't important enough to be addressed on their merits. And all that really means is that they're not important to Jonathan Chait. An example from outside of Chait's article makes it easy to see how that technique works in practice. I, personally, think that the name of the Washington Redskins is racist and hurtful to Native Americans, and should be changed. So if someone asks me what I think of the debate about the team, that's what I say. By contrast, Virginia legislator Del Jackson Miller likes the name and wants the team to keep it. But rather than making an argument on the merits of the name, he referred to the entire debate as "political correctness on overdrive." In other words, he's saying, this is a false debate — just another example of "political correctness" — so I don't have to even acknowledge concerns about racism. (Miller, in fact, claimed that it was literally fake, an issue trumped up by a "rich member of the Oneida tribe.") Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. That's a failure of communication and, arguably, of basic respect. Miller isn't engaging with critics of the Redskins name by considering why they find it hurtful, and offering his basis for disagreement — he's dismissing the whole conversation as unworthy of discussion. Likewise, Chait clearly believes that "microaggressions" aren't important enough to merit his concern, and that "trigger warnings" are a foolish request made by over-sensitive people. But he doesn't spend much time considering why the people who demand them might think they do matter. The open communication offered by platforms like Twitter has brought Chait into contact with ideas that he clearly finds weird and silly. But rather than considering their merits, or why they matter to the people who put them forward, he dismisses them as political correctness, and concludes that their very existence constitutes "ideological repression." It's tempting to dismiss uncomfortable criticism. It's understandable that Chait, and the many others who agree with him, find it so upsetting to be on the receiving end of what he refers to as "P.C." criticism. These critiques basically accuse their targets of being oppressors, or perpetuating injustice, and that's a deeply hurtful accusation. Indeed, that kind of criticism hurts most if you are someone who cares about social justice, or do think that discrimination is harmful when it's implicit as well as when it's explicit. But avoiding that discomfort by dismissing criticism as mere "political correctness" is no way to protect the marketplace of ideas whose fate so concerns Chait. At best, it replaces a relatively weak burden on free speech (Jonathan Chait has to listen to people scolding him on Twitter) with a similarly weak one (other people have to listen to Chait and his supporters scolding them for their "political correctness"). But the reality is that the burdens are not equal, because the arguments that get dismissed as mere "p.c." nonsense are overwhelmingly likely to be raised by people who are less privileged, and to concern issues that are outside the mainstream. Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. Look at Chait's own examples. rans women who protest definitions of "women" as "people with vaginas" aren't merely bellyaching about terminology — they're people on the margins of a group making legitimate demands for inclusion. Women of color who point out the many ways in which white feminists overlook issues that affect minority women aren't engaging in race-based arguments just for the fun of it, they're pointing out that the feminist movement had promised to protect their interests, but was in fact ignoring them. And while I personally don't think that trigger warnings are a workable solution to the problem of trauma, and have not used them in my own writing or teaching, I think that our society does generally struggle to take women's safety into account, and I do not feel that shutting down that conversation is the appropriate solution to the problem of harassment of women. Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. Discrimination and safety are serious matters that actually do affect people's ability to participate in public discussion — yes, even more so than the degree to which people in positions of privilege have to hear arguments they dislike. Writing them off as frivolous disputes over what is or isn't "politically correct" makes those problems much harder to address. There's a difference between pointing out real problems and "tone policing" Take, for instance, a phenomenon that actually and demonstrably restricts the free exchange of ideas: the harassment of women online. It is a depressing fact of life that women who discuss controversial subjects publicly are often targeted by harassers who want to silence them. (As are many other groups, of course.) And yet, bizarrely, women's requests for safety online are often dismissed as "politically correct" threats to free speech, rather than as a way to promote it. How dismissing problems as "political correctness" hinders efforts to solve them. But when women protest online harassment, their concerns are often dismissed as a politically-correct attempt to censor the views of people they disagree with. This dismissal is also often used to reject the premise that measures might be needed to make women safer. Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. During last year’s "Gamergate" campaign, which involved large-scale campaigns of online threats and harassment directed against women, harassers referred to their targets as "SJWs" — short for "social justice warriors." Although Gamergate's core dispute nominally concerned the way that video games are reviewed (hence the name), it quickly became clear that the online "movement" was more alarmed about women gaining power within the gaming community. Describing women's goals as merely being about "social justice" was a way to dismiss their contributions, ideas, and even personal safety as superficial grievance politics. Nor was that attitude limited to Gamergate. Blogger Andrew Sullivan wasn't part of Gamergate, and says that he "actively support[s] suspending abusive, stalking tweeters or those threatening violence." But when Twitter announced its decision to partner with the nonprofit WAM (Women, Action, & the Media) in order to combat harassment online, Sullivan denounced the move, referring to women as social justice warriors and warning that they were going to have a "censorship field day," before dismissing WAM’s past work as crude "identity politics." The phrase "politically correct" is a way to say an issue has no value. Chait's article does not mention Gamergate, and there's no reason to believe that he's anything other than appalled at online harassment. Likewise, Sullivan did not use the phrase "politically correct." Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. But their arguments are fundamentally the same: that marginalized people's demands for inclusion are just a bunch of annoying whining, and that efforts to address their concerns are unnecessary. They also betray the deeper concern: that listening to the demands of marginalized groups is dangerous, because doing so could potentially burden the lives, or at least change the speech, of more privileged people. And you know what? They're probably right. Chait proudly praises the "historical record of American liberalism" for extending rights to "blacks, Jews, gays, and women," but Americans used to be able to refer to members of those groups as "coloreds," "kikes," and "fags," without fearing the consequences. But doing so now would result in serious social censure — exactly the kind of "coercion" that Chait looks upon and despairs in his article. Likewise, it is possible that efforts to address online harassment will put some sort of burden on the Andrew Sullivans of this world. (Although at this point those efforts are so feeble that it's a little hard to imagine.) There is a legitimate argument to be had about how the "freedom" of social media platforms with few restrictions but lots of threats ought to be balanced against people's "freedom" to participate in online debates without having to fear for their lives or safety. But the way to deal with that is to actually have that argument, not to suggest that the people asking for protection are just trying to censor free speech. Social media has also changed how business recruit individuals into their companies. Looking back to 10 years ago, recruiters were limited in the ways they could reach out and engage with potential candidates and clients, but thanks to the rise of the internet and mobile devices paired with the growth of social media, it would seem modern day recruiters are now spoilt for choice in the ways they can make contact with potential candidates and clients. GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Microscopic World MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Discuss the major impacts whether potential or realized on nanotechnology on society. Discuss the ethics and implications of genetically modified organisms and potential future impacts. Describe gene therapy and its various forms. Nanotechnology A branch of technology that deals with the manipulation and study of matter at the nanoscale. It covers all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale. Our World at the Nanoscale “Nano” means a billionth of a meter. There are many natural sources of nano-scale materials, including fine sand, sea spray, and volcanic eruptions. Nanomaterials are not new. There are many examples of nanomaterials in nature, all around us, every day. Natural Nanostructures The scales on the surface of a butterfly’s wing are composed of multilayered nano-scale structures. These structures create brilliant colors and also help the butterfly shed water and dirt. Natural Nanostructures Spider silks are some of the toughest materials known to man. The silks get their strength from thin crystalline proteins only nanometers wide. Where can you find “nano” every day? What are the benefits of nanotechnology? How does it work? Scientists in universities and companies around the world are exploring how nanotechnology can be used to develop innovative products in fields as diverse as medicine, transportation and computing. How do we know if it is safe? Health, safety and environmental professionals in industries that use nanotechnology work to achieve its responsible development. Managing nanotechnology and nano-enabled products responsibly requires an understanding of intended product uses, a science-based assessment of potential risks and communication of appropriate health and environmental safety information to promote safe handling, use and disposal practices. Responsible development of nanotechnology is important to advance its acceptance by regulators and the public. What are GMOs? Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) refer broadly to organisms that are produced when selected individual genes are transferred from a given donor organism into another target organism, typically conferring desired properties to the new organism. What are GMOs? GMOs can include plants, animals, and enzymes. Some GMOs have been approved by regulatory agencies for commercial production and consumption, while others are currently undergoing regulatory evaluation. Still other GMOs are in experimental stages and confined to scientific laboratory research. According the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) by 2012, 93% of soybeans, 94% of cotton, and 88% of corn grown in the U.S. were genetically modified. What are some things GMOs are modified to do? Pest Resistance The genome of Bt corn has been modified to include a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which produces a protein poisonous to the European corn borer, an insect that damages corn crops. Virus Resistance Developed at the University of Hawaii, the genetically modified papaya is resistant to Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) a plant virus spread predominantly by aphids. The Rainbow papaya variety is produced by introducing a protein from the PRSV into plant tissue, which confers resistance to the virus. This method works in much the same way as human influenza virus vaccinations. Herbicide Tolerance Glyphosate is an herbicide widely used to kill weeds. Tolerance to the herbicide was genetically engineered into agricultural crops, such as soybeans, allowing farmers to broadly spray their farms without killing the crops. Fortification Engineered to include beta-carotene biosynthesis genes, Golden rice was developed to address dietary vitamin A shortages in the developing world. Rice does not usually produce betacarotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible portion of the grain. Research is currently being conducted on the bioavailability of the genetically modified grain. Cosmetic Preservation Currently in the regulatory pipeline in the U.S. and Canada, Arctic Apples are genetically engineered to silence the apple gene responsible for browning due to superficial damage. The technology is being advertised as cost-saving across the entire apple supply chain. Who are the stakeholders? Stakeholders Stakeholders are the individuals, organizations, communities, agencies and governments with a vested interest in the issue. Stakeholders in the debate over GMO foods include the global community, sovereign Tribal nations, municipalities, local communities, industry, biotechnology firms, organic and conventional farmers, farm workers, fishermen, religious groups, ecologists, engineers, toxicologists, risk analysts, doctors, politicians, parents, children, non-governmental organizations, and advocacy organizations. Stakeholders Stakeholders also include non-human entities such as the environment itself, or specific environmental resources. In short, everyone who has a vested interest in the food supply may be a stakeholder, although in practice not every stakeholder group is likely to get equal say in the debate due to power structures, economics, access to information, etc. Gene Therapy Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery. Gene Therapy Researchers are testing several approaches to gene therapy, including: Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene. Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly. Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease. Gene Therapy Although gene therapy is a promising treatment option for a number of diseases (including inherited disorders, some types of cancer, and certain viral infections), the technique remains risky and is still under study to make sure that it will be safe and effective. Gene therapy is currently being tested only for diseases that have no other cures. How does it work? How does it work? 1. Gene therapy is designed to introduce genetic material into cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein. If a mutated gene causes a necessary protein to be faulty or missing, gene therapy may be able to introduce a normal copy of the gene to restore the function of the protein. How does it work? 2. A gene that is inserted directly into a cell usually does not function. Instead, a carrier called a vector is genetically engineered to deliver the gene. Certain viruses are often used as vectors because they can deliver the new gene by infecting the cell. The viruses are modified so they can't cause disease when used in people. Some types of virus, such as retroviruses, integrate their genetic material (including the new gene) into a chromosome in the human cell. Other viruses, such as adenoviruses, introduce their DNA into the nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a chromosome. How does it work? 3. The vector can be injected or given intravenously (by IV) directly into a specific tissue in the body, where it is taken up by individual cells. Alternately, a sample of the patient's cells can be removed and exposed to the vector in a laboratory setting. The cells containing the vector are then returned to the patient. If the treatment is successful, the new gene delivered by the vector will make a functioning protein. How does it work? 4. Researchers must overcome many technical challenges before gene therapy will be a practical approach to treating disease. For example, scientists must find better ways to deliver genes and target them to particular cells. They must also ensure that new genes are precisely controlled by the body. Is gene therapy safe? Is it safe? Gene therapy is under study to determine whether it could be used to treat disease. Current research is evaluating the safety of gene therapy; future studies will test whether it is an effective treatment option. Several studies have already shown that this approach can have very serious health risks, such as toxicity, inflammation, and cancer. Because the techniques are relatively new, some of the risks may be unpredictable; however, medical researchers, institutions, and regulatory agencies are working to ensure that gene therapy research is as safe as possible. What are the surrounding ethical issues gene therapy? Because gene therapy involves making changes to the body’s set of basic instructions, it raises many unique ethical concerns. The ethical questions surrounding gene therapy include: How can “good” and “bad” uses of gene therapy be distinguished? Who decides which traits are normal and which constitute a disability or disorder? Will the high costs of gene therapy make it available only to the wealthy? Could the widespread use of gene therapy make society less accepting of people who are different? Should people be allowed to use gene therapy to enhance basic human traits such as height, intelligence, or athletic ability? Current gene therapy research has focused on treating individuals by targeting the therapy to body cells such as bone marrow or blood cells. This type of gene therapy cannot be passed to a person’s children. Gene therapy could be targeted to egg and sperm cells (germ cells), however, which would allow the inserted gene to be passed to future generations. This approach is known as germline gene therapy. The idea of germline gene therapy is controversial. While it could spare future generations in a family from having a particular genetic disorder, it might affect the development of a fetus in unexpected ways or have long-term side effects that are not yet known. Because people who would be affected by germline gene therapy are not yet born, they can’t choose whether to have the treatment. Because of these ethical concerns, the U.S. Government does not allow federal funds to be used for research on germline gene therapy in people. GED0011 - Science, Technology, and Society Environment and Climate Change MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology OBJECTIVES Identify the causes of climate change. Assess various impacts of of climate change including economic, geopolitical, biological, meteorological, etc. Discuss the role of Filipinos to achieve climate justice through climate action. Discuss how climate change affect life on land and life below water. Identify current local and international efforts to protect our natural resources in land and water. Environment All the things around us with which we interact Living things Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC Environment Nonliving things Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks Our built environment Buildings, human-created living centers Social relationships and institutions What is Environmental Science? It is the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it. It is highly interdisciplinary, integrating natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities in a broad, holistic study of the world around us. “Study of how earth works, how we interact with the earth and how to deal with environmental problems.” What is Environmental Engineering? “sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of environmental sanitation …provision of safe water supplies; … proper disposal of recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; …drainage…..” Davis, Mackenzie and Susan Masten (2004), Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, International Edition. McGraw Hill Companies Natural Resources: Vital to Human Survival “…the earth enables our people to survive, the environment must be respected and maintained. As long as the earth remains healthy, the people remain healthy.” (Long and Fox, 1996) Global Human Population Growth More than 7.8 billion humans (2020) Philippines – 109 million (2020) Why so many humans? Agricultural revolution Stable food supplies Industrial revolution Urbanized society powered by fossil fuels Sanitation and medicines More food Human population growth exacerbates all environmental problems The growth rate has slowed…but we still add more than 200,000 people to the planet each day We depend completely on the environment for survival Life has become more pleasant for us so far (Increased wealth, health, mobility, leisure time) But…natural systems have been degraded and environmental changes threaten long-term health and survival The “Ecological Footprint” The environmental impact of a person or population Amount of biologically productive land + water for raw materials and to dispose/recycle waste Humans have surpassed the Earth’s capacity We are using 30% more of the planet’s resources than are available on a sustainable basis! Ecological Footprints of Different Countries The ecological footprints of countries vary greatly The U.S. footprint is almost 5 times greater than the world’s average Developing countries have much smaller footprints than developed countries What are the challenges we face? Challenges in Agriculture Expanded food production led to increased population and consumption It’s one of humanity’s greatest achievements, but at an enormous environmental cost Nearly half of the planet’s land surface is used for agriculture Chemical fertilizers Pesticides Erosion Changed natural systems Challenges in Pollution Waste products and artificial chemicals used in farms, industries, and households Each year, millions of people die from pollution Challenges in Climate Scientists have firmly concluded that humans are changing the composition of the atmosphere The Earth’s surface is warming Melting glaciers Rising sea levels Impacted wildlife and crops Increasingly destructive weather Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have risen by 37%, to the highest level in 650,000 years Challenges in Biodiversity Human actions have driven many species extinct, and biodiversity is declining dramatically Biodiversity loss may be our biggest environmental problem; once a species is extinct, it is gone forever Our energy choices will affect our future The lives we live today are due to fossil fuels Machines Chemicals Transportation Products Fossil fuels are a one-time bonanza; supplies will certainly decline We have used up ½ of the world’s oil supplies; how will we handle this imminent fossil fuel shortage? Sustainable Solutions Exist We must develop solutions that protect both our quality of life and the environment Organic agriculture Technology Reduces pollution Biodiversity Protect species Waste disposal Recycling Alternative fuels Sustainability Sustainability Leaves future generations with a rich and full Earth Conserves the Earth’s natural resources Maintains fully functioning ecological systems Sustainable Development: the use of resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability of resources Will we develop in a sustainable way? Sustainable solutions that meet Environmental goals Economic goals Social goals Requires that humans apply knowledge from the sciences to Limit environmental impacts Maintain functioning ecological systems Conclusion Environmental science helps us understand our relationship with the environment and informs our attempts to solve and prevent problems. Solving environmental problems can move us towards health, longevity, peace and prosperity. Environmental science can help us find balanced solutions to environmental problems. Life Below Water Environment and Climate Change Water and Its Uses Domestic Municipal Industrial Irrigation and Livestock Farming Fisheries Power Generation Recreational Water Bodies Water body -means both natural and man-made bodies of fresh, brackish, and saline waters, and includes, but is not limited to, aquifers, groundwater, springs, creeks, streams, rivers, ponds, lagoons, water reservoirs, lakes, bays, estuarine, coastal and marine waters. Water Bodies Water Bodies Water Bodies Sources of Water Pollution POINT SOURCE: any identifiable source of pollution with specific point of discharge into a particular water body NON-POINT SOURCE: any source of pollution not identifiable as a point source to include, but not be limited to, runoff from irrigation or rainwater, which picks up pollutants from farms and urban areas. Effects of Water Pollution Aesthetic effects Health effects Loss of water ecosystems (biodiversity) Economic PROTECTING OUR WATER RESOURCES RA 9275 Clean Water Act a policy of economic growth protection, preservation and brackish and marine waters. DAO 2016-008 in a manner consistent revival of the quality of with the our fresh, Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016 is in compliance with the Philippine Clean Water Act which mandates the DENR to enforce, review and revise water quality guidelines as well as review and set effluent standards WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES Water Quality -means the characteristics of water, which define its use in characteristics by terms of physical, chemical, biological, bacteriological or radiological characteristics Water quality guidelines -level for a water constituent or numerical values of physical, chemical, biological and bacteriological or radiological parameters which are used to classify water resources and their use, Based on health risks Not intended for direct enforcement but only for water quality management purposes Protection from Point Sources Effluent standards are limits in terms of concentration and/or volume for any wastewater discharge coming from a point source Different limits depending on classification of receiving water body Set-forth in DAO 2016-08 GENERAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS: all point sources must meet the general effluent standards at all times Protection from Pollution from Non-Point Sources Watershed management Pollution prevention measures include regulating land use, banning the use of certain chemicals Management of urban runoff Street sweeping, anti-littering laws Treatment of storm water or storm water diversion Preservation of wetlands Life on Land Environment and Climate Change What is Solid Waste? Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials. Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or containerized gaseous materials. SOLID WASTE Solid waste refers to all discarded household waste; commercial waste; non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste; street sweepings; construction debris; agricultural waste; and other nonhazardous/non-toxic solid waste. SOLID WASTES BIODEGRADABLE WASTE – WASTE THAT CAN BE DECOMPOSED BY NATURAL PROCESS. (EG.DOMESTIC SEWAGE, FOOD TABLE SCRAPS, VEGETABLE PEELINGS, PAPER, ETC.) NON – BIODEGRADABLE WASTE – WASTE THAT CAN NOT BE DECOMPOSED BY NATURAL PROCESS. ( EG. ALUMINUM, CANS, GLASS, METALS, ETC.) TYPES OF SOLID WASTE AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTE = INCLUDES ANIMAL MANURE, WASTE FROM SLAUGHTER HOUSES, CROP HARVESTINGS, ETC. MINERAL SOLID WASTE = WASTES IN MINING MINERALS AND FOSSIL FUELS. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE = A. INDUSTRIAL WASTE = TOXIC HAZARDUOS WASTES FROM INDUSTRIAL FIRMS. B. RESIDENTIAL WASTE = HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE. Examples of Solid Wastes Waste tires Scrap metal Latex paints, empty aerosol cans Furniture and Appliances Household Garbage (ex. Food wastes) Vehicles Oil Construction and demolition Debris SOLID WASTE The following are not covered by RA 9003 Waste identified or listed as hazardous waste (either solid, liquid, gaseous or in semisolid form) which may cause or contribute to death, serious or incapacitating illness, or acute/ chronic effect on the health of persons and other organisms; Infectious waste from hospitals Waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil and debris. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal waste shall refer to wastes produced from activities within local government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial, institutional and industrial wastes and street litters. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 Implementing Rules and Regulations for R.A. 9003: DENR Administrative Order No-2001-34 issued on December 21, 2001 A n a c t p r o v i d i n g f o r a n e c o l o g i c a l s o l i d w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m , c r e a t i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y i n s t i t u t i o n a l m e c h a n i s m s a n d i n c e n t i v e s , d e c l a r i n g c e r t a i n a c t s p r o h i b i t e d a n d p r o v i d i n g p e n a l t i e s , a p p r o p r i a t i n g f u n d s t h e r e f o r e , a n d f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION Solid wastes shall be segregated into the following categories: 1. Compostable; 2. Non-recyclable; 3. Recyclable; 4. Special wastes; and 5. Any other classification determined by the National Solid Waste Management Commission. Impacts of Solid Waste HEALTH and ENVIRONMENT Disease Generation of greenhouse gases Odour, aesthetics Flooding Pollution/ contamination of water supplies Affects marine habitats Results to losses in trade and tourism Solid Waste Management control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes involves evaluating local needs and conditions, and then selecting and combining the management activities for those most appropriate waste conditions. Ecological Solid Waste Management Systematic management of solid waste which provides for: 1. Waste reduction at source; 2. Segregation at source for recovery of reusables, recyclables and compostable; 3. Segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste; and 4. All other waste management activities which do not harm the environment. Recycling prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants, saves energy, supplies valuable raw materials to industry, creates jobs, stimulates the development of greener technologies, conserves resources and reduces the need for new landfills and combustors. Materials Recovery Facility Facility designed to receive, sort, process, and store compostable and recyclable materials efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner Advanced facilities makes use of the properties of materials to sort the waste Involves manual labor Solid Waste Disposal Open dump shall refer to a disposal area wherein the solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or disposed of without due planning and consideration for environmental and Health standards. Controlled dump shall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of site operation Sanitary landfill refers to a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environment impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility Solid Waste Disposal Sanitary Landfill Dump Sites Sanitary Landfill Advantages volume can increase with little addition of people/equipment filled land can be reused for other community purposes Disadvantages completed landfill areas can settle and requires maintenance requires proper planning, design, and operation Dump Sites Disadvantage Advantage health-hazard - insects, rodents etc. Inexpensive damage due to air pollution ground water and run-off pollution Landfill Design Considerations Liquid Collection Impact of Liquid On Stability Geometry of Cell Integration With Final Closure Integration with LFG Collection Incineration Plants Most expensive solid waste management options Requires highly skilled personnel and careful maintenance. Good choice only when other, simpler, and less expensive choices are not available. Can be used to reduce the original volume of combustibles by 80 to 95 percent. Not allowed in the Philippines due to RA 8749 (Clean Act) Air Philippines Laws Republic Act No 9003 -Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code) Mandates local government units to exercise powers, functions and responsibilities in providing basic services and facilities related to general hygiene, sanitation, beautification and solid waste collection, transport and disposal. References Easton, Thomas A. (2016), Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Science, Technology, and Society 13th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education. Floridi, Luciano. The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality, Oxford University Press, 2014. McNamara, Daniel J. in “A Return to the Beginning,” in Stellar Origins, Human Ways: Readings in Science, Technology, and Society, ed. Ma. Assunta Cuyegkeng, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2011. Serafica, Familen, et.al. (2018) Science, Technology and Society. 1st Ed. Rex Book Store. Volti, Rudi (2017), Society and Technological Change.

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