Final Study Guide: Skull, Brain, Cranial Nerves

**Final Study Guide: Skull, Brain, Cranial Nerves, & Cumulative Material** **Skull & Brain** Skull Overview: major openings, cranial fossae, sutures Sinuses: what they are, possible functions, how they drain, possible problems Skull Development: types of ossification, fontanelles & their functio...

**Final Study Guide: Skull, Brain, Cranial Nerves, & Cumulative Material** **Skull & Brain** Skull Overview: major openings, cranial fossae, sutures Sinuses: what they are, possible functions, how they drain, possible problems Skull Development: types of ossification, fontanelles & their function Cranial Meninges: meningeal layers Spaces: the (potential) spaces, types of cranial hemorrhages Folds: major folds and where they are located Brain Ventricles: where they are located Cerebrospinal Fluid & Circulation: where and how it's made, how it circulates Blood-Brain Barrier: composition and function General Brain Anatomy: gyri & sulci, grey vs. white matter Cerebrum: lobes & major sulci Motor Cortex: regions of the motor cortex and what they do Sensory Cortex: regions of the sensory cortex and what they do Functional Areas: special functional areas, locations, what they do Association Tracts: types of tracts and what they connect Cerebral Lateralization: categorical vs. representational, how they communicate Diencephalon: parts of the diencephalon Thalamus: functions Hypothalamus: functions Basal Ganglia: what they are, what they do, where they are located The Limbic System: what it is, what it does, where it is located Brainstem: major parts & their functions Midbrain Pons Medulla Cerebellum: overall anatomy, functions Reticular Formation: what it is, what it does **Cranial Nerves** Olfaction (CN I: Olfactory Nerve) Gross Anatomy: overall anatomy & relationships Olfactory Epithelium: characteristics, layers, parts & their functions Olfactory Pathways: projections of olfactory tracts to brain Vision (CN II: Optic Nerve) External Eye Anatomy: lacrimal apparatus, eyelid anatomy Internal Eye Anatomy: layers & cavities; retinal layers and cells, the fovea Photoreceptors: distribution and characteristics of rods vs. cones Visual Fields: relationships to retina, optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts Vision Pathways: projections of optic tracts to brain CN III, IV & VI: Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens Gross Anatomy: overall anatomy & relationships Extraocular Muscles: location and innervation of each muscle Eye Movements: how eye movements are controlled by the muscles CN III Parasympathetics & control of internal eye muscles CN V: Trigeminal Gross Anatomy: overall anatomy & relationships Ophthalmic Division: distribution & major branches Maxillary Division: distribution & major branches Mandibular Division: distribution & major branches Muscles of Mastication: role of each muscle Other Muscles: where they are and what they do Auxillary Functions: other nerve fibers that CN V carries CN VII: Facial Gross Anatomy: overall anatomy & relationships, parasympathetics Muscles of Facial Expression: what they do Tongue Anatomy: gross anatomy of tongue, innervation, types of papillae Taste Buds & Taste: structure of taste buds, types of tastes Gustatory Pathways: projections of gustatory sensations to brain CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Audition & Auditory Anatomy: overall regions of the ear Auditory Ossicles: what they are, how they go together The Cochlea: anatomy & how sound travels through it Auditory Hair Cells: structure & function Auditory Pathways: projections of auditory sensations to brain Equilibrium & Vestibular Anatomy: overall parts of the vestibular system Semicircular Canals & Head Rotation: how they work, structure of cupula & hair cells Head Tilting: how it works, structure of otolith and hair cells Vestibular Pathways: projections of vestibular sensations to brain CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve Gross Anatomy & Functions: general structure of nerve and its functions CN X: Vagus Nerve Gross Anatomy & Functions: overall anatomy & relationships, its functions Muscles of the Pharynx: where they are and what they do Muscles of the Larynx: where they are and what they do CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve Gross Anatomy & Functions: overall anatomy and its functions Muscles of the Tongue: major muscles and what they do CN XI: Accessory Nerve Gross Anatomy & Function: overall anatomy and its functions All Cranial Nerves: Lesions and their symptoms **Major Topics to Focus on from Previous Material** This list contains topics most likely to appear on the final BUT IT IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE. \* Indicates that this topic will be very important for next semester! **First Block** Homeostasis\* Epithelium & Connective Tissues: types, their functions, where they are found\* Body Membranes\* Tissue Development\* Integument: layers & types of cells Bone Anatomy, Development, & Remodeling Joint Types \[relate to the limbs\] Muscle Types & Structure Neuron Types & Structure, Glial Cells \[relate to brain & spinal cord\] **Second Block** Muscle Contraction: involved structures, steps, types, twitches Neural Conduction, Synapses & Potentials Neuronal Circuits \[relate to the brain\] Spinal Column Anatomy & Curvatures Intervertebral Disc Anatomy and their Herniation \[relate to the limbs\] Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerve Anatomy\* Spinal Reflexes Sympathetics vs. Parasympathetics\* Sensory Receptor Types & Classification \[relate to cranial nerves\] Major Back, Thoracic, & Abdominal Muscles & Innervation Rib Anatomy & Movements Neck Muscles & Innervation **Third Block** Upper Limb Compartments & Innervation The Brachial Plexus Joints of the Upper Limb & their General Structure Major Muscles Crossing Each Upper Limb Joint and their Actions Clinical Cases for the Upper Limb Lower Limb Compartments & Innervation The Lumbosacral Plexus Joints of the Lower Limb & their General Structure Major Muscles Crossing Each Lower Limb Joint and their Actions Clinical Cases for the Lower Limb