Final Notes (i&s) PDF

Lesson 1: The Great Depression (Pages 749–753) Economic Problems After World War I Struggles After the War: Many European countries, especially Germany, faced huge economic problems after World War I. Germany’s Hyperinflation (1923): The value of German money dropped so much that...

Lesson 1: The Great Depression (Pages 749–753) Economic Problems After World War I Struggles After the War: Many European countries, especially Germany, faced huge economic problems after World War I. Germany’s Hyperinflation (1923): The value of German money dropped so much that people could barely afford food or basic goods. Global Great Depression (1929–1939): This began with the U.S. stock market crash and spread worldwide, causing job losses, poverty, and economic chaos. How Countries Responded: Countries added tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect their own businesses. Governments cut budgets to save money, but this didn’t help recovery. Impact of the Depression Germany: Many people were poor, and Hitler gained power by promising to fix the economy. United States: President Roosevelt started the New Deal, which created jobs and helped the economy recover. France and Britain: Both struggled to recover and faced problems with money and politics. Lesson 2: The Rise of Dictatorships (Pages 754–760) Italy: Mussolini’s Fascist State What is Fascism?: a system where the government has total control and focuses on making the country strong through nationalism and a powerful military. Mussolini’s Rise to Power: 1. He promised to make Italy strong again and restore its glory, inspired by the Roman Empire. 2. In 1922, he led the March on Rome, forcing the king to make him Prime Minister. Mussolini’s Rule: Banned other political parties and controlled the media. Used youth programs to spread Fascist ideas to children. Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Regime Hitler’s Rise to Power: In the 1920s, Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party and promised to fix Germany’s economy and make the country proud again. In 1933, he became Chancellor and passed a law giving himself complete control of the government Hitler’s secret police, the Gestapo, were created in 1933 to eliminate opposition. They spied The Nazis were a group led by Hitler. They blamed Jews for Germany’s problems, started World War II, and caused the Holocaust, killing millions. Holocaust: the killing of six million Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II. Soviet Union: Stalin’s Totalitarian State Stalin’s Rise to Power: Took over the Soviet Union after Lenin’s death in 1924. Stalin’s Policies: Five-Year Plans: Built many factories and grew industries to make the Soviet Union stronger. Collectivization: Took farms from people and made the government run them, which caused food shortages and starvation. The Great Purge: Stalin killed or jailed anyone he thought was against him, even his own allies. Lesson 3: Democratic Responses to the Depression (Pages 761–771) France Economic Challenges: France’s economy was weak, causing unstable governments and a slow recovery.  Popular Front Government: Tried to help with higher pay and better working conditions, but it didn’t solve the bigger economic problems. Great Britain Focus on Traditional Policies: Added taxes on imports to help local businesses. Did not spend money to create jobs. Ignored New Ideas: Refused to try Keynesian economics, which suggested spending money to improve the economy. United States Roosevelt’s New Deal: Created jobs by building things like roads, bridges, and schools. Started programs like Social Security to help older people and those without jobs. Result: The New Deal helped, but it didn’t completely fix unemployment. Key Terms and Definitions treaty of versailles 1. Totalitarianism: A government where one leader controls everything in people’s lives. 2. Fascism: A system led by a dictator that focuses on making the country strong and building a big army. 3. Nazism: Hitler’s version of Fascism that included racism and hatred of Jews. 4. Collectivization: Stalin’s policy of taking people’s farms and making the government run them.  5. The Great Depression: A worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s that caused poverty and job loss. 6. The New Deal: Programs by President Roosevelt to create jobs and fix the U.S. economy during the Depression.