Final Review PDF

Final Review The Navajos Long Walk (The War in the West) Once the threat of the south was removed from the west, the U.S. Army concentrated on the Navajo. The Navajo were a pastoral people, herding their sheep in the deserts of western New Mexico and Colorado, and eastern...

Final Review The Navajos Long Walk (The War in the West) Once the threat of the south was removed from the west, the U.S. Army concentrated on the Navajo. The Navajo were a pastoral people, herding their sheep in the deserts of western New Mexico and Colorado, and eastern Arizona and Utah. The Army defeated them and then forced them to walk from eastern Arizona to Bosque Redondo in southeastern New Mexico. Placed about 10,000 Navajo on a reservation of about forty square miles with the various Apache tribes, but no sheep, and in an area too small to support sheep raising Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott was a slave born in Virginia, moved to Alabama as a child, then sold and ended in Missouri. His owner was an Army doctor, and Scott functioned as his medical assistant. He carried Scott into free territory when he was transferred. When transferred from Wisconsin to Louisiana, permitted Scott to remain behind. Scott and his wife would eventually join the doctor and his wife in Louisiana. Scott’s owner retired from the Army and returned to Missouri, where he died. Scott, his wife, and their children passed to the widow of the doctor. She remarried and moved to New York. Title to Scott and his family passed to the wife’s brother, who was also in New York. Scott sued for his freedom under a Missouri law that permitted slaves freedom when carried into free territory by their master. A Missouri court found in his favor but was overturned by the Missouri State Supreme Court. Scott, with permission of his owner, and funded by the son of his first owner, sued in Federal Court. Case reached the Supreme Court where Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the decision. In it he attempted to remove the issue of slavery from the realm of politics. Generally the Scott Decision is viewed as the worst opinion in the history of the Court. Dismissed the case for lack of standing, stating the slaves were property, not “persons” as defined in the Constitution, therefore they could be carried anywhere by their masters, and could not bring a suit in court. John Brown’s Raid John Brown was a professional reformer who seemed good only at fathering children. As an abolitionist he participated in the Pottawatomie Creek massacre of pro-slavery advocates in Kansas. He became convinced that slavery would be ended only with the use of violence. Led the raid on the armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) in October of 1859.  Brown led a group of roughly 40 abolitionists who had been training across the Ohio River in the free state of Ohio. Included in the group he led were two of his sons, both would be among those that died in the raid. Hope to inspire a slave rebellion in the mountains of Virginia and the establishment of a free republic. Governor Virginia called out the militia and detachments of the U.S. Marines under the command of Robert E. Lee also arrived to suppress the uprising. Few slaves in the Harper’s Ferry region joined in. Brown’s group were captured without much trouble. Tried, convicted, and executed, all within a three day period. Brown’s raid again agitated southern members of Congress, including Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi who submitted legislation to protect the ownership of slavery in any state or territory of the United States. Again Southerners made the claim they would be justified in leaving the union if anyone disrupted their way of life (terminated slavery). Stephen A. Douglas Senator from Illinois, one-time Secretary of State of Illinois, Illinois Supreme Court Justice. He drafted the legislation to aid the Mormon Church acquire land in Illinois, from whence they launched their migration to Utah. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1845. Sent to the Senate by the State legislature in 1847. Sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854. Abraham Lincoln Relatively unknown one-term Congressman from Illinois. Elected to the House of Representatives in 1846. Best known as one of the sponsors of the “Spot Resolution,” which asked President Polk to show Congress on a map where American soldiers have been killed by the Mexican military, the spark that started the Mexican-American War. Made a name for himself debating Stephen A. Douglas in the senatorial campaign of 1858. Texas Americans are attracted by rich lands, liberal immigration laws, and liberal land policies, but also pushed by harsh economic conditions in the United States (Panic of 1819, and later Panic of 1837). Soon outnumbered Mexicans (Tejanos) in the province. Most of the Americans came from the American south, especially Tennessee and Alabama. Most Americans were cotton farmers, bringing their slaves with them. Slavery was illegal under the Mexican constitution. Slavery and cultural differences led to the Texas Revolution. Oregon Territory The United States and Great Britain jointly occupied the Oregon Territory according to an agreement made after the War of 1812. Expansionists wanted the United States to take all of it to 54 degrees, 40 minutes north. Rather than go to war, Polk worked out an agreement to extend the line already in existence to the Rockies to Puget Sound. American fur trappers in territory early. By 1845, over 5,000 Americans were in Willamette Valley. Utah The Mormon church migrated from New York to Ohio to Missouri to Illinois. Religious beliefs made the church unpopular. Joseph Smith assassinated June 27, 1844. Brigham Young and Council of Disciples led the migration to Utah to escape religious persecution. By 1850, 11,000 people in Utah. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The United States won the war, but it still took some time to organize a government to sign the peace treaty. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico surrendered roughly ½ of her territory. The United States increased hers by 25%. The United States “paid” Mexico $15,000,000, most of which went to pay outstanding claims against the Mexican government by American citizens. The United States acquired: 1. New Mexico west of the Rio Grande (including present day Arizona). 2. California. 3. Nevada. 4. Utah. 5. Parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Wilmot Proviso Congressman David Wilmot, a Free Soil Congressman from Pennsylvania, offered a rider to legislation prohibiting the expansion of slavery into any territory acquired as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The rider was defeated in Committee, was never voted on by the entire House of Representatives, but it fired a shot across the bow of the Slavocracy notifying them that there were people in Congress who would attempt to eliminate their “peculiar institution.” Zachary Taylor Born in Virginia and moved to Louisiana as a child. Served successfully in the War of 1812, the Blackhawk War, and the Mexican War. Success in the Mexican War led to his election as president in 1848. Died in office after eighteen months. Gang System - The most common form of labor throughout most of the South, especially in the tobacco, cotton, and sugar growing regions. - All the field hands, men and women, go to the field at the same time and perform the same duties, plow, plant, weed, harvest, fence mending, according to the time of year and cycle of the crop. Task System - Most frequently seen in the rice producing areas of the Carolinas and Georgia, later Louisiana and Texas. - Each slave was given a specific task to complete every day. - Once the task was completed the slave was free to do as they pleased, hunt, fish, and work their own gardens. The Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of free Blacks, sympathetic whites, and safe houses that helped enslaved African-Americans escape to free states, or Canada. Harriet Tubman made thirteen trips into the south, helping more than seventy people escape to the north. Initially the escape routes led to Florida. When Florida was acquired by the United States, the routes shifted north. Exact numbers are not known but one estimate is that by 1850, 100,000 slaves had escaped by route of the Underground Railroad. Frederick Douglass believed that women would be remembered as the key to the Abolition movement. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Negotiated by John Quincy Adams United States acquired Florida United States renounced all claims to Texas arising out of the Louisiana Purchase Stabilized the boundary between the Louisiana Territory and Spanish colonial territory The Panic of 1837 Caused by a number of factors: 1. Unsound lending practices by western banks (without the Bank of the United States to watch over them). 2. Collapse of cotton prices. 3. Specie outflow 4. Restrictive lending practices in England. 5. Collapse of the land bubble. Caused bank collapses as farmers, unable to pay their mortgages, gave them to the banks and moved further west. It directly aided in large migration to Texas. Led to shut down of manufacturing interests all over the country, large amounts of unemployment. Van Buren and Jackson would be blamed for the Panic of 1837 The Panic would linger until after the Presidential election of 1840. It proved to be more than Martin Van Buren was able to overcome, and he was defeated. First Whig President elected in 1840, William Henry Harrison, the hero of The Battle of Prophetstown. Louisiana Purchase Napoleon desired to turn Louisiana into the breadbasket for the French armies He arranged the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France Worried about the possibility of France not honoring Pickney’s Treaty, Jefferson dispatched a commission to Paris to purchase New Orleans from France By the time they arrived, Napoleon had changed his mind and offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States for $15,000,000 Jefferson, a strict constructionist, did not believe the president had the power to execute such a purchase without congressional authority Congress was not in session at the time Jefferson was concerned that because of Napoleon's quixotic personality, he (Jefferson) could not wait for Congress o come into session to get their approval for the purchase Jefferson told his commissioners to return to Paris and sign the purchase contract, quickly, at a price of roughly $18 per square mile Kansas- Nebraska Act Passed Kansas and Nebraska territories were organized out of the Indian Territories north of present Oklahoma. Southerners objected unless slavery permitted in the territories. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois proposed popular sovereignty be used to decide.  This effectively ended the limitation on the expansion of slavery into the northern portions of the Louisiana Purchase. Despite the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850, slavery was being used in New Mexico, openly in the Mesilla Valley and in the form of Indian Indentured Servitude in the northern portion of the territory. The debate over Kansas was the final issue that split the Whig Party. Northern Whigs joined with Free Soilers and others to form the Republican Party; Southern Whigs had no choice but to join with the Democrat Party. Violence broke out in Kansas between Free Soilers and supporters of slavery. Ultimately Kansas was not admitted until 1861 after the Civil War had started. Compromise of 1850 In 1850, California requested to enter the Union as a Free State. Many Southerners objected because it would disrupt the balance in the Senate, confirming what many already feared, that the North was gaining dominance in the national government. Some Southerners went so far as to threaten to secede from the Union if California admitted. Several proposals put forward, none were practical. Henry Clay put together his final compromise, the Compromise of 1850. 1. California is admitted as a free state. 2. Fugitive Slave Law passed by the Congress. 3. Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C. 4. Utah and New Mexico organized as territories. 5. Popular sovereignty to decide the question of slavery in every territory. 6. Texas – New Mexico boundary established. Nat Turner’s Rebellion Summer, 1831, Southampton, Virginia. Turner was a charismatic, literate slave preacher who led an uprising in Southampton County. Killed at least fifty-one whites. Turner remained free for two months before being captured and executed. Democrat Party Made up of former Republicans, immigrants, farmers and urban labor, the common fold. Jeffersonian philosophy oriented toward state authority. Opposed to monopoly, especially the Bank of the United States. Whig Party Made up of former Federalists, former National Republicans, Upper class merchants, and Southern Planters who distrusted Jackson’s focus on the lower classes. Little faith in the common man. Favored strong national government, internal improvements and the Bank of the United States.  Leadership of the Whig Party-Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster Presidential Candidates- Henry Clay, 1832 (National Republican) and William Henry Harrison, 1836 & 1840 The Whigs Take Power - Finally found a successful approach to election. 1. Nominate a military hero – William Henry Harrison, the hero of the Battle of Prophetstown. 2. Don’t write a platform for him to run on. 3. Adopt Democratic style of campaigning, rallies, and denigrate opponents. 4. Accused Martin Van Buren of being an effete snob (Van Buren still wore knee britches when everyone else was switching to trousers. He also had a weakness for lace ruffles and cravats) 5. Nominated John Tyler, a former Democrat to be Vice-President. 6. Harrison was sworn in March 4, 1841, fell ill and died on April 4, 1841. 7. Tyler was sworn in as president, known as “His Accidency.” Whigs never intended for him to be president. 8. The Jackson era comes to an end. Election of 1856 Democrats nominated James Buchanan, former Secretary of State, who was Ambassador to Great Britain at the time of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the outbreak of violence in the territory. Republicans nominated John C. Fremont of California, illegitimate grandson of a Virginia planter, but staunch Abolitionist. Know Nothing Party, after pursuing Senator Sam Houston as a potential candidate, nominated former President Millard Fillmore. Fillmore managed to carry Maryland, but had no effect on the outcome of the election. Buchanan won the election. Fremont only won votes in the north, a harbinger of what was to come. The Confederate States of America (claimed) Both sides thought the war would end quickly after the first battle. Both sides were wrong. The American Civil War would last for four years (1861 – 1865), and over 600,000 Americans would lose their lives, more than all other American wars combined. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, the Upper South, all seceded and joined the Confederacy. Kentucky declared neutrality, but Confederate troops marched in and forced Kentucky to join the Confederacy. By February 1861, Mississippi, Texas, Georgia, Louisiana, Florida, and Alabama would also secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The original members of the Confederacy had an economy largely based on agriculture, especially cotton and was dedicated to the concepts of slavery and white supremacy. In the words of Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of  America in his cornerstone speech at Fordham University March 21, 1861, the ideology was based “upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition.” Robert E. Lee On April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia effectively ending the Civil War. Grant accepted Robert E. Lee’s surrender on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the war. Grant would spend the next thirteen months dueling with Robert E. Lee in what is referred to as the Overland, both sides suffering extremely high casualties. After victories in Virginia, Robert E. Lee drove north through the Shenandoah Valley into Pennsylvania with two objectives: 1. Obtain supplies. 2. Encircle Washington DC Andrew Johnson On April 2, 1866, President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation stating that the “insurrection was over” in every state of the South except one, Texas. However, Lincoln was assassinated April 14, 1865, died April 15, and Andrew Johnson became President of the United States. Prior to becoming President: - Not a member of the Southern Aristocracy. - Married into the Aristocracy. - Became an attorney and part of the Jackson political machine in Tennessee. - Served in Congress, as Governor, then the Senate from Tennessee. Appointed military governor by Lincoln. Johnson granted pardons to many Southerners which permitted the re-establishment of “loyal” governments Southern voters created new state constitutions that prohibited slavery but granted no rights to Freedmen New state governments established which were primarily made of the individuals who governed before the war New southern legislatures moved to restore slavery except in name only. Black codes passed in every Southern state to regulate the lives of former slaves. Despite this, President Johnson declared Reconstruction over in December 1865. - Southern State Governments State Constitutions abolished slavery. In every state which had been part of the Confederacy, “Black Codes” were passed to restrict the movement of, and control the lives of, Freedmen. Forced them into agriculture to earn a living.  - Congressional Opposition to Johnson’s Program Radical Republicans rejected Johnson’s leadership and thought he was not a legitimate president. Thought Johnson’s plan failed to punish the South for the Civil War. Too many former Confederates in State Governments. No place for Freedmen in Southern society. William Tecumseh Sherman When Grant went east, command of the Union Army in the west fell to his lieutenant, William Tecumseh Sherman. While Grant dueled with Lee, Sherman captured Atlanta, then marched to the sea.. Grant accepted Robert E. Lee’s surrender on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the war. Subsequently Sherman would accept surrenders of Confederate units in Georgia, the Carolinas, and Florida. Winfield Scott Winfield Scott ordered Mexico City from the South. 1. Vera Cruz 2. Cerro Gordo, and Puebla Polk had been worried that Zachary Taylor might be a Whig opponent in the Presidential Election of 1848, so he ordered Taylor to stand down after the Battle of Buena Vista. Most of Taylor’s troops were transferred to Winfield Scott’s command, another potential Whig candidate. John C. Fremont John C. Fremont led an expedition of exploration into California, complete with a howitzer cannon. Stephen F. Austin Moses Austin received an Empresario grant to settle Americans in Texas from the Spanish government in Mexico City. Subsequent to his death, a grant was given to his son Stephen F. Austin. Spanish, then Mexican, government looking for buffer colonies to retard the raids of both the Comanche and the Nortenos, primarily Wichita (Tawakoni, Tovaya, and Yscani). Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic, despite telling Stephen F. Austin was not going to run for the office. Expansionist Politics in the United States Whigs won their first presidential election in 1840 with a ticket of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. Harrison died 30 days after entering office and was replaced by Tyler, a former Democrat. Tyler was an expansionist who wanted to incorporate Texas into the United States. Whigs rejected Tyler in 1844 and nominated Henry Clay (again). Democrats nominated James K. Polk, an expansionist like Tyler. Tyler, unable to get a treaty bringing Texas into the Union through the Senate, settled on a Congressional resolution. Texas accepted, but Polk was in office before Texas entered the Union. Polk was a strong president, supported Jacksonian political ideas, lowered the tariff, halted spending on internal improvements, and was an ardent expansionist. He continued Tyler’s incorporation of Texas. The Anti-Slavery Society Splits Created by William Lloyd Garrison Prominent members of the American Anti-Slavery Society included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lydia Marie Childs, Maria Weston Chapman, along with numerous ministers. Many Congregational Ministers objected to women not only working on the Board of Directors, but also speaking at the Conventions of the Society. In 1840 a number of Congregational Ministers bolted using the excuse of the presence of women, and formed their own organization, the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The held their first meeting in London, where several American women, notably Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott were not only prohibited from speaking, they also were excluded from the hall. The new organization proved more amenable to working with the existing political system. Northwest Territory Slavery was made illegal in the Northwest Territory in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Great Britain still had military in the American Northwest Territory Great Britain continued to support the Native American tribe in the Northwest Territory Great Britain did not permit Americans to fish the Grand Banks  the British were not only remaining in the Northwest Territory, they also were encouraging the Native American tribes to take action against the settlers making their way into the territory The Northwest Territory doubled the size of the United States, and establishing it as free of slavery proved to be of tremendous importance in the following decades. It encompassed what became Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota. Command of the Army Act Prohibited the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general of the army, who could not be relieved or reassigned without the consent of the Senate. The Battle of Glorieta Pass Confederate troops under Henry H. Sibley, primarily from Texas, were defeated by Union forces under John H. Chivington, at the Battle of Glorieta Pass in northern New Mexico, March 26 – 28, 1862; The Battle of Palmito Ranch The Battle of Palmito Ranch in Texas is significant because it was the last land engagement in the American Civil War. Both Union and Confederate commanders were aware that Confederate General Robert E. Lee had surrendered, so it is not known why Union forces continued to attack after the war had ended. 15th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 14th Amendment No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 13th Amendment  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Harper’s Ferry Harpers Ferry witnessed the first successful application of interchangeable manufacture, the arrival of the first successful American railroad, John Brown's attack on slavery, the largest surrender of Federal troops during the Civil War, and the education of formerly enslaved people in one of the earliest integrated schools in the United States. Short Staple Cotton Short staple fibers produce a cotton that is great for basic, everyday use. The most common short staple cotton is known as Upland cotton. Upland is primarily used to make denim jeans and flannel clothing thanks to its soft, strong, and low maintenance fibers. Winfield Scott Winfield Scott was a hero of the Mexican War (1846–1848), the last Whig Party candidate for U.S. president, and commanding general of the United States Army at the start of the American Civil War (1861–1865). Henry Hopkins Sibley Henry Hopkins Sibley (May 25, 1816 – August 23, 1886) was a career officer in the United States Army, who commanded a Confederate cavalry brigade in the Civil War. Eli Whitney Invented cotton gin Salmon P. Chase Chase's most celebrated involvement in Reconstruction was his role as presiding officer in the Senate impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson. Angering Senate radicals who hoped to turn the event into a political contest, Chase ruled that the trial had to be conducted as a formal judicial proceeding. Edwin Stanton Stanton was known for his tenacity and antislavery political views.