Final Exam Study Guide (Chapters 1-14) PDF

**[Chapter 1]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. **[Chapter 2]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. **[Chapter 3.1-3.3]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. **[Chapter 3.4]** 1. 2. 3. **[Chapter 4.1]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. **[Chapter 5]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7....

**[Chapter 1]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. **[Chapter 2]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. **[Chapter 3.1-3.3]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. **[Chapter 3.4]** 1. 2. 3. **[Chapter 4.1]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. **[Chapter 5]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. **[Chapter 6]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. **[From chapter 7 to chapter 13, these are the study guides we have already used.]** **[Be sure to review them because I have removed some bullet points from the original study guides.]** **[Chapter 7]** **[7.1]** · Know the primary organs of the skeletal system. · Know the two types of bone connective tissue and what percentage each contributes to total bone mass. · Describe the different areas in the body that have hyaline cartilage · Know where fibrocartilage can be found in the body **[7.2]** · Describe the tissues/organs protected by the skeletal system from the PowerPoint slide · Define hematopoiesis and where it occurs · Know what two minerals are stored in the skeletal system · Describe how short, flat, and irregular bones are different from long bones · Know the four different cell types in bone connective tissue **[7.4]** · Order the four steps of intramembranous ossification **[7.5]** · Know the five zones associated with interstitial growth · Know what cells bone remodeling is dependent on **[7.6]** · Describe the order and molecules involved in the activation of vitamin D to calcitriol **[7.7]** · Define osteoporosis **[Chapter 8 - Review the quizlet terms.]** **[9.1]** · Define joints, arthrology · Describe the three structural types of joints in the human body · Describe the three functional types of joints in the human body **[9.2]** · Describe mobility of fibrous joints · Describe the three types of fibrous joints **[9.3]** · Describe composition and mobility of cartilaginous joints · Describe mobility and classification of synchondroses · Describe functions of a symphysis (hint: shock absorber) **[9.4]** · Describe and give examples of synovial joints · List the components in an articular capsule (outer/inner layer) · List the functions of synovial fluid · Define ligaments/tendons · Describe uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints · Describe and give an example of the ball and socket joint **[9.7]** · Describe the range of motion and stability of the glenohumeral joint · Describe the type of joint and stability found in the elbow joint · What joint is the largest and most complex? · Describe the functions of the ACL and PCL **[9.8]** · When does joint development start? · Define arthritis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis **[10.1]** · List the functions of skeletal muscle · List the characteristics of skeletal muscle **[10.2]** · Describe the length of muscle cells within a skeletal muscle fiber · Define myofibers · Define fascicle · Describe the composition and location of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium · Describe the composition of tendons · Is skeletal muscle vascularized? · Is skeletal muscle innervated? By what? · What is the junction between the axon and muscle fiber? · Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? · List the two types of filaments found in myofibril bundles · What structure delineates a sarcomere? · Define striations · List the parts of the neuromuscular junction · Define resting membrane potential and how it is established. **[10.3]** · In step 1a, what triggers calcium channels to open · In step 1b, describe what happens when calcium ions bind to synaptic vesicles... what is released? · In step 1c, what causes the excitation of a muscle fiber · In step 2a, define an end-plate potential (use the last bullet point on slide 57) · In step 2b, define depolarization and repolarization · In step 3a, describe how calcium binding to globular troponin allows for the binding sites of actin to be exposed · In step 3c, define power stroke · In steps 3d and 3e how is the myosin head released and reset (hint: it has to do with ATP) · Myofilaments do not shorten, they slide past each other. What is this called? (hint: the word "theory" should be in your answer) · What enzyme breaks down ACh? **[10.7]** · Define isometric contraction · Define isotonic contraction · Define muscle fatigue **[Chapter 11 - Review quizlet terms.]** **[12.1]** · List the components of the nervous system · List the primary tissue of the nervous system · What functions do neurons accomplish? (slide 3) · List the two functional divisions of the nervous system · Describe the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium · Define ganglion · List the two types of cells that compose nervous tissue · Describe dendrites and axon **[12.2]** · Define anterograde transport · Define retrograde transport · Describe the functional classes of neurons **[12.3]** · List the two types of synapses · Define presynaptic neuron · Define postsynaptic neuron **[12.4]** · Define glial cells/ their function · List the four types of glial cells · Which type of glial cells are the immune cells of the nervous system? · Know what glial cell work with blood capillaries to form the choroid plexus · Define myelination, which glial cells go through process of myelination **[12.6]** · Define pumps and channels **[12.7]** · Name the components of the receptive, initial, conductive, and transmissive segment · Most important ion (factor) in setting RMP **[12.9]** · How does the diameter of an axon affect nerve signal velocity? · How does myelination affect nerve signal velocity? **[13.1]** · List the four major regions of the brain · Define gyri · Define sulci · Define fissure **[13.2]** · List the structures that protect the brain · List the 3 cranial meninges · List the four ventricles · Describe the functions of the blood-brain barrier (slide 23) **[13.3]** · Describe the function of the corpus callosum · Describe the function of the primary motor cortex **[13.4]** · List the gland found in the epithalamus · List the seven functions of the hypothalamus **[13.5]** · What component of the midbrain houses neurons that produce dopamine? · List the two nerves that has nuclei housed in the cerebral aqueduct **[13.6]** · Describe the function of the superior, middle, and inferior peduncles **[13.7]** · Describe the functions of the olfactory bulbs, tracts, and cortex · Describe the types of studies done using an electroencephalogram (EEG) **[13.8]** · Describe non-REM sleep · Describe REM sleep · Describe insomnia · Describe the Wernicke area **[14.1]** · List the four continuous subdivisions of the spinal cord (slide 5) · Describe the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements (slide 6) **[14.2]** · Where is the spinal cord housed? (slide 14) · Be able to order the spinal cord meninges (slide 15) · What is the dura mater composed of? What spaces are associated with it? (slide 18) **[14.3]** · Describe the gray commissure (what it connects, what type of axons are present) (slide 29) · Describe the composition and function of white matter (slide 30) **[14.4]** · What is a conduction pathway? (slide 31) · Distinguish between sensory (ascending) and motor (descending pathways) (slide 32) · Function of the medial lemniscal pathway (slide 37) **[14.5]** · List the nerve plexuses in the body (slide 44) **[14.6]** · Identify an innate or acquired reflex (slide 53)