PACS 101 Exam Review PDF

Week 2 what is peace? What is peace not? Violence ▪ harm or degradation: violates the integrity of a living being or system ▪ an injurious and damaging act or condition Direct, structural, and cultural violence defined Direct Violence There is a clear actor and a victim The action that causes...

Week 2 what is peace? What is peace not? Violence ▪ harm or degradation: violates the integrity of a living being or system ▪ an injurious and damaging act or condition Direct, structural, and cultural violence defined Direct Violence There is a clear actor and a victim The action that causes harm is obvious -​ WAR, GENOCIDE, ETHICH CLEANSING, MURDER, RAPE Structural Violence Harm caused by social systems Indirect and impersonal Systemic Violence ▪ Similar to Structural Violence ▪ Systemic refers to the larger global systems and the to institutional practices or procedures that adversely affect groups or individuals– examples include governance, economic, military, etc. Cultural Violence Beliefs and attitudes that justify, affirm or encourage direct or structural violence Macro level collective violence ​ Large formal and informal groups physically harm other large groups and individuals ​ Wars, revolutions, insurrections, rebellions ​ A frequent topic of Western history, epics, and patriotic celebrations ​ Meso level collective violence ​ Mid-sized groups physically harm other mid-sized groups and individuals ​ Ethnic, sectarian, and gang violence; small-scale police and military actions ​ The most common type of new collective violence since the end of the Cold War ​ Micro level interpersonal violence ​ Individuals or small groups physically harm others ​ Fights, murders, intimate partner violence, rapes ​ Often exaggerated and sensationalized in fiction, films, and news media ​ Micro level intrapersonal violence ​ Individuals physically injure themselves ​ Substance abuse, bulimia, self-mutilation, suicide ​ Victims are sometimes also victims of other forms of violence Positive and negative peace Negative Peace The absence of direct violence “This situation is better than violence, but it is not fully peaceful” (Galtung in Webel and Johansen, 2012, p 75) Positive Peace Presence of conditions that favour human well-being Root causes of destructive conflict have been addressed -​ Remember violence can be inflicted psychologically, mentally, culturally, economically, spiritually, or physically. Guernica by Picasso Guernica, created by Pablo Picasso in 1937, is a powerful anti-war painting that depicts the chaos and suffering caused by the bombing of the town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. Through its monochromatic palette and fragmented figures of humans and animals, it symbolizes the horrors of violence and stands as a universal plea for peace Week 3 The many and varied roles of social identity Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989) Intersectionality Framework for understanding how various social and political identities intersect to create unique combinators of discrimination and privilege Key factors -​ Gender -​ Caste -​ Sex -​ Race -​ Ethnicity -​ Class -​ Sexuality -​ Religion -​ Disability Interlocking systems of power affect those who are most marginalized in society Maslow - hierarchy (support of an essay question) Basic needs -​ Biological & Physiological -​ Food, sleep, water -​ Safety -​ Security, health, finances Psychological needs -​ Love/belonging -​ Friendship, intimacy, family, connections -​ Esteem -​ Respect, status, recognition, strength, self-esteem Self-fulfillment needs -​ Self-actualization -​ Full potential in life MASLOW + CRENSHAW Complexity of needs Contextual Barriers Relative Importance of Needs Self-Actualization and Identity Safety and Esteem Social Belonging Physiological needs EVERYTHING IS DYNAMIC Week 4 principles and values of making peace What is value? -​ Core values are the beliefs you hold about what is most important in your life. -​ Core values serve as guiding principles that people or organizations abide by and act upon. -​ Values provide guidance for decision-making and behavior, especially when faced with ethical dilemmas or challenging situations. They help determine what actions to take or priorities to focus on. How do they work with peacebuilding? Create a shared foundation for understanding one another Motivate us to do ‘peace’ work Address root causes of conflict Build trust and relationships Promote social cohesion Provide legitimacy Why is each factor a peace-building factor? PACS 101: Peace Values Charter (exam: explain each value) -​ Empathy/Humility: Understanding others without arrogance. -​ Open-mindedness/Inclusivity: Welcoming diverse, equitable perspectives. -​ Solidarity: Mutual support for justice. -​ Respect: Dignity and fair treatment. -​ Non-violence: Rejecting harm, promoting peace. -​ Self-awareness: Reflecting on personal biases. Week 5 learning and unlearning: truth and reconciliation in the Canadian context? -​ Readings The Haldimand Tract: The Haldimand Tract is a land area in southern Ontario originally granted to the Six Nations of the Iroquois by the British Crown in 1784, intended as compensation for their support during the American Revolution. Over time, much of this land was taken through unfair treaties, land surrenders, and governmental policies, leading to economic and cultural losses for the Six Nations. The ongoing land dispute surrounding the Haldimand Tract remains a significant issue in reconciliation efforts between the Six Nations and the Canadian government. 94 Calls to Action: The 94 Calls to Action were issued by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2015 to address the legacy of residential schools and their impact on Indigenous peoples. These calls span a range of sectors, including education, child welfare, and justice, and aim to promote healing, redress historical wrongs, and ensure equality for Indigenous peoples. They call for concrete steps from both the Canadian government and broader society to foster reconciliation and build stronger relationships with Indigenous communities. Week 6 Building Relationships in the shadows of violence Conflict resolution v. conflict transformation Conflict resolution -​ Resolve -​ Manage -​ Transform Resolution – implies ending conflict Management – reducing the destructiveness of conflict Transformation – moving from destructive conflict to creative conflict CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION  -​ Personal -​ Relational -​ Structural -​ Cultural To Envision and Respond Ebb and Flow Life-Giving Opportunities Constructive Change Processes Reduce Violence and Increase Justice Direct Interaction and Social Structures Human Relationships Conflict resolution -​ Content-based -​ Ending something not desired conflict transformation -​ Relationship-based -​ End something destructive and make it into something desirable Contact hypothesis (Gordon Allport) (Know 4 conditions) Gordon Allport and the reduction of prejudice -​ Four Conditions – equal statuts, cooperation, common goals, institutional support of contact Week 7 Analyzing conflict Flim: my so-called enemy -​ This documentary follows six teenage girls—Palestinian and Israeli—who come together at a peace-building camp in the United States. -​ Through dialogue, the young women confront their deeply rooted differences, including opposing views on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. -​ The film highlights how personal interactions and empathy can build bridges, even amidst entrenched political and cultural divides. -​ Central themes include identity, the challenge of sustaining relationships across divides, and the complexities of resolving conflicts rooted in systemic inequalities. Key Takeaways: -​ The importance of interpersonal relationships in conflict resolution. -​ The challenge of balancing personal identity with the desire for peace. -​ Insights into how systemic issues and political divisions shape individual lives. Fiona li (map the system) -​ Fiona Li's work in the Map the System project emphasizes understanding the systemic roots of social issues. -​ This approach involves analyzing interconnections between stakeholders, institutions, and cultural narratives to identify leverage points for change. -​ Her methodology aligns with conflict analysis by recognizing that conflicts often stem from overlapping systemic and structural factors. Relevance to Conflict Analysis: -​ The film and Fiona Li's work both stress the interconnectedness of individual experiences and larger systemic dynamics. -​ Mapping conflicts requires understanding personal and collective perspectives to uncover root causes and explore possibilities for transformation. Types of Conflict -​ Intrapersonal: Within oneself. -​ Interpersonal: Between individuals. -​ Intragroup Within a group​ -​ Intergroup: Between groups. -​ Intrastate: within nations -​ Interstate: between nations. Week 8 conflict transformation Web approach The Web Approach to conflict transformation addresses increasing societal divisions by weaving a network of relationships that can withstand the pressures of conflict without collapsing into violence. This strategy emphasizes creating and strengthening connections between key actors across societal divides, fostering resilience and reducing polarization. Key Actors Individuals or organizations that have ties across enemy lines or different societal levels (e.g., grassroots, government, elites). Examples include Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), which connect opposing groups by working on shared goals. Strengthening Connections Focus on enhancing existing relationships and establishing new, constructive links between actors. These relationships create a web that supports collaboration and understanding. Strategic Involvement Peacebuilders reflect on their own roles and contributions within the web. Using professional or personal capacities, they foster dialogue and collaboration across conflict divides. Application in Divided Societies By identifying and empowering actors with bridging capacities, the Web Approach helps prevent total societal breakdown into violence. The strategy can adapt to both physical and digital spaces, leveraging technology to build virtual bridges and extend the social fabric of peace. Why It Matters This approach not only addresses the immediate tensions but also builds the infrastructure for long-term peace. It demonstrates that conflict transformation requires collaborative efforts that align diverse interests, creating a network capable of absorbing and adapting to pressures. Week 9 Human Rights and Justice JUSTICE Justice is a fundamental concept that underpins the ethical and legal foundations of society. At its core, justice refers to the fair and equitable treatment of individuals, ensuring that people receive what they deserve based on their actions and circumstances KEY ASPECTS Fairness and Impartiality: Justice demands that individuals be treated without bias or favoritism. This principle applies to legal proceedings, social interactions, and the distribution of resources within a society Equality: While recognizing that people may have different needs and circumstances, justice strives to provide equal opportunities and rights to all members of society Rule of Law: Justice is closely tied to the legal system, which aims to establish and enforce rules that protect individual rights and maintain social order Moral Righteousness: Beyond legal frameworks, justice encompasses ethical conduct and the pursuit of what is morally right. It often involves altruistic behaviour and working towards the betterment of society Types of justice -​ Criminal Justice: Punitive focus. -​ Social Justice: Equity and systemic change. -​ Restorative Justice: Healing and relationship restoration, prioritizing fairness over punishment. What is restorative justice? Restorative justice is an approach to justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by wrongdoing or conflict by involving all stakeholders—offenders, victims, and the community. Instead of emphasizing punishment, it prioritizes accountability, healing, and restoring relationships. Rawls - the veil of ignorance -​ Would u wanna be born into the society you're born into knowing what you know now? Encourages designing just societies by imagining roles without personal bias. What are the universal declaration of human rights The purpose The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a foundational document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It outlines 30 articles detailing fundamental rights and freedoms universally applicable to all individuals, regardless of race, religion, gender, nationality, or status. Human rights A set of fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status equality, fairness, dignity, and respect Week 9 Peace Ecology Guest speaker: Ken Ogasawara (MCC) Ken Ogasawara underscored the need for empathy, collaboration, and systemic change in tackling global issues. His emphasis on interconnectivity challenges us to consider how our actions contribute to peace or conflict in a deeply interconnected world. The presentation reinforced the importance of small, community-focused initiatives in creating broader societal impacts. Scarcity (deprivation) Definition: Scarcity refers to the limited availability of resources (such as food, water, shelter, or energy) that are essential for survival and well-being. When individuals or communities lack access to these resources, it can lead to deprivation, competition, and often conflict. Interconnectivity Definition: Interconnectivity highlights how individuals, communities, systems, and the environment are deeply interconnected and interdependent. Actions or changes in one area can have ripple effects across the broader system. What is slow violence? (Rob Nixon) Environmental and systemic harms that occur gradually, often ignored due to their invisibility. Week 10 Nonviolent Action achieving without harm... things that are normally thought to be attainable only through violence” Active refusal to use or submit to violence in the pursuit of social change What is nonviolent action A powerful set of principles and practices that has changed the course of world history for the better. NONVIOLENCE THEORY Reasons to Study Nonviolence: A. It’s cool. B. It’s interesting. C. It’s important. D. It’s empowering. E. It’s more human. Difference between pragmatic and principled nonviolence? Pragmatic Nonviolence: Strategic and situational;expanding the options for facing conflict. Principled Nonviolence: Ethical commitment; Refusing to harm or dehumanize THREE KEY IDEAS IN NONVIOLENCE THEORY 1. Consent theory of power (earlier slide, Part I) Government is ultimately based on consent/obedience By withdrawing consent, the people can reclaim their power 2. Harmony of means and ends -​ The means may be likened to a seed, the end to a tree; and there is just the same inviolable connection between the means and ends as there is between seed and tree.” --Gandhi 3. Moral Jiu-Jitsu Asserting one’s moral or political claims without violence Letting the means chosen by adversaries undermine itself (means = message) Unanswered aggression backfires... -​ opens minds -​ damages adversary’s llegitimacy Week 11 Art and Peace how can arts be used in peacebuilding Art fosters dialogue, understanding, and healing. It can memorialize conflicts, challenge oppressive narratives, and inspire social change. Peacebuilding and the arts use art as a warning, a symbol of peace, and a way to capture its complexity. Violent conflicts carry a certain emotional and historical weight that can be expressed through art. These components come together to produce a powerful reminder about the devastation that can result from conflict. In addition to honouring loss, the artwork acts as an eternal message of the need for awareness against the recurrence of such tragedies. It challenges people to consider the circumstances that give rise to such brutality critically. Pieces have profound meaning because they represent hope, resiliency, and the ability of people to transcend war in addition to serving as reminders of historical brutality. Through this process of change, people can recover destructive tools and turn them into symbols that encourage communication, peacemaking, and fresh starts. Art depicts the subtleties and challenges of peace-building, which is rarely a simple or widely accepted process. Art acknowledges that development frequently entails hesitant, flawed steps and enables spectators to interact with the relational and emotional aspects of peace. Instead of offering easy solutions, pieces push viewers to consider the difficulties of mending and to envision a time when communication can triumph over conflict. Roles BREAKING DOWN BARRIERS EMOTIONAL ENGAGEMENT & HEALING STORYTELLING & GIVING VOICE FACILITATING DIALOGUE PROMOTING UNDERSTANDING & EMPATHY CREATING SPACES FOR REFLECTION ADDRESSING TRAUMA FOSTERING CREATIVITY IN PEACEBUILDING RESISTANCE & DEFIANCE Week 12 Pride movie overview Pride (2014) is a British comedy-drama based on true events during the 1984-1985 UK miners' strike, where a group of LGBTQ+ activists form the "Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners" (LGSM) to raise funds for striking miners. Initially met with skepticism, the activists build an unlikely bond with a Welsh mining community. The film explores themes of solidarity, prejudice, and the power of unity in the face of systemic oppression. It showcases how people from different backgrounds can come together to support each other's struggles for justice. Contact Theory (Gordon Allport) ​ States that interpersonal contact under appropriate conditions can reduce prejudice and improve relationships between conflicting groups. ​ Four key conditions for effective conflict reduction: 1.​ Equal Status: Participants must perceive each other as equals. 2.​ Common Goals: Cooperation toward shared objectives fosters mutual respect. 3.​ Intergroup Cooperation: Encourages collaboration rather than competition. 4.​ Support of Authorities or Institutions: External validation ensures legitimacy. Shared Authority ​ Refers to decision-making processes where all parties have an equal say. ​ Essential for fostering trust, mutual respect, and sustainable solutions in conflict situations. Equal Status ​ Ensures that no group holds a dominant or inferior role in interactions. ​ Critical for reducing power imbalances and fostering genuine dialogue. Maple Syrup (Simpson) ​ Likely references Leanne Betasamosake Simpson's exploration of Indigenous traditions, identity, and resistance through the metaphor of maple syrup as a symbol of sustainability and cultural vitality. Borders (Thomas King) ​ A story by Thomas King that explores themes of identity, pride, and belonging through the lens of a mother and son crossing a border. ​ The mother insists on identifying as Blackfoot rather than aligning with imposed national identities, symbolizing resilience against systemic categorization. What Would You Wear at a Cocktail Party? ​ This is possibly a reflective or symbolic question about identity, presentation, and the roles individuals assume in social contexts. ​ Could also explore how outward appearances reflect internal beliefs, values, or group affiliations. RESOURCE- BASED CONFLICT Scarcity Abundance Inequality Motive