Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

Exam 3 Study Guide NOTE: This study guide is meant to refresh your memory about the topics we covered in class and how they relate. It is not a promise that every question on the exam will come from a topic listed below. Don’t ignore the book or any videos or emipirical readings we might have had t...

Exam 3 Study Guide NOTE: This study guide is meant to refresh your memory about the topics we covered in class and how they relate. It is not a promise that every question on the exam will come from a topic listed below. Don’t ignore the book or any videos or emipirical readings we might have had this unit. I. Prejudice Definitions  Stereotype  Prejudice  Discrimination Origins of Prejudice  Social Learning Theory  Realistic Conflict Theory  Social Identity Theory o Social categorizing – ingroups vs. outgroups o Outgroup homogeneity effect o Ultimate attribution error o Minimal Groups Paradigm Self Fulfilling Prophesy  Role in maintaining prejudice  Word, Zanna & Cooper study Stereotype Threat  Understanding what it is and why it happens  Original Steele & Aronson study  Potential for positive and negative impact on behavior Reducing Prejudice  Contact Hypothesis  Recategorization  Self-discrepancy theory Be able to explain:  Differences in definitions of key terms  How tendency to categorize can lead to discrimination  Necessary conditions for contact hypothesis to work II. Groups Definition of Group  How groups differ  Why we choose to join groups Social Facilitation  How it impacts task performance o Easy/Well practiced vs. Difficult/Newer Tasks  Theories of Social Facilitation o Zajonc – drive theory o Cottrell – evaluation apprehension o Baron & Sanders – distraction conflict Five categories of tasks  Definition/example of each  How a group should perform on each type Social Loafing  Definition and how it impacts group productivity  When social compensation might occur  How to reduce it  Its relationship to social facilitation Brainstorming  Reason for it/ Ground rules  Effectiveness Group Decision Making Problems  Process Loss o Failure to share information (Jack & Jill exercise) o Group Polarization o Groupthink  Antecedents  Symptoms  Ways to prevent Be able to explain:  Pros and Cons of group work III. Prosocial Behavior Altruistic vs. Prosocial behavior  Definition/example of each Latane and Darley’s 4 Steps to Decision to help  Help Needed? o Evaluation apprehension o Pluralistic ignorance  Responsibility o Bystander effect o Diffusion of responsibility  Knowledge  Costs vs. Benefits o Social exchange theory Whom do we help  Attractive  Similar  Sympathy o Blaming victim o Belief in a Just World Theories of Prosocial Behavior  Empathy altruism  Negative state relief  Empathic Joy  Genetic determinism How to increase helping Be able to explain:  How a strong “belief in a just world” would decrease helping  Various reasons someone might not help another IV. Aggressive Behavior Types of Aggression  Prosocial  Antisocial  Sanctioned  Instrumental  Hostile Theories of Aggression  Instinct  Negative affect o Excitation transfer  Drive o Frustration-aggression hypothesis  Original and revised o Common causes of frustration  Social Learning Theory o Reinforcement o Modeling – Bandura & bobo dolls Gender & Aggression  Relational  Overt Alcohol & Aggression  Deindividuation  Reduced inhibitions  Difficulty in perceiving intent Sexual Aggression  Pornography – erotica vs pornography  Sexual scripts o Rape myth & date rape  Jealousy Media & Aggression  Correlational, experimental & longitudinal evidence of relation  Three paths to aggression o Cognitive – aggressive thoughts and schemas activated o Affective – increased arousal o Behavior  Violent video games – less passive role might mean larger impact Preventing Aggressive Behavior  Social modeling  Reduce exposure to violence  Social skills training  Appropriate punishment  Diffuse frustration with apologies  Teaching empathy Be able to explain:  Support for different theories of aggression  How the media has reacted to reports of media violence/aggressive behavior relationship