Biology Exam 2 PDF

Grantia Grantia is a type of sponge. Under a microscope, you can identify it by its tubular shape and the presence of spicules. **Main structures and functions:** - - Hydra Hydra is a freshwater cnidarian. Under a microscope, it appears as a tubular structure with tentacles. **Main struct...

Grantia Grantia is a type of sponge. Under a microscope, you can identify it by its tubular shape and the presence of spicules. **Main structures and functions:** - - Hydra Hydra is a freshwater cnidarian. Under a microscope, it appears as a tubular structure with tentacles. **Main structures and functions:** - - Sea Anemone Sea anemones are marine, predatory animals. They have a columnar body with a crown of tentacles. Aurelia Ephyra Under a microscope, the ephyra stage of Aurelia (a type of jellyfish) appears as small, free-swimming organisms with a star-like shape. Cnidarians Body Forms Cnidarians have two basic body forms: - - Planarian Planarians are flatworms. Under a microscope, they appear as elongated flat organisms with a triangular head. **Main structures and functions:** - - - Taenia pisiformis This is a type of tapeworm. Under a microscope, it appears as a long, flat worm with a distinct head (scolex) and multiple body segments (proglottids). **Main structures and functions:** - - - - Roundworms - - - - Bottom of Form Earthworms: External Structures and Functions 1. **Prostomium**: This is the first body segment in an earthworm. It acts as a covering for the mouth and is used to sense the environment. 2. **Setae**: These are small bristles present on each segment of the earthworm\'s body. They provide grip and help in locomotion. 3. **Clitellum**: This is a thick, saddle-like ring on the body of mature worms. It plays a crucial role in reproduction by secreting a cocoon for the eggs. Earthworms: Internal Structures and Functions 1. **Intestines**: This is where the digestion of food takes place. Nutrients from the food are absorbed into the bloodstream here. 2. **Gizzard**: This is a small, muscular organ that grinds up food particles. 3. **Crop**: This is a storage area for food. It\'s where food goes after being swallowed and before it reaches the gizzard. 4. **Seminal Vesicles**: These store the worm\'s own sperm until it\'s time to mate. 5. **Typhosole**: This is a fold in the intestine that increases the surface area for digestion. Sea Stars: External Structures and Functions 1. **Madreporite**: This is a small, sieve-like structure on the top of the sea star. It acts as a water filter and the entrance to the water vascular system. 2. **Entrance to Water Vascular System**: This is where water enters the sea star\'s body to aid in locomotion, feeding, and respiration. 3. **Spine**: These are small, hard structures that provide protection. 4. **Skin Gills**: These are small, tube-like structures that stick out from the sea star\'s skin. They help with respiration and waste removal. 5. **Eyespot**: Located at the end of each arm, these allow the sea star to sense light and dark. Sea Stars: Internal Structures and Functions 1. **Ossicle**: These are small, calcified elements that make up the sea star\'s endoskeleton. 2. **Skeleton**: This provides structure and protection to the sea star. 3. **Digestive Glands**: These produce enzymes to help break down food. 4. **Gonads**: These are the reproductive organs of the sea star. 5. **Cardiac Stomach**: This can be everted to engulf and digest food outside the sea star\'s body. 6. **Pyloric Stomach**: This is where digestion continues after the cardiac stomach. 7. **Stone Canal**: This is part of the water vascular system and helps pump water into the tube feet. 8. **Ring Canal**: This encircles the mouth and connects the radial canals to the stone canal. 9. **Ampullae**: These are bulb-like sacs that control the movement of the tube feet. External Structures of a Fetal Pig 1. **Umbilical Cord**: Connects the fetus to the mother\'s placenta, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange. 2. **Urogenital Papilla**: In females, it\'s the structure where the urinary and genital tracts exit the body. 3. **Scrotum**: In males, it\'s the sac that contains the testes. 4. **Anus**: The exit point for waste from the digestive system. Oral Cavity Structures 1. **Epiglottis**: A flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs. 2. **Hard Palate**: The bony front part of the palate. 3. **Soft Palate**: The fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth. 4. **Tongue**: Assists in taste, speech, and food manipulation. 5. **Teeth**: Used for chewing and breaking down food. Respiratory Structures 1. **Trachea**: The windpipe, a tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs. 2. **Larynx**: The voice box, where vocal cords are located. 3. **Lungs**: Organs responsible for gas exchange. 4. **Bronchus**: The main passageway into the lungs. 5. **Diaphragm**: A muscle that plays a major role in breathing. Digestive Structures 1. **Esophagus**: A tube that connects the throat to the stomach. 2. **Stomach**: An organ where the major part of digestion occurs. 3. **Small Intestine**: Where most of the end absorption of nutrients occurs. 4. **Large Intestine**: Absorbs water and forms feces. 5. **Rectum**: The final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. 6. **Gall Bladder**: Stores bile produced by the liver. 7. **Liver**: Produces bile, detoxifies various metabolites, and produces proteins for blood clotting. 8. **Pancreas**: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones. 9. **Spleen**: Filters blood and helps the body fight infections. 10. **Cecum**: A pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines. Circulatory Structures 1. **Left/Right Atrium**: Receives blood returning to the heart. 2. **Left/Right Ventricle**: Pumps blood out of the heart. 3. **Aorta**: The main artery that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. 4. **Aortic Arch**: The part of the aorta that bends between the ascending and descending aorta. 5. **Coronary Artery**: Supplies blood to the heart muscle. 6. **Vena Cava**: The largest vein in the body, it carries blood from the body back to the heart. 7. **Pulmonary Artery**: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Reproductive Structures 1. **Urogenital Opening**: The exit point for both the genital and urinary systems. 2. **Penis**: Male reproductive organ. 3. **Oviduct**: The tube through which an ovum or egg passes from an ovary. Excretory Structures 1. **Kidney**: Filters blood and produces urine. 2. **Ureters**: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. 3. **Urinary Bladder**: Stores urine. 4. **Urethra**: Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Path of Blood from the Right Side of the Heart to the Aorta 1. Blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. 2. It then moves to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. 3. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. 4. In the lungs, the blood gets oxygenated and returns to the heart, entering the left atrium. 5. The blood then moves to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. 6. Finally, the left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the aorta. Main Structures of the Brain and Their Functions 1. **Cerebrum**: This is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. It controls voluntary actions, speech, senses, and thought processes. 2. **Cerebellum**: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining posture and balance. 3. **Diencephalon**: This includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. - **Thalamus**: It acts as a relay station for sensory information, directing signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebrum. - **Hypothalamus**: It regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep. It also plays a role in emotions and behavior. - **Pineal Gland**: It produces the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep-wake cycles. 4. **Brain Stem**: This includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. - **Midbrain**: It controls eye movement and processes visual and auditory information. - **Pons**: It helps control breathing and transfers information between the cerebrum and cerebellum. - **Medulla Oblongata**: It controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. 5. **Corpus Callosum**: This is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum, allowing them to communicate with each other. 6. **Pituitary Gland**: Often referred to as the \"master gland,\" it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth. 7. **Gyrus**: Ridge 8. **Sulcus**: Shallow groove Four Lobes of the Cerebrum and Their Functions 1. **Frontal Lobe**: It is involved in problem-solving, decision-making, and planning. It also controls voluntary movement and speech. 2. **Temporal Lobe**: It processes auditory information and is involved in memory, speech, and understanding language. 3. **Parietal Lobe**: It processes sensory information it receives from the body including spatial sense and navigation. 4. **Occipital Lobe**: It is primarily responsible for vision.