Emirati Studies Final Exam Revision PDF

Emirati studies Final exam revision Geography of the UAE: The UAE Location: Arabian gulf Borders: gulf from north and northwest, Qatar and KSA from west, Sultanate of Oman, and Gulf of Oman from the south. Coastline: 1,318 km Area: 77,700 kms2 without islands, 83,600 kms2 with islands...

Emirati studies Final exam revision Geography of the UAE: The UAE Location: Arabian gulf Borders: gulf from north and northwest, Qatar and KSA from west, Sultanate of Oman, and Gulf of Oman from the south. Coastline: 1,318 km Area: 77,700 kms2 without islands, 83,600 kms2 with islands, its 3rd largest among GCC countries after KSA and Oman Geographical Features of UAE Desert: most of the country is desert land Oases: Al-Ain, underground water is formed because of jebel hafeet, (aflaj) distribute it reaching uneven lands of northern area in RAK Mountains: jabal hafeet and jabal al Hajar, reaching 80km, crossing Oman and dividing Musandam peninsula Coastal areas: mostly sandy with mountains of Musandam peninsula Gulf water: average dept reaches 35m, deepest is 145m, hottest in the world reaching 45°C, has plenty of fish though its salty, rich in shells of pearls, but sometimes they form obstacle to navigation Islands: along the gulf almost 200 that belong to Abu Dhabi, most important are Delma, das, um al-Nar, and near RAK like tonb alkobra and al soghra UAE climate excessive heat and humidity in summer. Summer season (April to September) rain evaporates 20 times the amount of rainfall. Rainy season (October to March) Abu Dhabi has most of the oil with 92 billion barrels  area About the land borders Geographical features 70% is desert land, it’s the Abu 86.77% most famous island is capital, it’s the capital of Dhabi 67340 kms2 bani Yas eastern side of Alain, Bay divided into bur Dubai Gulf from west stretching and Deira, both connected 5% 72km, Sharjah from north Dubai by Al Maktoum Bridge, Al 3885 kms2 and east, Abu Dhabi from Garhoud Bridge and south Shandaga Tunnel. Kelba, Khor Fakkan and 3.3% With Gulf for 16km, Dibba are on Gulf of Sharjah A central location, 2590 kms2 stretching for 80km Oman but belong to Sharjah. 64km long on Arabian gulf, Ras al 2.2% Located at the end of Arab including border with Oman few islands belong to it Khaimah 1684 kms2 world, in north, south, and east extends 90 km on Gulf of Siji Valley & Ham 1.5% Oman Fujairah On the eastern coast Valley are the most 1165 kms2 bordering RAK and Sultanate famous. of Oman Extends 24 km between extends 32 kms into Umm al 1% On Arabian gulf, West of Sharjah & East of desert. Quwain 777 kms2 RAK control 2 lands 0.7% The smallest, located on the Ajman surrounding Manama 620 kms2 Arabian gulf, and masfut  UAE society and culture: “as multiple-choice questions” Before the discovery of oil: the Emirati society was associated with the desert and the sea After the discovery of oil: the industrial environment came to existence. The 3 environments: 1. Desert environment: covers 2/3 of the UAE, inhabitants wanted to settle down, but because of the lack of resources -especially water- made it hard for them. The trades in the desert were grazing their animals and trading products 2. Sea environment: more reliable since it has plentiful number of resources, ships became bigger and gained skills with practice of navigation. The effect on society: Gave them strong trade links to other countries ibn Majed, the famous sailor, crossed the gulf to east African coasts The effect on trade: Building ship materials came from India, such as ropes, candles, and wood Diving for pearls was the major source of income, in 1905, the value reached to 8 million rupees Trading commerce with Asia and Africa The 2 seasons are travel and pearl diving season Workers: Financial supplier: prepare fishing fleets and supports divers’ families if absent Shiyou: pull ropes and lift divers Workers: all on ship besides the captain Nowkhadha (captain): the head of group of people on the ship, navigator, knows about pearling Learners: from skilled workers Divers Effect of diving on Emirati society: Markets boomed before and after the diving season Strong relationships among people The sailors’ society stood together  Families obeyed the head of the family 3. The industrial environment: in 1930’s, the discovery of oil changed the economy of uae and turned over the culture and civilization side of life Characteristics of industrial environment: Development of bigger cities New markets and work firms Jobs and education shared with women Spread of culture, awareness, and society’s development Improvement of standard living Raise of income Bedouins of UAE: Migrant Bedouins: move from a place to another occupying huge areas, ex: Awamer and Manseer Semi- migrant Bedouins: settle near oases where they trade farming and fishing, have moving and settling lifestyle, ex: Awamer and Beni Qatab Seasonal migrant Bedouins: move on top of mountains on summer and on plains in winter due to weather, ex: al Shohooh and Dibba Effects on Bedouins in desert gave them independence, bravery, self-awareness, Islamic values, generosity, sacrifice, high self- esteem, and religiousness Islam was brought by Amr UAE History bin Al- ‘As Historical roots of UAE: ruins proved the effects of civilizations coming from the Mesopotamian Valley & Iran. then it declined (2000 BC) for unknown reasons, which might be due to climatic changes. Embracing Islam in the Gulf inhabitants knew Islam because they descended from Arabian tribes, participated in Hajj and trade seasons before Islam. Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) sent his messengers to the heads of the Arab tribes calling them to embrace Islam. After joining Islam, they got rid of the oppression of the Persian Sassanids.  After Islam Ibn Battuta The Arabian Gulf After Islam visited the Gulf in 1331 AC, During the Umayyad Caliphate, the Gulf became a trade and navigation center After the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate (750 to 1258), many Arab independent Emirates emerged Ruling Gulf for 450 years, then controlled the Indian Ocean. Ex: Ahmed Bin Majid, navigated ships across the Indian Ocean Ahmed bin Majed navigated ships across the Indian ocean in the 15th century. beginning of the 16th century, Arabs lost their power over the Gulf, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea. Resulting in losing link between the East and West. Portuguese colonization After the dominance of the Ottoman Empire, they linked Europe with India, which made the Europeans think about an alternative. That’s when They assigned the Portuguese who committed crimes against Muslims. The Portuguese continued to take over the Arabian Gulf for most of the 16th century. Later, they became weak due to conflicts with European countries over controlling the Eastern seas. When British came in when the East Indian Company grew, (established in 1617 AC) Britain succeeded in taking over the seas. it managed remove the Portuguese in 1625 AC. By 1819 AC, the British occupied Ras al-Khaimah and gained control over the Gulf waters. Arabs started to confront the British ships from their base in Ras al-Khaimah Economy after British colonial uae agreed with British to control economy, defense, and affairs. For economy, British put UAE and gulf countries in control under east Indian company, India was business partner with uae for pearls, it explains why the uae currency was rupee External affairs The British Government entrusted the East Indian Company to run affairs of the Arabian Gulf lasted till 1873 AC. This continued till India got its independence in 1947. The British Ministry continued to run the affairs till the independence in 1971 Tribes The beginning of the 19th century, the emergence of Arab tribes became more powerful in the Gulf. Best 2 were: o Bani Yas Tribe: controlled the lower part of the Gulf where Abu Dhabi and Dubai were established. o Al Qawasim Tribe: formed a marine power that was spreading activities in the Indian ocean The Road to making a state In 1966, His Highness Sheikh Zayed Al Nahyan became the ruler of Abu Dhabi, British were able to unite the Emirates of the Coast of Oman in 1952. It lasted because it served the British plans. But couldn’t unify Sharjah and Fujairah. The Establishment of the Unified State The unification was preceded by long periods of experimentation from 1952 -1960. The establishment of the United Arab Emirates took place in December,1971. Political development The Evolution of the Union stages: Projects & experimentation from 1952-1960. Attempts were made by the British in 1952 to unify the Emirates of the Coast of Oman. This attempt succeeded because it served the British plans & purposes. But The attempt to unify Sharjah & Fujairah failed. Other were made during 1969 -1970. Many international, local, and regional factors forced Britain to withdraw from the Gulf, this withdrawal created a vacuum. Projects & Experiments Toward Unification: 1. Dubai Reciprocal Agreement a union between the leaders of Abu Dhabi & Dubai in 18/2/1968. The agreement stipulated the following issues: union combining the two emirates, supervising external affairs, defense, security medical care & education etc. Both leaders agreed to call the leaders of the other emirates to take part, then to call the rulers of Qatar & Bahrain to discuss the union to safeguard the future. 2. The Nonagon Union (Union of the 9 Emirates) in February 27,1968. The leaders of Abu Dhabi and Dubai called the seven rulers of the Trucial States, including Qatar and Bahrain to meet in Dubai & discuss a union aiming at strengthening cooperation, unifying defense policies, and reinforcing the group defense policy. failed to form the union because: The ambiguity of the union agreement. Qatar and Bahrain announced their independence separately after the failure of the nine rulers’ talks. ❖ After the failure of the idea, they focused on a Septagon Union (7 emirates). ❖ The Birth of UAE was declared on 2/12/ 1971, with six emirates. RAK joined officially on 10/2/1972. 3. The Establishment of the Union: Sheikh Zayed was selected as the Union’s first president. And Abu Dhabi was chosen as the capital of the Union. Steps Towards Development: The British approved the Union and removed all previously signed agreements. The government wanted to build the individual and prepare him for the future and the development of the country through the following steps: o Improving social growth through urbanization and the settlement of the Bedouins by providing them homes o Raising the standard of education and knowledge as a means for formulating the individual. the Union State began to have problems: Iran seized three Gulf islands on the 1st day. Border problems with the neighboring countries. population imbalance due to the moving of large number of people from a place to another. Institutional Establishment: A. The Federal Supreme Council (FSC) the highest authority in the country. It is formed of the Rulers of the Emirates. Each Emirate has a voice, and each is entrusted to the union B. The President & Vice President of the Union chosen from the members of the Supreme Council, they choose a president and a Vice President for each 5 years C. The Federal Council of Ministers (FCM) strengthen the Union and assists the Supreme Council in implementing its decisions. D. The Federal National Council (FNC) has the authority of advising but not taking actions. The total number is 40 distributed as follows: o Abu Dhabi & Dubai (8 each) o Sharjah & Ras Al-Khaimah (6 each) o Ajman, Fujairah, and Um Al-Quwain (4 each). E. Judicial Authority: On October 6, 2008, Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid issued an order restructuring the Judicial Coordination Council as follows: o Federal Supreme Court federal supreme council o Court of Appeal (union affairs) o Federal Primary Court president and vice president federal council of federal national o Domestic Courts (Civil and Religious) UAE’s foreign policy The UAE is eager to set up relations with the outside world: 1. The Gulf circle: This Relationship is based on common religious ties, neighborhood, same life circumstances and interests. 2. The Arab League: Relations based on cooperation, support of Arab interests, commitment to the Arab League, exchange of visits, and financial support 3. Islamic Countries: relations in the form of visits, contributing to vital projects in Islamic countries and providing financial assistance, and participation in conferences. 4. United Nations: UAE is the member number 132 in the UN, participation in international conferences and activities of the international community and its affiliated organizations. UAE’s foreign policy Since its independence, UAE got its power through working for freedom and development. Started to strengthen its army after the unification; its army is participating in maintaining the world peace and resolving international disputes. UAE helped in the clearance of bombs in Lebanon and helped putting people in safe places during and after wars and earthquakes, e.g., the 2004 tsunami in Asia, and the earthquakes in Iran and in 2010. What UAE did globally “international organizations” UAE joined UNESCO, the International Organization of Justice and The World Health Organization The UAE contributes financially to Palestinian wellbeing, particularly its health and educational institutions. Cultural development Cultural Development After the Federation The rise of pearl market between the wars led to improvements in people’s lives, establishments of schools, spread of libraries, active roles of writing Many cultural institutions were founded  Cultural conferences were held to discuss raising the standard of culture to work with the presence of financial resources, it would make personal development more convenient. Cultural establishments (The Ministry of Media & Culture) (1975) the first culture & media organization with the aim of developing cultural life through the establishment of cultural centers all over the country. Emirates News Agency aims at introducing distinctive journalistic services. The Cultural Weeks: organized in many countries to achieve cultural interaction. Zayed Book Award: established in (2006) to raise the standard of culture. Khor Dubai Cultural Project (2008) Arabic Poetry House: (2008) The Role of Cultural Establishments: Widens the culture in a country Embraces creative talents and providing them good atmosphere to prepare their future roles contribute to maintaining their own culture avoiding consumer culture Cultural challenges: Since there are so many citizens from different nationalities coming from different cultures, it’s hard for them to unite since their cultures are different from one another, so Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, pronounced the year 2008 as the year of identity, it represents the common feelings of the citizens who are tied by blood, religion , relationships, history, language, customs & traditions which are considered the original factors in the initiation of nations. Identity unifies the sense of belonging and loyalty to the nation, its history & land. Educational Development in the UAE Before the federation (traditional education) The geographical environment effected the lifestyle of inhabitants, that includes economy, social life, and education, this led them to move to the sea to make a living, traveling made them familiar with each other’s cultures, this made them realize importance of reading and writing before schools were established. education Then became important for all, so they followed specific methods of education coming from their environment and tradition. Islam effected the people to learn Quran, and Many Katateeb (Quranic schools) were founded by rich and educated people to teach boys and girls, a mutawa or mutawa‘a was a volunteer instructor, they taught their students morals, Quran, and hadith of prophet (pbuh) to ensure following the right path, The main reason for emergence of mutawa help the youth with Arabic and arithmetic, including the teaching of holy Quran need for mutawa to earn a living to stop the spread of illiteracy keeping their children busy absence of formal schools Evaluation and outcome it bought many new settlers in education inspired people to learn developed the method of memorizing The Semi-Formal Education (1903 – 1953) More advanced schools were needed, merchants knew the importance of education, so they began to establish schools in the UAE, pearl traders and parents paid for costs of building schools and provided stationery and teachers’ salaries, this is when semi-formal schools came to existence Science was connected with religious education in semi formal schools A person was considered educated when he learnt the Quran by heart and knew sharia and traditions of Islam Peoples reason for learning was to perform religious rituals, run their day to say business, and ensure success Semi schools were established in all emirates except Fujairah and umm al Quwain Modern education (1953-1971) After the discovery of oil, working in the oil industry increased, educational missions arrived from Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Egypt & Jordan, they took over financing and running educational events in UAE Afterwards, an increase in quality and quantity of education occurred causing establishment of education from the Arab world that caused the infrastructure of the emirates society all the Emirates -except Abu Dhabi that used Bahraini & Jordanian curricula up to the 3rd grade, and the Kuwaiti curriculum at the secondary stage - used the Kuwaiti curriculum. Students used to sit for their exams in Kuwait. The first institute with a curriculum was established in Sharjah in 1958. In 1964, the Commercial School was opened in Dubai, and from 1967 onward, other schools were opened. Formal education after statehood (after 1971) Education spread due to the infrastructure of schools and government establishments, Efforts were made (in 2010) to prepare a Document for the National Education and the Social Studies courses that aims at strengthening the National Identity. Since 1971 UAE’s aim was to wipe out illiteracy Education is compulsory in the elementary stage & free of charge for all Emirati citizens in all the three stages. The economic changes in the Emirates affected various aspects of growth such as: Private Education: All private schools are under the supervision of the Ministry of Education for the following reasons: To ensure the appropriate level equal to the state schools. To make sure the schools are functioning in accordance with the universal ethics and Islamic values. To help the private schools & institutions in achieving the UAE educational targets through supervision & technical and financial support. Purpose of private education: Helping in the general & technical education according to curricula and programs accredited by the Ministry of Education. Expanding in the teaching of foreign languages besides the formal curricula set by the Ministry of Education. Studying special curricula. Other Schools & Educational Institutions: Kindergartens (Pre-School) K-12 Stages of Education Higher Education: the government realized importance of education helping build up a society and generating continuous self- development. Government spending on all stages of education represents 23.7% of the total spending. The Government established 3 universities in the UAE. The Emirates University in Al Ain, Zayed University in Abu Dhabi & Dubai (both for females). The Higher Colleges of Technology (six for females & five for males). In addition, around 57 higher education institutions. This expansion increased the number of students. from 481,000 to 564,000 in 1995 with 3.2% annual growth. Principal Issues in Education: The real step in education started in 1973, Before 1973, the educational ladder 6-3-3 in Abu Dhabi was different from the other emirates’ system of 4-4-4. education experienced speedy growth in number of students, teachers, and budgets system of educational awards was introduced a new system divided the stages into 2 instead of 3 (elementary, preparatory & secondary) Economic Development in the UAE Macroeconomics: A branch of economics dealing with large-scale or general economic factors as a whole, i.e., national, regional & global economies. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): total market value of goods and services, it’s the measure of a nation’s productivity and is an indicator of the economic health of a country. Per capita: per head, per person Alternative: a different way, choice, or possibility Fluctuate: rise and fall irregularly Diversity: reduction of risk by investing in variety of assets Sustainable: able to be maintained at a certain level UAE’s economy in the past In the 60s the economy was directed to a basic subsistence (food, clothing, shelter) rather than to the market, it was based on pearl diving, planting, fishing, and making hand crafts as a business. UAE’s economy after the discovery of oil led to increase in role of public sector and development, leading to: increase in average income per capita increase in national savings which helped in financing the required investments. UAE’s Steps for Economic Development Government is looking for expanding production in other sectors such as agriculture, fishery, and tourism because: ❖ Oil is a temporary economic resource, so it was needed to search for an alternative source of wealth ❖ To promote the economic development  The government took the following steps to promote the economic development: o Establishing institutions & regulations. o Conducting & planning studies. o Central departments would define their policies and plans for development of each concerned sector. o The State adopted a five-year plan. o Focusing on human resources for achieving sustainable development. UAE’s experience in social & economic development is a rich one due to several reasons: o the short period it took. o the results it achieved. o the circumstances surrounding its implementation. o the method of managing available resources, especially financial ones. (IMPORTANT) Non-oil policy: Industry: o important sector in achieving economic development, must be reliant on modern technology to compete with the world’s industries, UAE provided this sector facilities and resources that could serve the country’s projected plan for industrialization. Its interlinked with other industries and based on output of other sectors, example: metal industries rely on raw materials). To support it, the UAE government offered to help the companies with a portion of the capital and shares for public subscription. The UAE is seeking to diversify its income resources by not relying on one single source, namely oil, for the following reasons: o Industry is a major source of income for the country. o To avoid relying on oil as a single source of income. o To encourage the private sector to complement the government’s diversification efforts. o Industry, with the rest of non-oil industries, contributes positively to the GDP. Investment: o The UAE’s first investment was the establishment of high-density investment, rose from 1.7 billion dirhams in 1972 to 51.4 billion in 1998 with a growth rate of 14% and a ratio of investment to GDP in 1998 about 29.7%,  which is a higher rate in developing and developed countries. This shows the volume of economic activity in the State and the spending on construction projects in all sectors. construction Projects in those fields... o government services, 30 projects were completed for the Ministry of Interior, o Education, 15 new schools have been completed and 277 additional schools were built in the Northern Emirates o Higher Education, there’s an expansion in the premises of colleges and residences for the Emirates University, The Higher Colleges of Technology to cope with the increase in the number of students o Health services, such as (the Dhaid Hospital, Kalba and Sharjah) Export and re-export/ employment: o In 1972,the value of exports was 5.3 billion dirhams and rose in 1998 to 112.1 billion dirhams. Imports of goods rose from 2.2 billion dirhams to reach 103.6 billion Dirhams in 1998. o During the past years, employment grew, the number of employees rose from 145 thousand in 1972 to 395 thousand in 1998. o An increase in wages followed as a result of the State’s interest in raising the standard of workers. The annual growth in wages (1972-1998) was about 19.1% compared to 9.1% per year of employment. Worker training: o The policy of expansion in training led to increased achievement of high rate of growth in worker productivity which reached (1972-1998) about 6.9% per year. Oil policy- Production of oil: o The UAE has up to 98.7 billion barrels forming 9.5% of the world reserves. Abu Dhabi owns more than 90% of the oil & gas reserves in the UAE. o Its gas reserve forms 5.936 trillion cubic meters, ranking the UAE as second among the Arab nations and 4th worldwide in natural gas reserves. Gas derivatives are used for public consumption and as fuel for heavy industries e.g., Dubai Aluminum Smelter in Dubai. o The petrochemical industry witnessed a major development with the investment of billions of dollars in gas liquification complexes, oil refineries, and petrochemical plants. o The State is currently implementing a massive program of privatization in the energy and water sectors in order to create business opportunities for the private sector. Economic growth:  o During 1995-2001, high growth rates were observed in various economic sectors, in spite of the fluctuating oil prices and the instability of the oil market. The UAE, among other OPEC countries, was committed to the quotas of production. o The oil sector which represents between 28-31% of the GDP, achieved a growth rate of 6.4% (1995-2001); other sectors 8.6% which indicates the growing rate of non-oil economic sectors in the national economy. Sectors helping it grow: o The Social Services Sector: keeps pace with the continued rise in the rate of population growth and urbanization. Common services provided by the State include health, education, culture, security, and social welfare services in order to keep a high standard of living and environment. They grew by 13% of GDP (1995-2001). o Government services: achieved a domestic production with a growth rate of 8.2%. o Restaurants & Hotel Sectors: includes building resorts, hotels, restaurants and creating new touristic attractions to increase shopping and hotel occupancy and the popularity of restaurants, reaches growth rate of 15.6% o Construction: serves all economic sectors & develops urban communities & infrastructure, growth rate of 4.2% Social Development issues in the UAE Social welfare: a program that helps needy individuals, families, and special groups Solidarity: making humans feel connected Volunteer: to do something willingly without expecting anything in return Social cohesion: bond that holds a society together like behaviors, beliefs Optional tribal social services: pre-oil society was associated together by tribal ties & marriage relationships or blood connections also an “alliance” which promotes cooperation & understanding. alliance is the tribes social law and basis for cooperation for all members of the tribe. Social tribal services were presented in case of an emergency such as death, robbery, or shipwreck. Another form of services is cooperation within the tribe on occasions like weddings, war etc. Each person helped according to his ability. This system is called “Alshofeh” which people resorted to in case of emergencies like incidents. Obligatory social services The head of the tribe collected money from all people engaged in an economic activity such as pearl diving. This type of contribution was called al Taraz, or income deducted from workers on the pearl diving ships (Ghais & Seeb), The  amounts were used to provide defense for individuals and pay salaries for mosque employees, The money was also paid to individuals with problems who were unable to work, or towards hospitable feastings, which were considered as part of the inherited Arab-Islamic values. Two important features in the formation of the society & its values: o subsistence economy ( or supporting oneself at a minimum level ) o Islamic faith & values The “Tribal organization” created rights of protection, defense, and the use of scarce land resources as well as social solidarity. The tribe considered the farming land, water, and land in general as a public right for the tribe’s use under the concept of “Deira”. This highlighted the political solidarity of the organization to stand against collective harm against the tribe and face any liability such as blood money, this highlighted the concept of social solidarity in different social occasions, such as marriage, birth, occasions, and death. The social solidarity system helps the members bear the hardships of life and provide them with material assistance in time of need & hardship. Volunteer services: Parties been thrown by large houses across the UAE during events. purchasing some goods from businesses to assist those who failed to carry on with their own business Voluntary public services in the UAE are based on the Islamic system of collection of zakat and help of the orphans & the needy. There was the Mufazaa system of providing work free of charge to those in need such as building houses & carrying water from the springs, caring for the elderly, children, and women. Recently, voluntary work expanded in the UAE due to the efforts of civil society organizations to comprise assistance in cases of wars or natural disasters Terms Of Social Welfare in Traditional Emirati Society o Takaful: system of charitable social solidarity based on the teachings of Islam. o Al Fazaa: form of providing various forms of social & economic assistance to individuals & families in need. o Al Mosafer Khana: The Travelers’ House where food & material were given to the homeless. hospitality is an original value. o Al Wilaya or Mandate: The “Wali” is the protector of vulnerable members of the tribe. o Alshofeh: aid obtained by the sheikh to be spent in weddings, social & religious occasions, or cases of incidents, as compensation for their losses. o Taraz: mandatory fee charged by the Sheikh of the working members (in diving), to be paid as salaries to defense and mosque employees or as help to members who are harmed. The State became a “Welfare and Care State” because social work was considered as important as economic development in the UAE, so the state established therapy and health centres & nursing homes for the disabled, they took the responsibility of providing the needs of society in the areas of income, bank loans, education, health, food & housing. Housing services: The development of urban structure in the UAE is a feature of the post-oil era. The government has continued to be involved in housing projects. In 1975, 1,074 houses were distributed, while in 1993 around 14,820 houses were distributed. Women’s association Women’s Public Union: established in 1975, with the mission of developing women culturally, socially & politically for the sake of encouraging women to participate in the development processes. Family Development Association: new name of Abu Dhabi Women’s Development Association. Its objectives comprise of social development for women, integrating official & voluntary work, and ensuring equal distribution of welfare services. Health Services Since the early 90s, the state health facilities were covering all towns & villages in the country. Government hospitals of the MOH were 31 hospitals, and health centres which provided primary care services were 100. With the progress of health services, the serious diseases related to maternity & childhood became under control. The UAE has achieved a high rank in the fight against infectious diseases. Population structure in the UAE and its effects  Demographic: statistical data of a population  Imbalance: lack of proportion in distribution   Stability: the quality of being secure & unlikely to change  Urbanization: population shift from rural to urban areas.  Census: an official count  Expatriate: a person temporarily or permanently residing in another country.  Localization: the process of replacing the expatriates by citizens. Imbalance in population of UAE When was the First census done in the UAE?  1967 and many problems were faced in the process because of the lack of supporting statistics. So, it wasn’t precise  The 1967 census indicates a big jump in non-citizen population of 56% of total # of immigrants. The ratio of Arab expatriates increased by 76% of total # of expats. Statistics estimated that in 1968 the number of Arab expats was about 22,000 and the number of Indian, Pakistani, and Iranian expats was about 60,000. Population before oil  lack of population had become an obstacle after the oil because it couldn’t contribute to development projects in the country. The State opened the doors for migration without restrictions  Another reason for lack of population was the low level of education When was the second census done in the UAE?  1975, was more accurate and more comprehensive. But still not exact because of the difficulty of controlling illegal entries.  As a result of the high rates of immigration, the total population jumped from 180,266 in 1968, to 557,887 in 1975, and then a further jump in 1995 to 2,411,071 inhabitants. The demographic change focused especially on the emirates with petrol. First was Abu Dhabi that witnessed the highest rate of population growth followed by Dubai, because of its oil resources & trade prospect, then Sharjah came third in population growth rate. Population growth in 30 years In 1970 citizens were 65% and non-citizens were 45% In 2000 citizens were 18% and non-citizens were 82% Gender composition of the population 2005 male % Female %  Citizens 417.917 50.62 407.578 49.38 Arrivals 23.882.24 71.6 892.708 28.4 total 2.806.141 68.7 1.300.286 31.3 Age distribution in 1995…  the highest percentage of males is 8.9% in age group between 30-34 years.  24.8% in the younger male age groups 25-40.  The highest percentage of females is 7.1 % in the age group 0-4 years  The percentage of population under the age of 15 is about 35% of the total population.  The majority is 63.7% under the age group 15-64.  The age65 and above represent don’t exceed 1.1%. Economic impact of population imbalance  The formation of a rich class.  The emergence of an employee class. The ages 30-50 are mostly in control of important economic sectors and have influenced the economy of the UAE. social impact of population imbalance  change in family which moved from isolation to full opening and from extreme poverty to lavish wealth.  Gender imbalance & its ensuing social problems.  The demise of identity & change of values  Change in lifestyle  Tribal decomposition  New perceptions of marriage  The fall of family ties & the loss of family control over individuals as a result of migration to the cities & children’s adaptation to the new social life. Finding solution for imbalance  The employment policy requires reconsideration.  The Ministry of Planning must be given the means and the power to prepare periodical demographic studies that can inform decision making about market requirements.  There should be an attempt to strike a balance between the employment of different nationalities on one hand and the cultural and social needs of development in the State on the other. this problem can be addressed through the integrated development, especially after the completion of the infrastructure, and then there will be no need for millions of workers.