Environment Statistics of Nepal 2024 PDF

ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS OF NEPAL 2024 Government of Nepal Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministries National Statistics Office Thapathali, Kathmandu Nepal Published by National Statistics...

ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS OF NEPAL 2024 Government of Nepal Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministries National Statistics Office Thapathali, Kathmandu Nepal Published by National Statistics Office Ramshah Path, Thapathali Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977 01-534594/5329406 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nsonepal.gov.np June, 2024 (500 Copies) -III- MEMBERS OF THE CORE TEAM ASSOCIATED WITH THE PUBLICATION Dr. Hem Raj Regmi, Deputy Chief Statistician, NSO Mr. Dilli Raj Joshi, Deputy Chief Statistician, NSO Mr. Pramod Raj Regmi, Director, NSO Mr. Kul Prakash Neupane, Statistical Officer, NSO Mr. Bhim Bahadur Shakha, Statistical Officer, NSO Ms. Kamalanath, Statistical Assistant, NSO -V-  Acronyms and Abbreviations ACA Annapurna Conservation Area ANCA Api- Nampa Conservation Area As Arsenic BOD Biological oxygen demand Ca Calcium CBS Central Bureau of Statistics Cd Cadmium CFC Chlorofluorocarbons cfu Coliform CFUG Community Forest User Group CH4 Methane CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of World Fauna and Flora CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide COD Chemical oxygen demand CV Coefficient of Variation dBA Decibel A DDT Dichloro diethene tricloroethen DHM Department of Hydrology Meteorology DO Dissolved oxygen DMG Department of Mines and Geology DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewage DWIDM Department of Water Induced Disaster Management EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ft 3 Cubic feet GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility Ha Hectare HC Hydrocarbon HHs Households Hr Hour ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development -VII- IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN The World Conservation Union (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) KCA Kanchanjanga Conservation Area K2O Potassium oxide kg Kilogram KL Kiloliter Km Kilometer Km2 Square kilometer KUKL Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited KWh Kilowatt hour L Liter L/d/p Liter / day / person lcd Liter consumption/day LPG Liquefied petroleum gas LRMP Land Resource and Mapping Project Lt/min Liter per minute m Meter M Million M2. Square meter M3 Cubic meter m3/ min Cubic meter per minute m3/yr Cubic meter per year mg/l Milligram per liter MCA Manaslu Conservation Area mg/m3 Milligrams per cubic meter ml Local magnitude / milliliter mld Million liter/day mm Millimeter MoSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment mt. Metric ton N Nitrogen NA Not Available Na Sodium NARC Nepal Agriculture Research Council -VIII- NAST Nepal Academy of Science and Technology. NDHSs Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys NLSS Nepal living standards survey NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NP National Parks NSO National Statistics Office NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation O3 Ozone ºC Degree Celsius ODS Ozone depleting substance P2O5 Phosphorus pentaoxide pb Lead pH Hydrogen-in concentration PM10 Particulate matter less than 10 microgram (0.07 g/m3) PO3 Phosphate ppb Parts per billion ppm Parts per million ppt Parts per trillion RETs Renewable Energy Technologies SAE Small Area Estimation SEEA Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting SD Standard Deviation SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO4 Sulphate SOx Oxides of Sulphur SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SPNP Shey-Phoksundo National Park SNP Sagarmatha National Park TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOE Tones of Oil Equivalent TNC Third National Communication TSP Total suspended particulates TSS Total Suspended Solids TYIP Three Year Interim Plan UNEP United Nations Environment Programme -IX- UNFDES United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics UV Ultra Violet WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat WHO World Health Organization WP Watt Power WW Waste Water μe’s Micro- environments μg/m3 Microgram per cubic meter GHG Greenhouse Gases IPCC Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change NGO Non-Governmental Organization Rs. Rupees UNSD United Nations Statistics Division WMO World Meteorological Organization -X-  Contents Page Preface III Acronyms and Abbreviations VII Chapter I : Introduction 1 II : Environmental Conditions and Quality 11 III : Environmental Resources and their use 79 IV : Residuals 145 V : Extreme Events and Disaster 165 VI : Human Settlement and Environmental Health 179 VII : Environmental Protection, Management and Engagement 209 Annexes I : Basic Set of Environment Statistics 245 II : Glossary 283 Reference List of Tables Table 2.1.1 : Annual Minimum and Maximum Temperature by Stations 13 Table 2.1.2 : Average minimum and maximum temperature by district and station 17 Table 2.1.3 : Annual Rainfall by Station (in mm) 19 Table 2.1.4 : Average precipitation (mm) by district and station, 1991-2020 30 Table 2.1.5 : Average Rainfall by Altitude 35 Table 2.1.6 : Average wind speed (in Knot) by station 36 Table 2.1.7 : Annual Relative Humidity by Stations 36 Table 2.1.8 : Average Sunshine Duration by Station 39 Table 2.1.9 : Number of Lakes in Districts by altitude in Nepal 39 Table 2.1.10 : Major rivers in Nepal 41 Table 2.1.11 : Glaciers and Catchments Areas having Meteorological and 42 Hydrological Stations Table 2.1.12 : Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Major River Basins 44 Table 2.1.13 : Estimated Soil Erosion Rate at Selected Sites in Nepal 44 Table 2.1.14 : Affected Land Area from Erosion 44 Table 2.1.15 : Type and Color of Soil by Area of Holdings and by 45 Development Region, Nepal -XI- Table 2.1.16 : World Heritage Sites of Nepal 45 Table 2.1.17 : Major Mountain Peaks of Nepal 45 Table 2.2.1: Physiographic and Bioclimatic Zones of Nepal 46 Table 2.2.2 : Nepal's Climatic Zones 46 Table 2.2.3: Area and land use by province (Ha.) 46 Table 2.2.4: Number, area and fragmentation of holdings by district 47 Table 2.2.5: Land use in Nepal, 1961/62 - 2011/12 49 Table 2.2.6 : Estimated coverage by different types of wetlalnds in Nepal 50 Table 2.2.7 : Sediment Yield in Large Watersheds 50 Table 2.2.8 : Sediment Yield in Small Watersheds 51 Table 2.2.9 : Number, area of holdings and number of holdings reporting agro-forestry 51 practice, soil degradation and soil test on the holding by province Table 2.2.10 : Numbers of Threatened Species by Major Groups of Organisms on the 52 Red List, 1996- 2022 Table 2.2.11 : Change in numbers of species in the threatened categories for the 53 major taxonomic groups on the Red list ,1996-2022 Table 2.2.12 : Number of Plant and Animal Species in Nepal 54 Table 2.2.13 : Number of Wildlife Species in Nepal 54 Table 2.2.14 : Number of Cultivated and Wild Food Plant Species 55 Table 2.2.15 : Endemic Fishes of Nepal 55 Table 2.2.16 : Status of Nepal's species diversity 56 Table 2.2.17 : Nepalese species of flora and fauna in the CITES list 57 Table 2.2.18 : Protected Faunal Species included in the National Parks and 57 Wildlife Conservation Act,1973 Table 2.2.19 : Threatened Species in the SAARC Member Countries (Taxonomic Group) 58 Table 2.2.20 : Vegetation Area by Type and Household Involvement in Community 58 Forest of Nepal Table 2.2.21 : Protected Floral Species in Nepal 59 Table 2.2.22 : Threatened Medicinal and Aromatic plants in Nepal 60 Table 2.2.23 : Ecosystems and Protected Areas in Nepal 61 Table 2.2.24 : National Parks, Wildlife Reserves and Conservation Area of Nepal 62 Table 2.2.25 : Number of Districts with Buffer Zone of Nepal 63 Table 2.2.26 : Changes in status of community forestry in between 2008 - 2023 63 Table 2.2.27 : Major Botanical Garden of Nepal 63 Table 2.2.28 : Central Zoo (Sadar Chidiya Khana) of Nepal 64 Table 2.2.29 : Snow leopard potential habitat in protected areas, blocks and landscapes 64 Table 2.2.30 : Protected Mammals of Nepal with potential distribution area and estimated 65 population Table 2.2.31: Estimated snow leopard populations in three landscapes in Nepal 65 Table 2.2.32 : Potential habitat and population estimation of red panda in Nepal 66 Table 2.2.33 : Forest resources and forest areas of Nepal 66 -XII- Table 2.2.34 : Forest Coverage by Province 67 Table 2.2.35 : Ramsar Site of Nepal 67 Table 2.2.36 : Extent of Wetlands in Nepal 67 Table 2.3.1 (a) : Monthly Average PM 2.5 in 2021 at different stations 68 Table 2.3.1 (b) : Monthly Average PM 10 in 2021 at different stations 70 Table 2.3.1 (c) : Monthly Average Total suspended particulate Matter (TSPM) in 2021 72 at different stations Table 2.3.2 : PM10, TSP, SO2, NO2, Co and pb Measurements 74 Table 2.3.3 : Mineral Contaminants of Drinking Water, 2016/17 74 Table 2.3.4 : Ground Water Quality of (Shallow Tube ) Aquifers in the East Tarai 75 Table 2.3.5 : Water Quality of Major Rivers During Dry Season 75 Table 2.3.6 : Summary of Known Arsenic Occurrence in Tarai Districts, FY 2010/11 76 Table 2.3.7 : Noise Level at Different Areas 76 Table 2.3.8 : Mercury in Rain Water 77 Table 2.3.9 : Mercury in Ambient Air 78 Table 3.1.1 : Mineral Distribution in Koshi Province 81 Table 3.1.2 : Mineral Distribution in Madhesh Province 87 Table 3.1.3 : Mineral Distribution in Bagmati Province 88 Table 3.1.4. : Mineral Distribution in Gandaki Province 99 Table 3.1.5 : Mineral Distribution in Lumbini Province 104 Table 3.1.6 : Mineral Distribution in Karnali Province 105 Table 3.1.7 : Mineral Distribution in Sudur Pashchim Province 109 Table 3.1.8 : Primary Production and Import of Coal in Nepal, 117 Table 3.2.1 : Energy Consumption by Sector in '000 ToE 117 Table 3.2.2 : District Wise RETs Installed under Alternative Energy Promotion Centre 118 (till 2077/78) Table 3.2.3 : Total Number of Hydropower in Nepal with their Capacity 121 Table 3.2.4 : Consumption of Petroleum Products in Nepal, 2000/01-2022/23 124 Table 3.2.5 : Overall Energy Consumption in Nepal in 2022 125 Table 3.2.6 : Energy Balance of FY 2078/79 (2022) 126 Table 3.2.7 : Energy Consumption by Sector in '000 GJ 127 Table 3.2.8 : Final Energy Intensities 127 Table 3.2.9 : Material intensity by sector, 1996/97 – 2011/12 127 Table 3.2.10 : Energy consumed in Mega Joules (MJ) per Rs 1000 value of 128 produced goods, 1996/97-2011/12 Table 3.2.11 : Energy Intensity per 100 Rs value of produced goods (1996/97 -2011/12) 129 Table 3.3.1 : Nepal Land cover Statistics between 2000 and 2019 129 Table 3.3.2 : Land cover change matrix (hectares) 2000 and 2019 130 Table 3.3.3 : Number, area, number of holdings reporting and area irrigated 131 by source of irrigation and total area of holding Table 3.4.1 : Area under Permanent Crops 132 -XIII- Table 3.4.2 : Area Under Selected Temporary Crops 132 Table 3.4.3 : Production of Agricultural Commodities 133 Table 3.4.4 : Annual Production of Improved Seeds 134 Table 3.4.5 : Crop Species Registered in Nepal 134 Table 3.4.6 : Production of Livestock 135 Table 3.4.7 : Number of Livestock by Type in Nepal,1981/82-2011/12 136 Table 3.4.8 : Livestock and Poultry Population in Arid and Semi-Arid Land 137 Table 3.4.9 : Summary of Fish Production in Nepal, 2021/22 138 Table 3.4.10 : Chemical Fertilizer Use in Nepal,1990/00 to 2016/17 138 Table 3.4.11 : Pesticide Imported and Formulated in Nepal 139 Table 3.4.12 (a): Households reporting (%) emergence of new crop diseases in last 25 years 139 Table 3.4.12 (b):Households reporting (%) emergence of new insects/pests in crops in 140 the last 25 years Table 3.4.13 : Food Consumption Pattern (NLSS Food Basket Composition) 140 Table 3.4.14: Households facing food scarcity by ecological zone in last five years 141 Table 3.5.1 : Supply of Drinking Water by Agency 142 Table 3.5.2 : River Water Runoff from Nepal 143 Table 3.5.3(a) : Household (%) Reporting Reasons for Depletion in Water Sources 143 Over Last 25 Years Table 3.5.3(b) : Households (%) Reporting Major Reason for Depletion in Water Sources 144 Over Last 25 Years. Table 4.1.1 : Nepal’s GHG emission Base Year 1994/95 147 Table 4.1.2 : Nepal’s direct and indirect GHG emissions in the base year 2000 147 Table 4.1.3 : GHG Emission and Removal/Sink as per Sector/Sub-Sector 147 Table 4.1.4 : GHG emissions from Energy Sector for 2011. 148 Table 4.1.5 : GHG emissions and removal (Gg) from AFOLU sector, 2011 148 Table 4.1.6 : GHG Emission from Waste, 2011 148 Table: 4.1.7 : Emission reduction accounts 149 Table 4.1.8 : Greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector in 2011 150 Table 4.1.9 : PM2.5 scenario of Kathmandu valley (for all three stations): 150 Assessment of seasonal variation Table 4.1.10 : CO scenario of Kathmandu valley (for all three stations): 150 Assessment of seasonal variation Table 4.1.11 : NO2 scenario of Kathmandu valley (for all three stations): 151 Assessment of seasonal variation Table 4.1.12 : Carbon dioxide emission by industrial sectors in percentage 151 (1996/97-2011/12) Table 4.2.1 : Annual Average Organic Waste Collection per Municipality by Years 152 Table 4.2.2 : Annual Inorganic Waste Collection of All Types 152 Table 4.2.3 : Annual Average Waste Collection per Municipality by Waste Types and 152 Categories -XIV- Table 4.2.4 : Average Quantity of Waste Collected from Different Sources and 153 Municipal Categories Table 4.2.5 : Estimation of waste generation, based on waste categories 153 Table 4.2.6 : Seggregation of wastes on Private Hospitals 154 Table 4.2.7 : Place of Private Hospital Waste Segregation 154 Table 4.2.8 : Categories of hospital wastes segregated 154 Table 4.2.9 : Final disposal locations/places of hospital waste products 154 Table 4.2.10 : Number of Staff for Hospital Waste Product Management 155 Table 4.3.1 : Maximum Residual Limits (MRL) of Pesticides in Foodstuffs 155 Table 4.3.2 : Carbon dioxide emission by industrial sectors in tons CO2 (1996/97 to 2011/12) 155 Table 4.3.3 : Status of manufacturing establishments having pollution control machine installed 156 Table 4.3.4: Status of Reuse or recycle the metal or non-metal scraps produced by Industry 157 by ISIC rev.3 2 digit Table 4.3.5 : Status of polluted air, gas control machine installation 157 Table 4.3.6 : Status of smoke and dust control machine installation 158 Table 4.3.7 : Status of sound pollution control machine installation 159 Table 4.3.8 : Status of radiation control machine installation 159 Table 4.3.9 : Status of sewerage system or sublimating residuals pond management 160 Table 4.3.10 : Status of solid wastes management 160 Table 4.3.11 : Status of Reuse or recycle the metal or non-metal scraps produced by 161 Industry by ISIC rev.3 2 digit Table 4.3.12 : Status of Having Pollution Control Certificate by ISIC rev.3 162 Table 4.3.13 : Total environment expenditures by ISIC rev 3 classification, 2012 163 Table 4.3.14 : Impact by Environment Act on manufacturing establishments 164 Table 5.1.1 : Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes in Nepal 167 Table 5.1.2 : Details of Earthquake by Magnitude and Epicenter, Jan 2020 to November 2023 167 Table 5.1.3 : Pre-and post-earthquake situation of landslides in the affected districts of Nepal 171 Table 5.1.4 : Loss of Lives, Livestock and Other Effects by Type of Disaster,1983-2023 172 Table 5.1.5 : Major disaster in Nepal and the damage and loss, 2016 - 2023 173 Table 5.1.6 : Human casualties due to major disasters in Nepal, 1983-2023 173 Table 5.1.7 : Households (%) Reporting Major Climate Induced Incidences 175 During Past 25 Years Table 5.1.8 : Level of Impact from the Climate Induced Disaster over the Past 25 Years 176 Table 5.1.9 : Households Affected by Climate Induced Disasters in Last 5 Years 176 Table 5.1.10 : Households with economic loss due to climate induced disasters in the 177 last five years Table 6.1.1 : Population Size, Growth Rate and Doubling Time, 1911 – 2021 181 Table 6.1.2 : Areas, Population and Sex Ratio in province level, Nepal 181 Table 6.1.3a : Population Growth Rates by Ecological Belt, Nepal, 1961-2021 181 Table 6.1.3b : Population Growth Rates by Province, Nepal, 2011-2021 182 Table 6.1.4 : Population, Households and Population Density of District in Nepal, 2021 182 -XV- Table 6.1.5 : Distribution of district by size of Population,Nepal,1971-2021 185 Table 6.1.6 : Population Distribution and Composition, 1971-2021 186 Table 6.1.7 : Population and Household 187 Table 6.1.8 : Percentage distribution of Households by types of House, Nepal, 1991-2021 188 Table 6.1.9 : Households by types of Ownership of House/housing unit 188 Table 6.1.10 : Percentage distribution of Households by foundation of house/housing unit,Nepal 189 Table 6.1.11 : Households by outer wall of house/housing unit,Nepal 189 Table 6.1.12 : Percentage Distribution of Households by roof of house/housing unit Nepal 189 Table 6.1.13 : Distribution of House, Household and Average Household size, Nepal, 2021 190 Table 6.1.14 : Percentage Distribution of House having Number of Households Residing 190 in the house, Nepal, 2011 Table 6.1.15 : Percentage distribution of building structures by type of main use, 2021 191 Table 6.1.16 : Percentage distribution of building structures by number of floors, NPHC 2021 192 Table 6.1.17 : Households by Type of Lighting facilities, Nepal 192 Table 6.1.18 : Households by Type of Main Fuel Used for Cooking, Nepal 192 Table 6.1.19 : Percentage Distribution of Households using Main Sources of 193 Drinking Water, Nepal, 2021 Table 6.1.20 : Percentage Distribution of Households by Toilet Facility, Nepal, 2021 193 Table 6.1.21 : Multidimensional Poverty by Province, 2019 194 Table 6.1.22 : Poverty Head Count Rate 195 Table 6.1.23 : Poverty Gap in Rural and Urban, Nepal 195 Table 6.1.24 : Inter-Zonal Life-Time Migrants, Nepal, 1971-2021 195 Table 6.1.25 : Farm population 1991/92 - 2021 196 Table 6.1.26: Road Length with Category and Pavement (In Kilometer) 197 Table 6.1.27: Road Length with Category and Pavement (In Kilometer) 197 Table 6.1.28 : Number of Vehicles Registered, 1989/90 - 2022/23 201 Table 6.2.1 : Annual Livestock Disease Report, 2015 202 Table 6.2.2 : Infection Cases by Disease 204 Table 6.2.3 : Increase in incidence of disease in last 25 years 205 Table 6.2.4 : Status of Calorie Consumption and Malnutrition 207 Table 6.2.5 : Statistics on Crime, Corruption, Traffic Accidents in Nepal,2001/02-2012/13 207 Table 6.2.6 : Number of Hard Drug Users by Sex,Nepal, 2012 207 Table 7.1.1 : Climate Relavent Budget Allocation in Nepal 211 Table 7.1.2 : Sectoral share of climate budget (in %) 212 Table 7.1.3 : Contribution to climate budget by source 212 Table 7.2.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal, 2012 213 Table7.2.2 : Standard on Emission for Dust Particles in Air 213 Table7.2.3 : Standard on Emission of Smoke in Air by New Dissel Generator (Import) 213 Table 7.2.4 : WHO Guideline Value on Air Quality 214 Table 7.2.5 (a) : Air Quality Index 214 Table 7.2.5 (b) : Color Coding of Air Quality Index for health Concern 214 Table 7.2.6 : Standard on Emission of Smoke in Air by Operated Dissel Generator 215 Table 7.2.7 : Vehicular Emission Standard for Kathmandu Valley 215 Table 7.2.8 : Standard on Emission for Industrial Boiler 215 Table 7.2.9 : Standard on Emission and Stack Height for Brick Industry 215 Table 7.2.10 : Chimney Height and Emission for Incinerator 216 Table 7.2.11 : Ranges of Emission Reductions Required for Various Stabilization Level 216 (Bali Declaration) Table 7.2.12 : Emission Guidelines for Hospital / Medical / Infectious Waste by Incinerator 217 Table 7.2.13 : National Ambient Sound Quality Standard,2012 217 Table 7.2.14 : List of Banned Pesticides in Nepal 217 Table 7.2.15 : Classification of registered pesticides (WHO,2004) 218 Table 7.2.16 : Pesticides Registered in Nepal 218 Table 2.7.17 : Nepal's Drinking Water Quality Standards 218 Table 7.2.18 : Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into 219 Inland Surface Water Table 7.2.19 : Generic Standard /Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents 220 Discharged into Inland Surface Water Table 7.2.20 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation Water 222 Table 7.2.21 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture 223 Table 7.2.22 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Recreation 224 Table 7.2.23 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Livestock Watering 225 Table 7.2.24 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem 226 Table 7.2.25 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Industries 227 Table 7.2.26 : Nepal National Building Code, 2003 228 Table 7.2.27 : Environment Related Laws, Regulations and Policies 228 Table 7.2.28 : List of Conventions Signed and/or Ratified by the Government of Nepal 231 Table 7.2.29 : Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) Protection Status-Montreal Protocal, 1987 232 Table 7.3.1 : Households (%) access to Early-warning Information on climate induced 233 disasters over last 5 years Table 7.3.2 : Households (%) reporting preparatory activities performed after receiving 234 early-warning information to minimize loss from disaster Table 7.3.3 : Households (%) reporting major preparatory activities performed after 235 receiving early warning information Table 7.4.1 : Percentage distribution of households on awareness about climate change 236 Table 7.4.2 : Households (%) by major Source of Information about Climate Change 237 Table 7.4.3 : Households’ (%) Perception on Change in Climate Compared to Last 25 Years 239 Table 7.4.4 : Number of Environment Related NGOs and INGOs Affiliated with 239 Social Welfare Council  CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION  Introduction Background The term environment was derived from a French word “Environner” which means to surround. It refers to both abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) environment. The word environment means surroundings, in which organisms live. Environment and the organisms are two dynamic and complex components of nature. Environment regulates the life of the organisms including human beings. Human beings interact with the environment for their living. Environment, in other words, refers to the surroundings that surround living beings from all aspects and affect their living. Environment consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. The sphere that holds living entities on the earth is biosphere. Chief components of biosphere are soil, water, air, solar energy and organisms. For humans, the environment has provided all the resources for required for comfortable living. Environment Management in Nepal Nepal is facing problems generated by the pressure on natural resources, environmental pollution (especially, air and water pollution), and the problems generated by novel disturbances, such as climate change, the issues could become more severe in future. It is realized that sustainability of the development depends upon the management of the environment, and hence, the expenditure on environmental management today is in fact, a reliable investment for the safe future. Nepal has ratified several national and international treaties and conventions regarding environmental issues and has arranged the corresponding national legislative instruments, policies and institutional infrastructure to uphold its commitments. The constitution of Nepal, Article 30 states “Every citizen shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment”. The country has adopted the notion of green development to minimize stress on the environment and to mitigate the impacts of climate change. However, weak institutional capacity and inter-agency coordination to manage issues relating to environment and climate change, as well as the inadequate means and resources to address these problems are some of the challenges faced by the nation. Issues relating to environment have been addressed since the sixth five years periodic plan. In the early seventies, priorities were given to address soil erosion, flood and landslides and conserve forest resources in the policies, strategies, and programs of the periodic plans. In the early eighties, emphasis was given on the policy of reducing water pollution generated by industries and urban areas. At the same time, efforts were made to manage resources through people’s participation. Remarkable achievements were gained in community forestry, but problems began to emerge in urban areas and industrial estates particularly of pollution due to solid waste, air and water pollutants and noise. On the other hand, rural areas continued to suffer from soil erosion, flood, landslides, and reduction in the sources of water. Nevertheless, various initiatives were taken by the government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and private sector to address these problems. The government formulated policies and enacted Acts and regulations such as Environment Protection Act 1996, Environment Protection Rules 1997, Ozone Depleting Substances Consumption Rules 2001 etc. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) for development works was institutionalized and standards related to the industrial effluents and air quality was implemented. -3- The 12th three-year interim plan (TYP) of the government of Nepal stresses on the need for effective monitoring system for the implementation of approved standards, strengthened coordination mechanism amongst the line ministries and agencies, and harmonizing environment and sectoral policies and programs. Similarly, the 13th three-year interim plan emphasizes a decentralized approach to implement the environment programs from central to local level. The Fourteenth National Plan (2016/17-2018/19) aims to integrate the goals of environmental protection and adaptation to climate change in pursuing national development. The brief concept paper of Sixteenth Plan (2024/25- 2029/30) has laid out the following strategies for the environmental sector: None or minimum impact on environment while implementing development activities Integration of environment with development Enhancing economic prosperity and financial stability with sustainable and green development Prevention of natural, human disasters and risk reduction and management Transformation of fossils fuels-based machineries and transport into clean energy Conservation and sustainable management of forest, water, and land The Government of Nepal has endorsed Environment Protection Act (EPA) in 2019 and Environment Protection Regulation (EPR) in 2020, for managing environment and pollution related issues and maintain harmony between environment and development. In summary, the priorities for environment sector development of the Government of Nepal based on the periodic plans of the National Planning Commission are as following: Clean and healthy environment Green jobs and poverty reduction Climate adaptation and resilience Promotion of alternative energy Low-Carbon Development path Resource efficiency Gender equality and social inclusiveness Disaster risk reduction Increase forest coverage Similarly, the priorities for the generation and use of Environmental Statistics are: Enhancing the production of timely, reliable, disaggregated and demand-driven sectoral statistics. Maximizing the use of quality statistics to foster evidence-based planning and policy formulation, monitoring and evaluation from central to local level. -4- Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development Goals In line with the global sustainable development goals, Nepal in 2030 needs to achieve prosperity that is not only shared, but also lasting. This requires ensuring that economic growth be designed to go hand in hand with protecting and harnessing Nepal’s natural resources and people’s health, while investing sufficient resources into preparedness to address external and internal environmental threats. Envisioning Nepal 2030 foresees a major drive towards making Nepal’s cities and villages not only more connected but also more livable – with clean air, clean water, proper garbage management, and sufficient green space. A better management of our environmental resources will determine the extent to which major sources of Nepal’s prosperity, such as agriculture, tourism and hydroelectricity can be harnessed. Environment Statistics and its Development in Nepal The need for statistics on environmental aspects has been realized particularly after 1970s. With the growing problems of environment, policy makers, planners, development workers felt the need of new dimension of official statistics namely environment statistics for the sustainable development of the country. According to the Framework for Development of Environmental Statistics (FDES), the objective of environment statistics is to provide information about the environment, its most major changes over time and across locations and the main factors that influence them. Environment statistics seek to provide high- quality statistical information to improve knowledge of the environment, support evidence-based policy- and decision-making, and provide information for the public and specific user groups. The scope of environment statistics covers biophysical aspects of the environment and those aspects of the socioeconomic system that directly influence and interact with the environment. The scope of environment, social and economic statistics overlap. It is not easy to draw a clear line dividing these areas. Social and economic statistics that describe processes or activities with a direct impact on, or direct interaction with, the environment is used widely in environment statistics. They are within the scope of the FDES. Other relevant social and economic statistics, which are not part of environment statistics, are also required to place environmental issues in context and facilitate the integrated analysis of environmental, social, and economic processes. The use of consistent definitions and classifications among these fields supports their integration. When properly integrated, data and other inputs from social and economic domains enrich the analysis of environmental statistics. Environment statistics synthesize data originating from diverse types of sources. Thus, the data used to produce environmental statistics are not only compiled by different collection techniques, but also by various institutions. Types of sources include: i. statistical surveys (e.g., censuses or sample surveys of population, housing, agriculture, enterprises, households, employment, and various aspects of environment management) ii. administrative records of government and non-government agencies responsible for natural resources, as well as other ministries and authorities iii. remote sensing and thematic mapping (e.g., satellite imaging and mapping of land use and land cover, water bodies or forest cover) iv. monitoring systems (e.g., field-monitoring stations for water quality, air pollution or climate) v. scientific research and special projects undertaken to fulfill domestic or international demand. -5- Environment statistics serve a variety of users, including but not limited to: i. Policy and decision makers at all levels ii. The public, including media and civil society iii. Analysts, researchers, and academia, and iv. International agencies. Different users need environment statistics at different levels of aggregation and depths of information. They may need cross-cutting environment statistics data sets, for instance regarding climate change. In other cases, they may be interested only in particular topics and themes pertaining to specific sectoral analysis and policymaking. Policy- and decision-makers at the highest levels and the public would tend to use environmental indicators and more aggregated statistics. Environmental administration, researchers, analysts and academics may be more inclined to examine extensive and detailed environment statistics. The National Statistics Office (NSO) (then Central Bureau of Statistics) first published a compendium on Environment Statistics in 1994 which provided valuable insights into the importance and usefulness of the subject matter. ‘A Compendium on Environment Statistics 1998 Nepal’ was brought as second publication with an attempt to analyze available data on various aspect of the environment of Nepal. However, database on the environment was limited. Therefore, NSO continued attempts to bring out the environment related statistics by compiling and publishing its publication ‘Environment Statistics of Nepal, 2001’ in the form of environment database of Nepal. Similarly, NSO published the ‘Environment Statistics of Nepal, 2019’ as the ninth in the series, and this attempt to publish 'Environment Statistics of Nepal 2024 is the 10th series of the publication. Framework for Development of Environment Statistics In order to standardize the environment statistics being compiled by different countries, the United National Statistical Division (UNSD) developed and published in 1984 ‘A Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES)’. The FDES sets out the scope of environment statistics by relating the components of the environment to information categories that are based on the recognition that environmental problems are the result of human activities and natural events reflecting a sequence of action, impact, and reaction. The contents of the FDES are “statistical topics”; they are those aspects of environmental concerns that can be subjected to statistical description and analysis. It is a flexible framework for developing and organizing environmental and related socio-economic information. Since the publication of FDES in 1984, there have been a number of scientific, political, technological, statistical, and experience-based developments which necessitated the revision of FDES. The United Nations Statistical Commission, at its 41st session in February 2010, endorsed a work programme and the establishment of an Expert Group for the revision of the FDES. The members of the Expert Group represented producers and users of environment statistics of countries from all regions and international organizations. Specialized agencies and nongovernmental organizations were also involved at different stages of development of this framework. -6-  Figure 1: Six components of framework for development of environment statistics After conducting a due consultative process and pilot testing, the draft FDES was finalized by the Expert Group, and UN Statistical Commission at its 44th Session held in 2013 endorsed the revised framework as the framework for strengthening environment statistics programmes in countries and recognized it as a useful tool in the context of sustainable Development Goals and Post 2015 Development Agenda. Final official edited version of FDES 2013 has been released by UNSD in June 2016. The FDES 2013 is a multipurpose conceptual and statistical framework that is comprehensive and integrative in nature. The FDES is structured in a way that allows links to economic and social domains. It seeks to be compatible with other frameworks and systems, both statistical and analytical, such as for instance the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), the Driving force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response (DPSIR) framework, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicator framework. The relationship between FDES 2013 and the DPSIR framework is given in Appendix-I. As such, the FDES facilitates data integration with in environment statistics and with economic and social statistics. The FDES organizes environment statistics into a structure consisting of components, subcomponents, statistical topics, and individual statistics using a multi-level approach. The first level of the structure consists of six fundamental components that follow the FDES conceptual framework. The first component brings together statistics related to the conditions and quality of the environment and their change. The second component groups together statistics related to availability and use of environmental resources (ecosystem provisioning services, land and subsoil resources). The third component includes statistics related to the use of regulating services for the discharge of residuals from production and consumption processes into the environment. Statistics related to extreme events and disasters (both natural and technological) and their impacts are covered by the fourth component. The fifth component brings together statistics related to environmental conditions and impacts within human settlements. The sixth component groups statistics relevant to societal responses and economic measures aimed at protecting the environment and managing environmental resources. -7- Figure 1 shows the six components of the FDES. The dotted lines separating the components are an indication of the continuous interactions among them. These interactions are between and among all the components of the FDES. It should be noted that a two-dimensional diagram can only provide a limited visualization of the complex and interrelated nature of the relationships between humans and the environment. All the six components are intrinsically related to each other. The revised FDES uses a multi- level approach. The first level of the structure defines the six fundamental components. Each individual component is further broken down into its respective sub-components (second level) and statistical topics (third level). Each level uses numbering conventions. The final level contains the actual individual environment statistics. The FDES 2013 sets out a comprehensive (though not exhaustive) list of statistics (the Basic Set of Environment Statistics) that can be used to measure the statistical topics relating to environment and to develop national environment statistics programmes. This Basic Set of Environment Statistics is designed with enough flexibility to be adapted to individual countries ‘environmental concerns, priorities and resources and it follows a progression of three tiers:(a) Tier 1 is the Core Set of Environment Statistics with 100 indicators, which are of high priority and relevance to most countries and have a sound methodological foundation.(b) Tier 2 includes environment statistics that are of priority and relevance to most countries but need more investment in time, resources or methodological development.(c) Tier 3 includes environment statistics which are either of less priority or require significant methodological development. The Core Set of Environment Statistics (i.e., Tier 1) represents a broad consensus of opinion; as such, it is intended to foster collection, coordination, and harmonization of environment statistics at the national, regional and global levels in the short-term. Consequently, depending on their priorities and resources, countries are encouraged to consider producing Tier 2 and Tier3 statistics in the medium- and in the long- term, respectively. FDES and SDG The UN General Assembly in its 70th Session considered and adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes 17 goals (referred to as Sustainable Development Goals) and 169 targets. At the core of this agenda for sustainable development is the realization that for any development intervention to be sustainable, it must take into account the social, economic, and environmental consequences it generates, and lead to conscious choices in terms of the trade-offs, synergies and spin offs it creates. The 2030 Agenda and its indicator framework have, therefore, highlighted a number of statistical areas, which would be required for monitoring the achievement of the SDGs. The environmental dimension of sustainable development is fully reinforced in the goals on oceans and marine resources, ecosystems and biodiversity, land degradation and desertification, and is also mainstreamed/embedded under all other goals. Almost half of the SDG targets require environment statistics in order to be able to compile its indicators and enable regular monitoring of progress. Presumably because of the concurrent development of the two frameworks, FDES 2013 has a strong linkage with the SDG indicator framework. Organization of the Report Following the FDES 2013, the tables of the publication Environment Statistics of Nepal, 2024 have been categorized into seven chapters, corresponding to the components of FDES 2013. -8- Chapter I outlines the background and introduction to the environmental problems facing Nepal, the policy focus of the government of Nepal and development of the environmental statistics. Chapter II of the book contains statistical tables related to Environmental Conditions and Quality which include statistics about the physical, biological and chemical characteristics of the environment and their changes over time. Chapter III contains statistical tables related to Environmental Resources and their Use. Environmental resources include natural resources, such as subsoil resources (mineral and energy), soil resources, biological resources, water resources and land. They may be naturally renewable (e.g. fish, timber of water) or non-renewable (e.g. minerals). Chapter IV presents data on Residuals. This contains statistics on the amount and characteristics of residuals generated by human production and consumption processes, their management, and their final release to the environment. Chapter V presents the available statistical table on the extreme events and disasters. It includes extreme events and disasters and their impacts on human well-being and the infrastructure of the human subsystem. Chapter VI contains the statistical tables on the environment in which humans live and work, particularly about living conditions and environmental health. These statistics are important for the management and improvement of the conditions related to human settlements, shelter conditions, safe water, sanitation and health, particularly in the context of rapid urbanization, increasing pollution, environmental degradation, disasters, extreme events and climate change. Chapter VII contains data on Environmental Protection, Management and Engagement. This chapter is organized around the available data on Environmental Protection and Resource Management Expenditure, Environmental Governance and Regulation, Extreme events preparedness and Disaster management and Environmental Information and Awareness. Annex I includes Basic Set of Environment Statistics which is identified by FDES 2013. Annex II includes a Glossary of major terminologies to facilitate common understanding. -9-  CHAPTER II Environmental Conditions and Quality Table 2.1.1 : Annual Minimum and Maximum Temperature by Stations elevation 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 S.N. station district (masl) max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 Baitadi..Gothalapani. Baitadi 1352 24.8 7.1 26 9.4 28.2 11.4 30.1 NA 25.3 NA NA 13.4 2 Patan..West. Baitadi 1292 26.4 14 25.8 13 25.5 13.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 Dadeldhura Dadeldhura 1879 22 12 21.8 12 21.2 11.5 21.1 NA 22 NA NA 11.7 4 Mahendra.Nagar Kanchanpur 197 30.8 18 30.2 18 30.6 18.5 29.8 NA 30.8 NA NA 19 5 Darchula Darchula 945 27 15 26.3 14 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 Dainsili..Sidhhapur. Baitadi 2083 21 14 NA NA 21.4 13.9 NA NA 22.8 NA NA 11.2 7 Darchula.New Darchula 887 29.1 15 28.6 15 28.1 15.1 28 NA 28.5 NA NA 15.2 8 Patan.new Baitadi 1299 25 14 24.7 13 24.5 13.3 NA NA 25 NA NA 10.9 9 Silgadhi.Doti Doti 1309 26.4 14 26.2 14 25.8 14.1 NA NA NA NA NA 14.2 10 Bajura..Martadi. Bajura 1598 24.5 13 24.1 12 23.7 11.8 23.1 NA 23.6 NA NA 12.6 11 Tikapur Kailali 149 31.8 17 31.2 17 31.2 16.2 30.3 NA 30.9 NA NA 18.2 12 Dhangadhi.Attariya. Kailali 184 31.2 18 30.8 18 31.4 18.2 30.2 NA 30.5 NA NA 18.6 13 Godavari.West. Kailali 280 31.1 20 31.3 20 31.2 20.2 NA NA 30.8 NA NA 21.7 14 Mangalsen Achham 1310 25.7 14 NA NA 25.5 13.4 24.9 NA NA NA NA 13.2 15 Dipayal..Doti. Doti 563 30.9 16 30.9 15 30.8 15.9 29.6 NA 30.4 NA NA 16.5 16 Oli.Gaun..Patkani. Achham 989 28.1 14 29.1 14 29.3 13.5 28.3 NA 25.2 NA NA 15.3 17 Gokuleshwar Kailali 761 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 28.4 NA NA 14.7 18 Chainpur.Bajhang.AWS 1405 NA NA 26 13 NA NA NA NA 25.7 NA NA 12.3 19 Jumla Jumla 2363 21.7 6.3 21.8 5.6 20.4 6.1 20.9 NA 21 NA NA 6.1 20 Gam.Shree.Nagar Mugu 2113 23.7 11 24 10 21.7 10.4 22.4 NA 21.5 NA NA 11 21 Rara Mugu 2989 NA 4.1 15.8 3.7 15.1 3.2 11.9 NA 14.9 NA NA 4 22 Nagma Kalikot 2017 22.7 9.1 22.5 8.2 21.6 8.4 21.7 NA 21.6 NA NA 8.8 23 Dipal.Gaun Jumla 2422 22.4 5.5 23.4 4.9 21.7 5.4 NA NA NA NA NA 5.8 24 Simikot Humla 2993 16.3 6.3 16 5.6 15 4.8 NA NA 15.9 NA NA 5.6 25 Dunai Dolpa 2098 20.8 11 22.1 9.9 21.5 8.3 22.3 NA 23.9 NA NA 6.8 26 Manma kalikot 1729 23.5 9.7 23.4 10 NA 11.6 21.6 NA 21.9 NA NA 12.3 27 Kaigaun Dolpa 2683 NA NA NA NA 20.1 4.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 28 Jumla.Airport Jumla 2384 21.8 3.6 21.6 4.6 20.1 4.7 NA NA 20.5 NA NA 5.4 29 Pusma.Camp Surkhet 953 NA NA 25.1 NA 25.2 13.4 24.6 NA 25.2 NA NA NA 30 Dailekh Dailekh 1394 26 16 26.5 14 25.2 14.5 24.7 14 24.7 15 24.3 14.6 Surkhet.Airport.. 31 Surkhet 683 29.5 16 29 15 29 16.1 28.2 NA 28.8 NA NA 16.2 Birendranagar. 32 Gulariya Bardiya 126 30.9 19 30.4 18 30.6 18.5 29.7 NA 30.2 NA NA 19 33 Khajura..Nepalganj. Banke 129 31.6 19 30.9 18 30.8 18.7 30.2 NA 30.8 NA NA 19 34 Nepalgunj.Reg.Off.. Banke 141 31.1 20 30.2 19 30.2 19.9 NA NA 30.1 NA NA 19.9 35 Rani.Jaruwa.Nursery Bardiya 145 31.3 18 30.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 Sikta Banke 161 31.9 18 31.2 18 31 18.5 30.3 NA 30.9 NA NA 18.8 37 Mehalkuna Surkhet 464 NA 16 30.5 16 29.7 16 30 NA 30.4 NA 30.5 17.1 38 Libang.Gaun Rolpa 1314 26.6 14 26.6 14 26.6 13.3 26.1 12 26.4 13 26.4 13.3 39 Bijuwar.Tar Pyuthan 835 29.9 16 29.5 15 29.4 15.5 28.6 16 28.4 16 29.4 16.1 40 Tulsipur Dang 683 NA NA 27.7 17 27.4 NA 26.6 NA NA NA NA NA -13-  elevation 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 S.N. station district (masl) max min max min max min max min max min max min 41 Salyan.Bazar Salyan 1557 25.9 15 25 14 24.7 13.8 24.6 14 NA 14 20.5 14.1 42 Chaurjhari.Tar Rukum 863 28.9 15 28.7 14 28 14.3 NA NA 27.6 NA NA 13.6 43 Musikot.Rukumkot. Rukum 1412 25.3 14 25 13 24.8 13.5 24.7 NA 24.7 NA NA 14.1 44 Ghorai..Dang. Dang 663 29.3 17 28.9 16 28.8 17 27.8 NA 28.4 NA NA 17.4 45 Jomsom Mustang 0 18.4 6.1 17.8 5.6 17.6 4.6 17.4 NA 17.3 NA NA 4 46 Jomsom.Resort Mustang 2846 NA NA NA NA NA NA 20.3 NA 20.8 NA NA NA 47 Thakmarpha Mustang 2655 18.1 3.9 17.6 3.6 17 5 17 NA 17.3 NA NA 4.6 48 Baglung Baglung 964 28.1 15 NA NA 27.6 15.3 27.3 NA 27.4 NA NA 15.4 49 Bahrabise Sindhupalchok 29.5 15 29.1 15 29.1 14.5 28.2 NA 28.3 NA 28.7 14.7 50 Kushma Parbat 900 NA NA 28.5 15 28.4 15.4 28 NA 28.4 NA NA 15.5 51 Gurja.Khani Myagdi 2627 NA NA NA NA NA NA 21.6 NA NA NA NA NA 52 Bhimgithhe Baglung 1008 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 25.7 NA NA 12.9 53 Chhoser Mustang 3886 14.4 0.5 NA NA NA NA 13.8 NA 14.4 NA NA NA 54 Tansen Palpa 1183 26.3 13 25.8 15 25.4 13.5 24.8 NA 25.9 NA NA 15.8 55 Bhairahawa.Airport Rupandehi 108 31.5 19 30.7 18 31 19.8 30.5 NA 31.4 NA NA 19.7 56 Dumkauli Nawalpur 183 33.6 19 32.7 19 NA NA 31.7 NA 32.7 NA NA 19.7 57 Bhairahawa..Agric. Rupandehi 112 31.7 19 31 19 31.7 19.3 30.7 NA 30.5 NA NA 19.9 58 Parasi Nawalparasi 112 31.4 19 31.8 19 31.1 18.4 30.1 NA NA NA NA 19.4 59 Khanchikot Arghakhachi 1801 21.9 13 21.2 13 21 12.7 20.5 NA 21.2 NA NA 13 60 Taulihawa Kapilvastu 106 31.1 19 30.1 19 30.4 19 29.3 NA 29.8 NA NA 19.3 61 Tamghas Gulmi 1547 23.9 12 23.4 12 NA 12.1 NA NA 22.4 NA NA 12.8 62 Semari Nawalparasi 110 32.1 19 30.9 18 31.9 18.1 29.8 NA 30.4 NA NA 19.7 63 Lumbini Rupandehi 95 31.8 19 30.9 18 NA NA NA NA 30.4 NA NA 19.9 64 Anp.Chour 738 NA NA 30.4 15 30.4 13.7 30.3 NA 30.4 NA NA NA 65 Sandhikharka Arghakhachi 1030 27.6 14 26.9 14 26.7 13.7 26.3 NA 27.3 NA NA 14.2 66 Khudi.Bazar Lamjung 838 28.4 15 27.7 NA 27.9 NA 27.5 NA 27 NA NA 15.3 67 Pokhara.Airport Kaski 803.9 27.9 16 27.3 16 27.3 16.3 26.9 NA 27.3 NA NA 16.5 68 Syangja Syangja 871 28.2 16 27.3 15 27.3 15.5 26.3 NA 26.3 NA NA 16 69 Bandipur Tanahu 991 27.3 15 26.7 14 26 14.3 25.1 NA 25.4 NA NA 12.1 70 Gorkha..Birenchowk. Gorkha 724 28.1 17 27.7 17 27.3 16.9 26.8 NA 27.1 NA NA 17.1 71 Chapakot Syangja 617 30 NA 29.5 17 29.2 16.8 28.9 NA 29.3 NA NA 17.5 72 Malepatan..Pokhara. Kaski 859 27.9 15 27.4 14 27.3 13.7 26 NA 26.7 NA NA 15.6 73 Lumle Kaski 1738 20.7 12 20.1 12 20.3 11.7 19.9 NA 20.5 NA NA 12.2 74 Khairini.Tar Tanahun 515 30.1 17 29.6 17 29.2 17.4 28.8 NA 29.1 NA NA 17.9 75 Damauli Tanahun 347 NA NA NA NA NA NA 28.8 NA 29.2 NA NA 19.2 76 Dandaswara Syangja 1316 24.4 15 23.6 15 23.6 14.3 23.2 NA 23.9 NA NA NA 77 Ghalekharka Kaski 1665 21.9 13 20.9 12 21.3 12.5 20.9 12 21.4 13 21.6 12.7 78 Begnas Kaski 682 29.6 16 28.6 16 28.5 16.2 NA NA 28.5 NA NA 16.6 79 Bhorletar Lamjung 469 NA NA 30.1 17 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 80 Panchase Parbat 2492 NA NA 17.5 8.1 18 8.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA 81 Humde Manang 3401 NA NA 13.8 -1.8 NA NA NA NA 13.2 NA NA NA 82 Rampur Chitwan 189 31 18 30.6 18 30.8 NA 30.1 NA 30.4 NA 30.5 18.6 -14-  elevation 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 S.N. station district (masl) max min max min max min max min max min max min 83 Daman Makwanpur 2265 19.3 9 18.6 8.2 18.4 7.5 18.6 NA 18.7 NA 19 9.2 84 Hetauda.N.F.I. Makwanpur 452 29.6 18 29.2 17 29.3 17.6 28.5 NA 29.2 NA NA NA 85 Simara.Airport Bara 137 30.9 18 30.7 18 NA NA 29.9 NA 30.4 NA 30.3 19.6 86 Parwanipur Bara 87 30.5 19 30.2 19 NA NA 29.7 NA 30.2 NA 30.4 19.4 87 Birganj Parsa 67 31.8 20 NA NA NA NA NA NA 31 NA 31.5 20.7 88 Kalaiya Bara 100 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30.2 NA 30.4 20.4 89 Gaur Rautahat 77 NA NA NA NA 31.9 20.2 NA NA NA NA 31.5 18.5 90 Bharatpur Chitwan 216 31.8 20 31.1 19 31.4 19.5 NA NA 30.8 NA 30.8 19.9 91 Kakani Nuwakot 2002 21.1 12 20.4 11 NA NA 19.1 NA 19.5 NA 19.3 11.5 92 Chautara Sindhupalchok 1552 25.4 14 NA NA 25 12.3 25.1 13 25 13 25.6 13.5 93 Sarmathang Sindhupalchok 2574 16.4 7.8 NA NA NA NA 15.7 NA 16.5 NA 17 8.1 94 Dhulikhel Kavre 1543 NA NA NA 12 23.8 12.3 23.4 NA 24 NA 24.1 12.8 95 Khumaltar Lalitpur 1334 25.4 13 24.9 12 24.7 12.8 24.3 NA 24.7 NA 25.2 13.4 96 Kathmandu.Airport 1337 26.2 13 25.6 13 25.6 13.1 25.3 NA 25.6 NA 25.6 14 97 Panchkhal Kavre 857 NA NA NA NA 28.7 14.6 28.1 NA 28.7 NA 28.9 15.3 98 Dhunibesi Dhading 991 27.8 16 27.6 16 26.9 16 26.1 NA 27.5 NA NA 16 99 Panipokhari..Kathmandu. Kathmandu 1329 29.2 14 27.6 13 25.9 13.7 NA NA 26.5 NA 26.3 14.4 100 Nagarkot Bhaktapur 20 11 NA NA 19 10.1 18.4 NA 19.4 NA 19.3 10.3 101 Bhaktapur Bhaktapur 1315 26.9 12 26.5 12 26.3 12.4 26.2 NA 25.9 NA 26.9 13 102 Dhunche Rasuwa 2005 NA NA 20.5 10 20.2 10.6 19.7 NA 20 NA 20 10.8 103 Pansayakhola Nuwakot 1982 20.8 13 NA NA 19.4 11.9 19.2 NA NA NA NA 9.2 104 Changu.Narayan Bhaktapur 1502 24.8 13 NA NA 25.2 13.5 25.1 NA NA NA 25.9 13.7 105 Khokana Lalitpur 1309 25.9 12 25.2 11 24.9 11.6 NA NA 25.1 NA 25.9 12 106 Charikot Dolakha 2132 23.8 10 23 9.8 23.2 10 22.6 NA 23.1 NA 22.5 10.3 107 Jiri Dolakha 1877 21.4 8.8 20.9 8.4 21 8.5 20.7 NA 21 NA 21 9.3 108 Sindhuli.Madhi Sindhuli 556 NA NA 29.3 17 29.4 17.1 NA NA 29.3 NA 29.1 17.2 109 Janakpur.Airport Dhanusha 76 31.2 20 30.9 19 NA 19.7 NA NA 30.6 NA 30.8 20.1 110 Hardinath Dhanusha 93 30.4 20 30 19 30.4 19.9 NA NA 29.8 NA 30.1 20.2 111 Manusmara Sarlahi 90 30.7 19 30.2 19 30.4 19 NA NA 29.9 NA 30.1 19.9 112 Karmaiya Sarlahi 139 31.7 20 31.5 20 31.5 20.2 NA NA NA NA 30.9 20.5 113 Jalesor Mahottari 68 NA NA 30.5 20 NA NA NA NA 30.4 NA 31.1 20.6 114 Manthali Ramechhap 497 31.2 17 30.8 17 30.7 17.1 NA NA 30.4 NA 30.8 17.3 115 Kabre Dolakha 1755 23.1 13 22.8 12 23 12 23.4 NA 23.9 NA 23.9 12 116 Phattepur Saptari 101 32.1 20 31.4 19 31.2 19.1 30.3 NA 30.5 NA 30.3 19.4 117 Udayapur.Gadhi 469 NA 19 29.7 18 29.5 19 28.6 NA 29.6 NA 29.5 18.8 118 Lahan Siraha 110 31.1 20 30.4 19 30.5 19.8 30.1 NA 30.8 NA 30.9 20.1 119 Siraha 63 32.1 14 31.3 12 32 NA NA NA 31.1 NA 31.2 20.5 120 Salleri 2383 NA NA NA 6.5 18.8 8.6 NA NA 19.9 NA NA NA 121 Diktel Khotang 1612 23 14 22.3 14 22.5 13.8 21.8 NA 22.3 NA 22.1 14.1 122 Rajbiraj Saptari 68 30 21 NA NA 30.3 20.5 30 NA 31.1 NA 30.5 20.3 123 Num Sankhuwasabha 1494 NA NA NA NA 22.6 12.8 NA NA NA NA 22.7 13.3 124 Chainpur..East. Sankhuwasabha 1277 25.8 15 24.8 14 NA NA 25.4 NA NA NA NA 15.4 -15-  elevation 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 S.N. station district (masl) max min max min max min max min max min max min 125 Pakhribas Dhankuta 1720 21.5 13 21.1 12 21 12.7 20.7 NA 21.6 NA NA 12.9 126 Dhankuta Dhankuta 1192 25.5 16 25.1 15 25.5 15.4 25.1 NA 25.8 NA NA 15.5 127 Dharan.Bazar sunsari 310 30.5 21 29.9 20 29.9 20.6 29.2 NA 30 NA NA 20 128 Terhathum 1525 NA NA NA 14 23.6 13.5 NA NA 23.2 NA NA 13.8 129 Chatara Sunsari 105 31.7 NA NA NA 31.2 19.4 31 NA 31.8 NA NA 19.6 130 Biratnagar.Airport Morang 72 31.1 20 30.1 19 30.8 19.4 30.1 NA 30.3 NA NA 19.7 131 Tarahara Sunsari 120 31.3 19 30.6 18 29.8 18.7 NA NA 30 NA NA 19 132 Tumlingtar Sankhuwasabha 477 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16.4 133 Khadbari Sankhuwasabha 1064 24.9 17 NA 16 25.7 16.5 25.7 NA NA NA NA 16.8 134 Taplejung Taplejung 1744 22.9 13 22.2 12 21.9 12.4 21.6 NA 21.7 NA NA 12.4 135 Ilam.Tea.Estate Ilam 1208 24.3 12 24.4 12 23.5 13.9 NA NA NA NA NA 15.9 136 Damak Jhapa 119 31.6 19 30.7 19 30.8 17 NA NA 31.1 NA NA 16 137 Chandra.Gadhi Jhapa 90 NA 19 NA NA 31 21.2 NA NA 31.1 NA NA NA 138 Kanyam.Tea.Estate Ilam 1570 NA NA 20.8 13 20.7 12.9 20.1 NA 21 NA NA 14 139 Phidim..Panchther. Panchthar 1157 27 NA 26.5 12 NA 15.3 26.5 NA 26.8 NA NA 15.5 140 Dovan TAPLEJUNG 700 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 141 Gaida..Kankai. Jhapa 107 NA NA 30.7 17 30.9 19 NA NA 30.6 NA NA 18.9 142 Kechana Jhapa 71 30.8 20 NA NA 30.1 19.1 29.7 NA NA NA NA 20.1 143 Nuwakot Nuwakot 966 27.9 17 27.7 16 27.4 16.3 27.1 NA 27.5 NA 27.2 16.6 144 Lukla.Airport Solukhumbhu 2786 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.4 145 Chisapani.Karnali. Kailali 201 30.2 20 29.8 19 30.2 19.9 29.1 19 29.9 20 29.9 20.2 146 Godavari NA 24 11 NA NA 22.9 11.4 22.7 NA 23.4 NA 23.6 11 147 Jyamirebari 1525 23 13 22 12 22.5 12.4 NA NA 22.3 13 NA NA 148 Lete Mustang 2617 17.6 7.2 NA NA 17 6 17 NA 16.7 NA NA 8 149 Nepalgunj.Airport NA 31.7 18 32 18 31.9 18.6 30.5 NA 30.9 NA NA 19.4 150 Okhaldhunga 1725 22.8 13 22.7 12 22.5 12.6 21.6 NA 22.3 NA 22.3 13.3 Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) -16- Table 2.1.2: Average minimum and maximum temperature by district and station Average minimum temperature Average maximun temperature S.N. Station District (1991-2020) (1991-2020) DJF JJAS MAM ON Annual DJF JJAS MAM ON Annual 1 Patan..West. Baitadi 5.2 19.6 13.6 11.1 13.1 18.7 29.1 27.8 24.6 25.4 2 Dadeldhura Dadeldhura 4.7 16.8 11.8 9.8 11.3 15.8 24.9 23.6 21 21.7 3 Mahendra.Nagar Kanchanpur 8.4 25.1 17.9 15.6 17.5 22.5 33.9 34.2 29.4 30.4 4 Darchula Darchula 5.4 20.6 14.4 11.5 13.7 20.3 31.8 30.8 25.8 27.7 5 Silgadhi.Doti Doti 6.6 19.6 14 12.2 13.7 18.5 30.1 28.4 24 25.8 6 Tikapur Kailali 8.2 25.1 18.1 15.6 17.5 22.7 34 35.2 29.8 30.7 7 Dhangadhi.Attariya. Kailali 8.6 25.2 18.1 15.9 17.7 22.6 33.8 34.8 29.8 30.6 8 Godavari.West. Kailali 11.3 24.9 21.3 18.4 19.5 22.7 33.5 34.9 29.8 30.5 9 Dipayal..Doti. Doti 6.3 23.4 15.4 13.4 15.4 23.8 34.5 33.7 29.6 30.8 10 Jumla Jumla -4 14.4 4.3 1.6 5.1 15.2 25.2 21.7 20.9 21.1 11 Dipal.Gaun Jumla -3.8 13.6 4.3 1.5 4.9 15.6 26.3 22.6 22 22 12 Pusma.Camp Surkhet 8.8 NA 17.9 NA NA 18.8 NA 29.5 NA NA 13 Dailekh Dailekh 6.6 17.2 14.2 11.6 12.9 18.1 29.3 28.7 24 25.5 14 Raughat.Khola.at.Raughat Myagdi 11.8 25.1 21.1 18.2 19.6 21.6 32.6 34 28.4 29.5 15 Surkhet.Airport..Birendranagar. Surkhet 6.5 22.9 16.3 13.2 15.5 21.9 31.7 32.1 27.4 28.6 16 Khajura..Nepalganj. Banke 8.8 25.4 18.5 16.4 18 22.9 34.2 35.1 30 30.9 17 Nepalgunj.Reg.Off.. Banke 10.5 26.2 20.7 18.1 19.6 22.6 33.9 34.9 29.8 30.6 18 Rani.Jaruwa.Nursery Bardiya 9.7 25.1 18.5 17 18.3 23.6 34.5 35.2 30.5 31.3 19 Sikta Banke 8 24.4 17.3 15.4 17 23.1 34.6 35.4 30 31.2 20 Kali.Gandaki.at.Kota.Gaon Tanahu 9.1 25.4 18.6 16.8 18.2 22.9 34.3 35.2 30 31 21 Tulsipur Dang 7.7 23 17.8 14.4 16.5 22.3 31.5 32.3 27.6 28.7 22 Salyan.Bazar Salyan 7.3 19 14.8 12.6 13.9 20.2 27.6 27.5 25.4 25.3 23 Chaurjhari.Tar Rukum 6.6 22.1 15.1 13.4 15 21.3 32.4 32.5 26.1 28.6 24 Musikot.Rukumkot. Rukum 5.6 18.9 13 11.8 12.9 19.4 28.3 27.1 24.3 25.1 25 Bagmati.at.Sundarijal.Bridge Kathmandu 7.2 22.5 17.4 13.7 15.9 22.2 31 31.9 27.5 28.4 26 Jomsom Mustang -1.2 12.9 4.7 3.5 5.8 11.5 22.3 18.1 16.4 17.6 27 Thakmarpha Mustang -1.5 11.8 4.5 2.9 5.2 12.4 21.6 17.9 16.6 17.6 28 Baglung Baglung 7.3 21.2 15.1 13.8 15 NA 31.2 29.9 27 NA 29 Kushma Parbat 7.6 21.3 15.7 13.8 15.2 22.8 31.4 30.6 28.5 28.6 30 Tansen Palpa 7.7 19.2 15.3 13.2 14.3 NA NA 28.6 NA NA 31 Butwal Rupandehi 12.8 24.7 NA 20 NA 23.2 NA 34.5 29.9 NA 32 Bhairahawa.Airport Rupandehi 9.9 25.8 19.6 17.6 18.9 23 34 34.7 30.8 30.9 33 Dumkauli Nawalpur 10.4 25.3 19.4 17.8 18.8 24.2 34 34.3 30.1 31 34 Bhairahawa..Agric. Rupandehi 9.9 25.8 19 17.7 18.8 23.4 34.2 34.9 31.1 31.2 35 Khanchikot Arghakhachi 6.6 17.2 13.7 11.8 12.8 15.4 23.8 22.5 20.6 20.8 36 Taulihawa Kapilvastu NA NA 19.3 NA NA 23.2 33.6 35.1 NA NA 37 Tamghas Gulmi 5.5 18.2 13 11.1 12.5 16.5 26.4 25 21.7 22.8 38 Semari Nawalparasi 9.2 24.8 19.7 16.3 18.2 22.7 35.9 35.8 29.6 31.5 39 Khudi.Bazar Lamjung NA 21 16.1 13.9 NA 22 30.8 29.5 27 27.6 40 Pokhara.Airport Kaski 8.4 21.7 16 14.8 15.8 21.2 30.4 29.2 26.1 27.1 41 Syangja Syangja 7.3 21.5 14.6 14.2 15 21.2 31 29.4 26.7 27.4 42 Gorkha..Birenchowk. Gorkha 9.1 21.9 NA 14.9 NA 20.8 30.8 29.7 26.2 27.3 43 Chapakot Syangja 9.1 22.8 17 15.6 16.7 22.4 32.5 31.8 28 29.1 -17-  Average minimum temperature Average maximun temperature S.N. Station District (1991-2020) (1991-2020) DJF JJAS MAM ON Annual DJF JJAS MAM ON Annual 44 Malepatan..Pokhara. Kaski 7.4 21.5 14.7 14.1 15 20.9 30.7 28.9 26.2 27 45 Lumle Kaski 5.8 17.1 12.1 11.1 12 15 23.8 22 20 20.5 46 Khairini.Tar Tanahun 9.6 23.5 16.6 16.8 17.2 22.7 32.8 32 27.9 29.3 47 Rampur Chitwan 8.9 24.9 17.8 16.6 17.7 24.1 33.8 34.2 30.2 30.9 48 Hetauda.N.F.I. Makwanpur 8.5 23.3 17.4 15.5 16.8 23.7 32.5 32.8 28.6 29.7 49 Simara.Airport Bara 9 25.2 18.7 17 18.2 23.7 33.4 33.8 30.4 30.6 50 Parwanipur Bara 10 25.7 19.3 17.8 18.9 23.6 33.5 34 30.8 30.7 51 Gaur Rautahat 9.8 24.9 19.3 18.1 18.6 21.9 33.8 32.3 29.6 29.8 52 Nuwakot Nuwakot 9.5 21.4 17.4 15.7 16.5 22 30.6 30.1 NA NA 53 Kakani Nuwakot 5.1 16 11.9 10.7 11.3 14.9 22.9 22 19.6 20.1 54 Godavari Lalitpur 3.9 17.8 11.5 9.9 11.4 17.4 26 24.8 22.1 22.9 55 Dhulikhel Kavre 4.7 17.8 11.9 10.5 11.8 15.9 25.7 24.5 20.6 22.1 56 Khumaltar Lalitpur 3.2 19.7 11.7 10.7 12.1 19.3 28 26.5 24.4 24.8 57 Kathmandu.Airport Kathmandu 4.1 19.6 12.4 11.1 12.5 20.5 29 27.9 25.4 26 58 Panchkhal Kavre 5.5 21.8 13.5 12.9 14.2 22.6 31.9 30.3 27.9 28.5 59 Dhunibesi Dhading 9.1 21.6 16.9 15 16.2 20 30.6 29.8 25.4 26.9 60 Panipokhari..Kathmandu. Kathmandu 5.4 19.9 13 12.8 13.3 20.9 29.4 27.7 25.9 26.3 61 Nagarkot Bhaktapur 3.9 15.1 10.3 9.2 10.1 14.1 22.4 21.5 19 19.5 62 Jiri Dolakha -0.5 16.2 7.3 6.5 8.2 15.5 24.2 21.9 20.1 20.8 63 Sindhuli.Madhi Sindhuli NA NA NA 15.7 NA NA NA NA 28.7 NA 64 Janakpur.Airport Dhanusha 10.6 26.2 20.3 19 19.6 24.1 33.1 33.7 30.7 30.6 65 Manusmara Sarlahi 9.9 25.8 19.5 18.2 19 23.8 33.7 33.8 30.6 30.8 66 Karmaiya Sarlahi 12.5 25.8 21.6 19.6 20.4 24.3 33.8 34.1 30.6 31 67 Jalesor Mahottari 11.1 25.8 21.1 19.7 20 23.9 NA 33.9 NA NA 68 Okhaldhunga Okhaldhunga 6.4 17.3 13.1 11.8 12.6 17.1 25 23.9 22.2 22.3 69 Phattepur Saptari NA 25.1 19.5 18.4 NA 26.5 34.1 34 32.1 31.8 70 Udayapur.Gadhi NA 24 NA 18.6 NA NA 31.1 NA 28.8 NA 71 Rajbiraj Saptari 11.2 25.2 20.6 18.9 19.5 24.7 33.3 33.5 31 30.8 72 Chainpur..East. Sankhuwasabha 7.6 18.4 14 12.6 13.7 19.4 27.8 26.9 24.2 24.9 73 Pakhribas Dhankuta 6.1 17.4 12.8 11.6 12.4 15.9 23.5 23 20.6 21 74 Dhankuta Dhankuta 8.2 20.2 15.5 13.8 15 19.8 27.8 26 24.7 24.8 75 Terhathum 6.3 17.7 NA 11.8 NA 18.8 26.6 24.4 24.5 23.8 76 Biratnagar.Airport Morang 10.5 25.6 20.1 18.4 19.2 24.6 32.8 32.9 30.6 30.4 77 Tarahara Sunsari 9.8 24.9 18.9 17.4 18.4 24.4 32.4 32.2 30.4 30 78 Taplejung Taplejung 5.3 17.6 12.1 10.9 12 15.8 25.2 22.4 21.1 21.5 79 Ilam.Tea.Estate Ilam NA NA NA 15.1 NA NA 26 24.8 23.8 NA 80 Kanyam.Tea.Estate Ilam 5.1 16.6 11.9 11.1 11.6 15.4 23.2 21.9 20.6 20.5 81 Phidim..Panchther. Panchthar 8 20.8 15.6 13.6 15.1 21.5 29.4 28.1 26.5 26.6 82 Gaida..Kankai. Jhapa 9.7 23.8 18.6 17.2 17.9 25.7 33.3 32.7 31.3 30.9 Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) Note: DJF: Dec.,Jan., Feb.; MAM: March, April, May; JJAS: Jun, July, August, Sept. ON: Oct., Nov. -18- Table 2.1.3: Annual Rainfall by Station (in mm) S.N. station district elevation 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1 Kakerpakha Baitadi 783 1524.7 1339.4 1385.2 1308 NA 1912 1454.6 2 Baitadi..Gothalapani. Baitadi 1352 1185.6 NA 1401.4 1534.1 NA NA NA 3 Patan..West. Baitadi 1292 1137.9 NA 1255.5 1209.6 NA NA NA 4 Dadeldhura Dadeldhura 1879 1300.5 1374.1 1265.5 1101.3 1406.8 1889.9 1419.1 5 Mahendra.Nagar Kanchanpur 197 2013 1869 2494.3 1850.4 2457.2 NA 2386.1 6 Santipur.Belauri Kanchanpur 164 1990.6 1489.8 1437.4 993.7 1665 1748.7 1833.5 7 Darchula Darchula 945 3036.5 2463.3 2305.2 NA NA NA NA 8 Santbajh Baitadi 1881 1242.4 1502.2 1357.1 1575.7 NA 1722.8 1384.6 9 Rupal Dadeldhura 1458 1286.5 1228.7 1012.8 1584.4 NA 2556.1 1705.3 10 Sahu.Khark Dadeldhura 2092 1555.1 1352.6 NA 1334.4 NA 2261.1 1595.5 11 Jogbudha Dadeldhura 379 1530.3 987 NA 892.2 1373.7 2364.1 1750.9 12 Hanman.Nagar Kanchanpur 213 2205.9 1573.6 1995.1 1487.6 NA 2454.4 2317.4 13 Kallagoth..Krishnapur. Kanchanpur 189 1276.1 1398.6 1685.4 1532.3 NA 2053.4 2076.8 14 Dodhara Kanchanpur 175 1842.8 1798.4 1917.5 1274.2 2027.5 1683.8 1853.1 15 Parsia Kanchanpur 170 1723.8 1412.2 1382.4 893.9 1570.1 NA 1613.9 16 Bichawa Kanchanpur 176 1586.5 1416.8 1442.1 1110.9 NA 1827.4 1673.3 17 Jhalari Kanchanpur 195 1536.2 1525.7 1672.5 1363.9 NA 2298.3 1840.6 18 Darchula.New Darchula 887 2251.3 2485.7 2629.2 2534.6 3139.7 3138.9 2919 19 Patan.new Baitadi 1299 1124.7 1193.5 1217.1 1224.2 1382.3 1432.9 1426.9 20 Pipalkot Bajhang 1455 2011.2 2298.1 2314.7 2102.8 NA 2950 2561 21 Silgadhi.Doti Doti 1309 1266 1130.2 1179 1143.8 NA NA 1352.9 22 Bajura..Martadi. Bajura 1598 2023.2 NA 2319.8 2061.6 NA NA NA 23 Katai Doti 1388 2229.2 1912.5 1512.9 971.2 NA 948.8 1282.9 24 Asara.Ghat Achham 632 899.7 1056.5 845.9 1122.9 NA 1689.6 1645.8 25 Tikapur Kailali 149 2128.2 1822.6 1130 964 2337.2 1653.5 1795.5 26 Sandhepani Kailali 159 2176.4 1887.4 1398.8 1229.4 2451.6 1903.7 1655.6 27 Dhangadhi.Attariya. Kailali 184 1592.9 1607.4 1530.7 1406.6 2123.9 2235.8 1958.6 28 Bangga.Camp Achham 1180 1446.8 1508.3 1379.4 1515.3 NA NA NA 29 Sitapur Kailali 148 1506.6 1769.4 1313.9 1059 1504.5 1964.3 1748.4 30 Kola.Gaun Doti 1364 1479.2 1343 1647.2 1352.3 NA 2473.7 1723.8 31 Godavari.West. Kailali 280 2368.9 2515.5 1800.3 1925.3 2358 NA 2774.3 32 Mangalsen Achham 1310 1373.9 1225.9 1283.9 1271.3 1760.8 2095.2 1603.6 33 Dipayal..Doti. Doti 563 1124.4 957.3 795.1 960.9 1048.4 1449.6 1254.7 34 Oli.Gaun..Patkani. Achham 989 258.2 NA 493 657.5 NA NA NA 35 RAISALLI..Daulichaur. Bhajang 2011 2774.1 2392.1 2806.1 2426.1 2495 3178 2931.5 36 THALARA Bajhang 2360 1970.2 2580.9 2619.1 1940.6 NA 3072 2494.6 37 Olena..OIRANO. Bajura 1116 1301.1 1955.1 1504.1 1643.3 NA 1795.2 1683 38 Sunkuda Bajhang 894 790.8 1132.9 1018.9 853 NA NA 1598.6 39 RAYAL Bajhang 919 1346.8 1356.6 1114.1 1638.9 NA 1907.3 1566 40 Kolti.Airport Bajura 1411 690.8 809.2 1066.2 1094.8 NA NA 997.5 41 KAILASMANDU Bajura 917 1740.9 1902.6 1944.5 1399 NA 2804.2 2174.5 42 JHINGRANA Doti 2249 1913.1 2187.7 552.2 383.4 NA NA NA -19- S.N. station district elevation 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 43 GOPGHAT..GOLAGHAT. Achham 1548 1439.8 1912.5 1991.3 2186.4 NA 2596.8 1475.2 44 SAFEBAGAR Achham 626 NA 1037 1088.6 1093.4 NA NA NA 45 GAIRA Doti 1856 1760.2 1962.8 1802.5 1653 NA 2422.6 1873.3 46 DUMRAKOT Dumrakot 1042 805.2 751.9 902.4 980.8 NA 1703.2 1321 47 SUGALI Achham 1668 1888.3 1926.3 1660.4 1721 NA 2871.1 2315 48 SAPTA Bajura 1099 376.1 512.9 521 NA NA 978.3 794.7 49 BASTI Achham 474 NA 995 NA 581.6 NA 1430.5 1329.7 50 Chiuri Doti 1492 1680 1133.6 2404.6 NA NA 2987.6 1937 51 MALAKHETI Kanchanpur 185 1790.8 1788.4 1383.1 1428.7 1960.8 NA 1972.1 52 CHAUMALA Kailali 171 1916.9 2313.8 2039.5 1272.9 2889.9 2405 2086.9 53 Gokuleshwar Kailali 761 NA NA NA NA NA 2353.7 2096.5 54 GARMAN.DARBAR Kailali 1280 2968.5 1628.2 2755.5 1271.8 NA 4324.7 3988.5 55 BALIYA Kailali 167 1855.7 2213 1425.3 1453.3 NA 2162.2 1903.4 56 BHAJANI Kailali 132 1568 1426.1 1333.3 824.6 NA 1493.6 1756.1 57 Chainpur.Bajhang.AWS 1405 1011.9 NA 1563.1 1913.1 NA NA NA 58 Thirpu Kalikot 1017 388.1 392.5 443.6 797.3 949.2 NA 1169.1 59 Jumla Jumla 2363 747.8 814 720.3 948.5 604.7 1004.3 835.7 60 Guthi.Chaur Jumla 2727 1139.3 1399.5 1381.3 1318.4 NA 1397.1 1175.6 61 Sheri.Ghat Kalikot 1090 1356 1494.9 1563.4 1813.3 1529.5 NA 2145.5 62 Gam.Shree.Nagar Mugu 2113 979.8 NA 429.9 1111.1 NA NA NA 63 Rara Mugu 2989 957.1 833.2 816.4 918.4 575.5 1296.5 1097.8 64 Nagma Kalikot 2017 609.4 677.3 672.6 1057.1 1063.8 1441 996 65 Bijaypur..Raskot. Kalikot 1822 1197.3 1786.9 1431.5 1924.8 NA 1442.2 1254.2 66 Dipal.Gaun Jumla 2422 877.9 911.3 897.9 1080.1 NA 1365.8 1002.3 67 Simikot Humla 2993 711.2 803.4 798.5 391.4 818.5 1170.1 828 68 Dunai Dolpa 2098 488.4 556.9 386.5 613.2 NA 660.8 517.1 69 Darma Humla 2288 NA 1026.2 1216.1 1079.1 NA 1249.1 1288.1 70 Kirmi Humla 2859 516.4 712.7 644.8 945.1 NA NA 779.4 71 Ghatya.Khola Humla 2230 707.9 731.6 534.9 1050.3 NA 1241.8 831.6 72 Thali Humla 2293 NA 1221.9 1272.1 1289.2 NA 1431.5 1285.8 73 Bau.Khola..Bam. Mugu 2821 695.4 740.6 1043.9 1897.8 1222.7 627.8 758.3 74 Mangri Mugu 2257 986.8 833.1 NA NA 972.3 640.5 NA 75 Gamtha Mugu 1848 1661.7 1103.6 2062.1 4855.6 3791 3094.7 2128.3 76 Seroge Mugu 2245 NA 765.9 697.6 892.4 NA 744.1 903.5 77 Chautha Jumla 2785 1256.7 1228.3 1267.2 2124.2 NA 1545.5 1303.4 78 Jacha Jumla 2380 723.9 799.5 800.6 966.6 NA 1145.2 1190.8 79 Rudu..Narakot. Jumla 2364 692.9 812.5 664 891.8 NA 959 1034.7 80 Rimichaur Jumla 2692 1255.8 1331.8 1309.8 1433.9 NA 1440.5 1210.1 81 Jamna..Dillichaur. Jumla 2438 1197.6 1129.6 1178.5 1123.9 NA 1086.1 1037.3 82 Tatopani Jumla 2288 588.2 612.9 493.7 751.3 NA 1021.2 925 83 Biunthari Dolpa 2440 423.2 681.5 762.4 NA NA 937 539.6 84 Manma kalikot 1729 1145.7 1352.7 1423.6 1593.7 1775.9 2054 2057.8 85 Kaigaun Dolpa 2683 NA NA 974.4 948.5 NA NA NA -20- S.N. station district elevation 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 86 Gela Kalikot 1732 1047.9 898.8 1128.4 1392.5 1374 1650.6 1356.1 87 Juphal.Airport Dolpa 2475 472.1 538.7 666.2 897.3 NA 727.1 640.6 88 Hilsa..Yari. Humla 3726 NA NA NA NA NA 416.2 189.3 89 Talcha Mugu 2750 NA NA NA NA 705.8 1326.7 1245.8 90 Jalkundi Dang 218 NA NA 1207.6 1110.4 NA NA NA 91 Jumla.Airport Jumla 2384 736 698 666.9 924.2 NA NA 855.4 92 Pusma.Camp Surkhet 953 1404.9 1554.8 1431.9 1558.5 1588.6 1736.1 2188.8 93 Dailekh Dailekh 1394 1462.5 1673.8 1652.8 1751.8 1692.8 1827.2 1886.2 94 Jamu..Tikuwa.Kuna. Surkhet 243 908.2 1217.3 1245.5 1220.9 1411.7 1368.6 1841.4 95 Jajarkot Jajarkot 1236 NA NA NA 1171.1 NA NA NA 96 Surkhet.Airport..Birendranagar. Surkhet 683 1427.1 1357 1336.5 1486.1 1808.4 1909.3 1708.4 97 Kusum Dang 200 NA NA NA NA 1657.2 1717.1 1486.4 98 Gulariya Bardiya 126 1326.5 1047.3 1295.8 1089 1535.1 1468.5 1541.1 99 Khajura..Nepalganj. Banke 129 1443.8 1142.5 1135.5 NA 1300.9 NA 1507.1 Bale.Budha..Tallo. 100 Dailekh 590 889.6 1118.6 785.4 1108.3 1296.3 932.1 1400.7 Dhungeshwor. 101 Rajapur Bardiya 133 1427.5 1642.7 1465 686.2 1699.6 1522.4 1535.6 102 Naubasta Banke 161 1421.7 1318.2 1125.8 1447.5 1530.4 1900.2 1724.7 103 Shyano.Shree..Chepang. Bardiya 510 NA NA NA NA 1880.3 2065.6 2150.7 104 Baijapur Banke 150 786.4 574 1498.9 1065 1537.9 NA 1250.4 105 Bargadaha Banke 166 1865.8 1972.8 1515.3 1084.5 2269.9 1841.4 NA 106 Nepalgunj.Reg.Off.. Banke 141 1378.1 NA 1126.8 1555.8 NA NA NA 107 Rani.Jaruwa.Nursery Bardiya 145 1082.6 1450.1 1196.4 NA 1968.2 NA 1699.1 108 Maina.Gaun..D.Bas. Jajarkot 1913 2486.5 2527.1 2050.2 NA NA 2428.3 2718.9 109 Sikta Banke 161 1392.3 1916.8 NA NA 1590.3 2045.7 1727 110 Gwati Dailekh 1472 2676 2415.1 2590.1 2775.2 4110.1 2596 2537.6 111 Ranimatta Dailekh 2157 NA NA NA NA 2297.1 1923.5 2470.8 112 Dadimadi DAilekh 1281 1590.1 1774.8 1445.9 1425.4 1869.9 2091.6 2492.5 113 Katti Dailekh 1224 1629.1 1937.3 833 742.9 1851 3064.8 2165.4 114 Badhichaur Surkhet 535 1398.3 1433.6 1758 1487.3 1598.9 1603.6 1969.3 115 Pipalchaur Rukum West 783 NA NA NA NA NA 2306.3 2236.2 116 Jagtipur Jajarkot 1386 943.2 966.6 1034 1071.7 NA 1312.5 1292 117 Khanikhola Surkhet 1335 1166.4 1069.6 1021.3 1287.9 1481 1711.2 1635.8 118