ENVI 002 Cellular Organization and Growth PDF

Cellular Organization and Growth Engr. Adrian D. Oblena Outline Doctrine Organization Material and Growth Transport Intended Learning Outcomes After the lesson, the student will be able to: Identify the main functions of various...

Cellular Organization and Growth Engr. Adrian D. Oblena Outline Doctrine Organization Material and Growth Transport Intended Learning Outcomes After the lesson, the student will be able to: Identify the main functions of various organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. List the stages of the cell cycle, including mitosis and cytokinesis. Explain the process of metabolism, including catabolism and anabolism. Describe the differences between anaerobic and aerobic pathways in energy production. Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis in terms of their purposes and outcomes. Cell Doctrine All living things are made up of cells and the products formed by cell Cells are the units of structure and function All cells arise from preexisting cells Noted Scientists of Life Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Jean-Baptiste Lamarck lenses and microscopes Cellular nature of cork Cellular tissues in living organisms Noted Scientists of Life Henri Dutrochet Robert Brown Matthias Schleiden Tiny globular cells in Cellular nucleus Plant cells living organisms Noted Scientists of Life Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow Animal cells Cells come from Preexisting cells Cellular Organization Limiting outer membrane, interior nucleus, large mass of cytoplasm Staining methods to heighten visibility of cellular structure (destructive) Polarization techniques (non-destructive) Electron microscope Cellular Organelles Specialized structures This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Organelle functions Organelles Function Cell membrane Controls passage of materials Rough endoplasmic reticulum Active protein synthesis (ribosomes lying outside its membrane) Smooth endoplasmic Synthesis and transport of lipids, detoxification reticulum Golgi apparatus Storage, modification, and packing of materials for secretory export (vesicles) Mitochondria Metabolic activity (outer smooth membrane and folded inner membrane – cristae) Lysosomes Enzymes for intracellular digestion Peroxisomes Enzymes for oxidation Flagella (long) and cilia Cell motility (short) Centrioles Spindle apparatus and Chromosome transport during mitosis and meiosis  Cell membrane Pellicle/glycocalyx - animals Cell Wall This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC - plants, bacteria, fungi Pellicle – outer membrane (support and protection) Glycocalyx –layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids (control of internal cell activity) Cell wall – outer membrane (support and protection) Cytoskeleton Microtubules Intermediate Microfilaments Cellular filaments Cell shape movement Tensile strength Cilia Forms from actin Epithelial tissue Basal bodies Sliding from sheets Spindle myosin apparatus  Animal Tissues Epithelial Connective Nerve Muscle Conduction and impulses Covering/barrier Connection and support Contraction through axon to dendrites Bone, blood, cartilage, Sensory – specific to Regulation of materials Skeletal – voluntary mov’t tendon senses Protection from Smooth – involuntary Motor – muscular response environment mov’t Cardiac - heart  Cell Size and Constraints Contents (volume) increases Needs of the cell cubically Surface area As cell radius Ability to pass increases increases materials squarely Outlying parts move farther Transport of Materials Engr. Adrian D. Oblena  Plasma membranes must allow certain substances to enter and leave a cell and prevent some harmful materials from entering and some essential materials from leaving. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC  Movement of Materials Permeability Passive and active Facilitated transport Endocytosis transport Passive – high to low Transport proteins Phagocytosis – large concentrations Channels (gated or open) structures Active – low to high Carrier (specific) Pinocytosis – small concentrations (pumps) particles Receptor-mediated endocytosis – targeted  Energy Engr. Adrian D. Oblena Outline Metabolism Anaerobic Path Aerobic Path Biosynthesis Energy and Life Food chain Chemical Sun Producers and food energy web  Metabolism Metabolism encompasses those processes by which organisms both extract energy from the chemical bonds of foods (catabolism) and synthesize important compounds (anabolism). Cellular combustion of fuels such as carbohydrates, fats, and even proteins releases the potential energy stored in these molecules by disrupting their chemical bonds. The energy released is stored in ATP molecules, which are, in turn, broken down by the cell and the released energy used for such activities as movement, reproduction, and synthesis. Anaerobic Pathway Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway) – animal metabolism Versus Fermentation – yeast and bacteria metabolism Anaerobic Pathway Preliminary phosphorylation Splitting of the molecule Anaerobic Pathway Oxidation and formation of high-energy phosphate bond Two molecules of PGAL then undergoes oxidation Electrons and hydrogen ions are passed to the coenzyme NAD to form the more highly energetic NADH Resulting to ATP Anaerobic Pathway Molecular rearrangement to form high-energy phosphate bond From the internal molecular rearrangements that follow, another molecule of ATP is generated. The end-product is pyruvic acid. Aerobic Pathway Pyruvic acid (the end-product of glycolysis) is degraded to acetaldehyde The acetaldehyde is then oxidized to acetic acid and attached to coenzyme A (CoA), with NAD being reduced to NADH in the process. The acetylCoA then enters the Krebs cycle. Krebs cycle Krebs Cycle Formation of citric acid Citric acid is oxidized to form α-ketoglutaric acid. α-Ketoglutaric acid is oxidized to form succinic acid. In the subsequent reactions, oxaloacetic acid is regenerated, and the cycle begins anew with another acetyl-CoA produced from pyruvic acid.  A net production of 36 molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule Cellular Reproduction Engr. Adrian D. Oblena  8 histones + DNA Nucleosome Chromatin Fiber Chromosomes  Mitosis – distribution of Cell grows, nuclear materials Cell Cycles Materials for export and Cytokinesis – intracellular use apportionment of produce cytoplasm DNA doubles, Materials for chromosome proteins form, mov’t and cell replication metabolism organizes reduces Mitosis This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC  Life Cycles Mitosis Duplication from parent cells into two new identical cells Fertilization Union of Gametes (sex cells) Zygotes – 2n (chromosomes) Meiosis – 1 diploid to 4 haploid cells This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC  Meiosis Synapsis and tetrad formation Crossing over Reduction division 1 diploid to 4 haploid cells Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Variability Variability from sexual reproduction and crossing over (or even genetic mutation) increases survival Thank you!