ENS195 ENVI ENG'G PRELIM NOTES (PDF)

© 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Anthropogenic – human-centered or Three 1. Eco-centric Concerns human-influenced Dimensions of 2. Techno-centric Concerns – origi...

© 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Anthropogenic – human-centered or Three 1. Eco-centric Concerns human-influenced Dimensions of 2. Techno-centric Concerns – originating in human activity Sustainability 3. Socio-centric Concerns – anthropo = “human or human Note: Sustainability term (center/ being”; genic = "origin” intersection of Venn Diagram) Natural Capital – "ecosystem resources" or Pollution 1. Material Selection "environmental assets" Prevention 2. Waste Gen Mechanisms – “essential to basic human 3. Operating Conditions needs required for all economic 4. Material Storage and Transfer production” 5. Energy Consumption – natural environment and 6. Process Safety biodiversity that provide essential ecosystem goods and services Natural Capital – degradation of normally – Natural Capital = Natural Degradation renewable natural resources Resources + Natural Services Aquifer – porous region or underground Eco-centric – natural resources and layer that stores and transmits Concerns ecological capacity groundwater through permeable materials Waste – most to least favored option: Techno-centric – techno-economic systems Management 1. Prevention; 2. Minimization Concerns 3. Reuse; 4. Recycling 5. Recovery; 6. Disposal -PM3RD Gasifier – coal is converted into a Socio-centric – human capital and social Coal Gas Simplified flammable gas Concerns expectations Process Removers – some pollutants (e.g. sulfur and Catalytic – catalyst components: platinum Coal Gas Simplified ammonia) are removed and sold Converters group metals (PGMs): platinum Process Case Study for industrial use Pt, palladium Pd, rhodium Rh CO2 Absorber – most of CO2, a greenhouse Confined – trapped bet. impermeable rock; gas, is separated out Aquifer prevent water going in/out aquifer Two Types of Aquifer – restricts water movement – vulnerable to contamination Turbines – flammable coal gas is burned, Unconfined – open to surface, easy to access making electricity Aquifer – allows water movement Two Types of Aquifer – vulnerable to contamination 3M’s Pollution – “Pollution is waste, and waste Leaching – seeping of substances from soil Prevention today leads to shortages or material, nutrient extraction Pays (3P) tomorrow.” - by 3M’s VP Joe Ling Program – “Preventing pollution is better Leachate – contaminated liquid produced than trying to clean it up later.” from seeping - 3P est. 1975 – wet part produced by garbages  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Mineral or – leaching of a septic tank; water EDTA – Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Metal leaching leaches/dissolves from pipes acid; organometallic chemicals to Explains why water – Fe, Al, Mg, Ca (contaminants) chelate metal ion/chelating agent tastes rusty Eutrophication – nutrient overload/accumulation Pyrolysis – thermal decomposition in the in water or excessive nutrient lack/absence of oxygen enrichment causing algae – pyro = “fire”; blooms, oxygen depletion, etc. lysis = “breakdown” Baguio City – most polluted air quality bc of Roasting – heating in excess oxygen phenomenal thermal inversion – heating in open air Thermal – when hot air (rise) traps cold air Calcination – drive off volatile components Inversion (sink) near the ground due to (CO2 or H2O) or alter material's different densities, preventing structure to form more stable or pollutants from dispersing and usable compound (e.g. CaCO3 lead to poor air quality and smog thermal decomposition) Subsidence – sinking of ground due to Incineration – structured burning according to (Ground level) unstable rock support beneath or specific purpose to produce (e.g. drilling of impermeable rock that 300 to 400°C, below 700°C) weaken foundation of the ground – once nitrogen will not be inert ex: Zamboanga City (@inc. temp), it converts to NOx Dioxin – persistent materials; toxic fume Burning – combustion (presence of O2) you smell when burning plastic – high-temperature exothermic – burnt out material from plastic redox chemical reaction Hydrolysis – break down with or using water Acid – proton donor (Brønsted- Lowry), electron acceptor (Lewis) Percolation – seeping movement through Mineral Acids – strong acids porous regions (leaching) 2 Types of Acids – inorganic or synthetic – highly soluble in water Cement – thermal decomposition of Organic Acids – weak acids Manufacturing limestone (calcium carbonate): 2 Types of Acids – organic or natural or Production CaCO3 ​→ CaO (lime) + CO2​ – less soluble in water Clinker – rock-like material (including POPs – Persistent Organic Pollutants CaO) formed by heating – persistent toxins; soluble in fats limestone (raw material) ground – easily deposited; hard to eject into fine powder and mixed with gypsum to make cement CFCs – Chlorofluorocarbons – ozone-depletion Influent – incoming stream entering the wastewater treatment sys/facility Radioactive – e.g. Radon Rn, Radium Ra, Uranium U Effluent – outgoing stream after treatment  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. NOx – nitrogen oxides; nitric oxide EPR – Extended Producers (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Responsibility – pollutant; produced from – producers held accountable for heating at high temperatures entire lifecycle of their products; require added fees for recycling & disposal in first-world countries Lacrimators – chemicals (e.g. NOx) used as Bioaccumula- – buildup of a persistent toxic tear gas to irritate eyes and tion substance, such as certain cause tears pesticides, in an organism’s – irritant, tear-producing body, often in fatty tissues Pollution – environmental contamination Biological – increased concentration of by chemical agents and magnification toxic chemicals, such as PCBs, non-chemical agents like noise, heavy metals, and pesticides, in heat, or light; detrimental to tissues of organisms that are at health or survival higher levels in food webs Natural – e.g. weather, volcanic Landfills – structured and engineered Two Types of Pollution eruptions – use inert (geosynthetic) used to help manage and contain wastes Anthropogenic – e.g. human activities Ozone Holes – usually at the poles due to wind Two Types of Pollution system depositing CFC’s Pollutant – “a chemical out of place” Lipids – connected by ester bonds that link glycerol backbone to fatty acids (fats or oils) Point Source – single, identifiable Hydrolysis – breakdown with H2O (reaction) Sources of Pollution – exact location – addition of water molecules – confined place breaks the ester bonds Non- – dispersed, difficult to identify Photolysis – breaking bonds with sunlight Point Source – released in wider area – ex: cyanide CN- (photo- Sources of Pollution – hard to manage sensitive, breakdown over time) Sulforous Acid SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 Organic – carbon baseline Sulfuric Acid SO2 + H2O + O2 → H2SO4 Inorganic – all others except organic *H2SO4 component of acid rain HCl (strong acid) – hydrogen chloride (pure form) Top 10 1. Population; 2. Climate Change + CaCO3 (weak – hydrochloric acid (aqueous) Environmental 3. Loss of Biodiversity; base) → CO2 + reacts with carbonate to Issues 4. Phosphorus and Nitrogen H2O + CaCl2 produce salt (CaCl2) Cycle; 5. Water; 6. Ocean (weak acid) Acidification; 7. Pollution Acid-Carbonate 8. Ozone Depletion Reaction 9. Overfishing; 10. Deforestation  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Mercury Hg – good amalgamation Cinnabar – chief ore mineral for agent; alloy formed with mineralized Hg = cinnabar extracting mercury is HgS mercury is amalgam mercury (II) sulfide (HgS) – teeth pasta/dental filling (alloy) contains Hg Ash – contains minerals from – in gold mining, mercury combustion of organic is used to extract gold materials; majority is sodium from ore; miners torch oxide (Na2O) the alloy (Hg coagulate w/ Au inside) Caustic Soda – when mixed to ash with – when heated, it oxidize water, it can extract certain to form HgO (vapor) w/c minerals due to reactive goes to water bodies to nature of NaOH form complexes w/ water, Hg(OH)2 (oxides when Dichloro-diphenyl- – nonpolar synthetic hydrated becomes base); trichloroethane pesticide; acts as POPs due can lead to the (DDT) to its stability and it can bioaccumulation of Movement and Fate of bioaccumulate in fatty Pesticides methylmercury in tissues of organisms aquatic food chains Amalgam – combination of metals Ring-billed Gull – if it ingests DDT, its eggs – mixtures or alloys with break when gull lays eggs other metals due to eggshell thinning Amalgamation – readily aids the metal Pollutants: Volatilization: Pollutants can and incorporates itself Movement and evaporate into atmosphere. – Hg amalgamates (verb) Fate in Aquatic w/ Au to form a complex Environment Photolysis: Sunlight can break down pollutants. Pollutants: Fate and – fate and transport of Transport ODS like CFCs are Hydrolysis: Water can react influenced by global wind with pollutants, changing patterns their chemical structure. North Pole (Arctic) – ozone thinning is less severe due to wind Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation: system esp the polar vs. – accumulation of Hg levels vortex; colder temp. Biomagnification in a single fish South Pole (Antarctica) Movement and – ozone layer is thinnest, Fate in Aquatic Environment Biomagnification: thus large ozone hole – ingestion of PCBs in many due to CFCs marine food chains (1) pollutants move, (2) pollutants change Order (Up the Food Chain): form, phytoplankton < zooplankton (3) movement through < small fish < big fish < apex food web (ex: pesticides) predators  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Fukushima Daiichi – experienced triple nuclear Chlorine Leakage – Safety Procedure/s: Nuclear Power meltdown following massive Go to higher ground to Plant Meltdown earthquake and tsunami due avoid exposure as Cl2 gas Fukushima, Japan is denser than air w/c tends to overheating of the reactors 16,000 are killed in 2011 to settle near the ground. as the cooling systems failed Cover your mouth and – caused leaching out of nose with cloth or mask. radioactive uranium hydrate Seal off areas by closing – filtered radioactives from windows to contain gas. water during decontamination – Effect of Exposure: except tritium H3 (radioactive lung impairment, tumor in nasal passages, other isotope of hydrogen) respiratory cancers Bhopal Gas – leak of methyl isocyanate Schistosomiasis – a parasitic infection that Tragedy (MIC) from Union Carbide can lead to gastrointestinal Madhaya Pradesh, India pesticide plant-producing symptoms like diarrhea; caused by parasitic worms MDI has leached out and or schistosomes that killing many ppl contaminates freshwater MDI or – process where phenyl Rectal Biopsy – performed for intestinal Methylenediphenyl isocyanate react with methyl schistosomiasis where Diisocyanate isocyanate to produce MDI tube is inserted into rectum Bataan Power Plant – intended to be the first Diarrhea – disease with large (BNPP) nuclear power plant in PH environmental contribution Morong, Bataan – primary concern: potential hazards and safety Acumin – used to wear off stomach – fear-mongering due to of rats controversies on radiation exposure from radioactives Zinc Phosphide – ZN3P2; very potent and nuclear accidents risks – use as a rodenticide and – built during Marcos admin pesticide, releasing and closed in Aquino admin phosphine gas in stomach Chernobyl Nuclear – had four operational Lethal Dose (LD-50) – dose at which 50% of the Power Plant reactors; catastrophic failure General Concept: The lower population dies (crude Chernobyl, Ukraine the concentration, the more occurred during a late-night potent the poison approximation, but useful safety test on Reactor No. 4 in predicting toxic potential) (cesium-137, strontium-90, plutonium isotopes) Effective Dose – dose at which an effect is – area around plant, known (ED-50) observed in 50% of the as Chernobyl Exclusion Zone population remains one of the most radioactive places on Earth Toxic Dose (TD-50) – dose that is toxic to 50% of the population Perfluorochemicals – used for self-cleaning – used to indicate purposes (e.g. non-stick pan) response (e.g. reduced – introduce hydrophobicity enzyme activity), or onset of specific symptoms (e.g. nausea) Bisphenol-A (BPA) – manufacturing of plastics Polychlorinated – man-made organic ex: lid on water bottle – used to make epoxy resins chemicals that are POPs Biphenyls (PCBs)  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. International Environmental Agreements William Thomson – said “When you can (Lord Kelvin) measure what you are UNFCCC or United – primary global treaty for speaking about, and Nations Framework addressing climate express it in numbers, you Convention on Climate change and limit know something about it…” Change greenhouse gas – New York, USA (1992) emissions Fate and Transport (1) pollutants move (2) pollutants change form, Kyoto Protocol – extension of UNFCCC; (3) movement through food – Kyoto, Japan (1997) established legally binding web to target GHG emissions reduction for developed Environmental Health – assessment and countries only according to WHO control of environmental factors (physical, chemical, Paris Agreement – global, non-binding and biological) that can – Paris, France (2015) agreement including potentially affect health, developing countries, excluding behavior not aiming to keep global related to environment warming below 2°C (social, cultural, and genetics) Vienna Convention – aimed at protecting the – targeted towards – Vienna, Austria (1985) ozone layer that depletes preventing disease and it esp against CFCs creating health supportive environments Montreal Protocol – phase out – Montreal, Canada (1987) ozone-depleting Emerging issues in –Nanomaterials and substances (ODS) like chemicals and waste nanoparticles CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs –Plastics –Electronic waste Stockholm Convention – aims to eliminate or –Endocrine disruptors – Stockholm, Sweden (2001) reduce the release of –Open burning persistent organic pollutants (POPs) aka “dirty dozen” Household Pollution Unwarranted Chemicals in several households Basel Convention – control of transboundary Perfluorochemicals and phthalates: Found in – Basel, Switzerland (1989) movement of hazardous consumer products. wastes and their disposal Bisphenol-A (BPA): Found in plastics and packaging. UNCLOS or United – defines the rights and Dioxins: Byproducts of industrial processes. Nations Convention responsibilities of nations Aldehydes: Emitted by paints and varnishes. on the Law of the Sea concerning the use of the Pesticides: Used in households and gardens. – Montego Bay, Jamaica (1982) world's oceans Flame Retardants: Added to household items like furniture for fire safety. London Convention – prevention of marine – London, United Kingdom pollution by dumping of (1972) wastes in oceans  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Household Pollution Diagram Environmental Factors by WHO 1. Nail polish: Perfluorochemicals and phthalates Included Environmental Factors 2. Perfume: Phthalates Pollution of air, water, and soil with chemical or 3. Hairspray: Phthalates biological agents 4. Food: Some food contains bisphenol-A UV and ionizing radiation 5. Milk: Fat contains dioxins and flame retardants Noise pollution and electromagnetic fields 6. Frying pan: Nonstick coating contains Occupational risks (industrial workers exposed to perfluorochemicals harmful chemicals) 7. Tile floor: Contains perfluorochemicals, Built environments (housing quality, urban land use) phthalates, and pesticides Agricultural methods (irrigation schemes, pesticides) 8. Fruit: Imported fruit may contain pesticides Climate change and ecosystem alteration banned in the U.S. Sanitation-related behavior (access to safe water, 9. Water bottle: Can contain bisphenol-A handwashing) 10. Computer: Flame retardant coatings of plastic Modifiable Factors casing and wiring UV protection behaviors (sunscreen use, wearing 11. Toys: Vinyl toys contain phthalates protective clothing) 12. Tennis shoes: Can contain phthalates Noise reduction measures, control of radiation 13. Sofa: Foam padding contains flame retardants exposure and perfluorochemicals Excluded Factors 14. TV: Wiring and plastic casing contain flame Alcohol and tobacco consumption. retardants Diet and natural biological agents (e.g., pollen) 15. Carpet: Padding and carpet fibers contain flame Social and cultural behaviors, unemployment retardants, perfluorochemicals, and pesticides 16. Mattress: Flame retardants in stuffing Epidemiology – study of how chemicals 17. Baby bottle: Can contain bisphenol-A – vital to public health (toxicants), biological agents – study of distribution and (disease), and physical 18. Clothing: Can contain perfluorochemicals determinants of disorders hazards (accidents, radiation) 19. Teddy bear: Some stuffed animals made within groups of ppl and their ways of prevention affect health of human popu. overseas contain flame retardants and/or pesticides 20. Shampoo: Perfluorochemicals to add shine Environmental Protection Laws of PH Toxicology – branch of science that deals RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 RA 4850: Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) with the study of the effects RA 6234: Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System of toxicants on living PD 856: Sanitation Code of the Philippines organisms as well as the PD 1067: Water Code of the Philippines mechanisms that causes PD 1152: Philippine Environmental Code this toxicity, RA 9275: Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 RA 3931: National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission Act and the development of RA 6969: Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes techniques that prevent or Control Act of 1990 minimize the resulting effects RA 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 RA 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009 Acute Toxicity – adverse effects that occur RA 9512: Environmental Education Act of 2008 RA 10121: Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act within a short period after RA 11995: Philippine Ecosystem and Natural Capital Accounting high-level System exposure to a toxicant. DAO 1990-34: Revised Water Usage and Classification / Water Quality Criteria Chronic Toxicity – adverse effects that occur DAO 1990-35: Revised Effluent Regulations PD 1151: Philippine Environmental Policy of 1977 after a long period of low-level PD 1586: Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System exposure to a toxicant PD 979: Marine Pollution Decree of 1976 *RA = Republic Act, PD = Presidential Decree Number, DAO = DENR  Administration Order © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Water No species can live w/o water. Watershed – area or region of land where all Plays a key role in shaping the the water, such as rainfall, earth’s surface. snowmelt, or runoff, converges Moderating climate, removing and and flows into a common point, diluting wastes. such as a river, lake, or ocean Takes huge amount to provide – defined by the topographical food, shelter and other needs. boundaries that determine how 71% of our planet. water drains and collects within it Important 1) High heat capacity Water Cycle – continuously collects, purifies, Characteristics 2) Universal solvent recycles, and distributes moisture of Water 3) High surface tension between the lithosphere, the 4) Solid form less dense than liquid hydrosphere, and the atmosphere 5) Transmits sunlight Water – sources of water that are useful Watershed 1) Fishery 2) Farming Resources or potentially useful to humans and Man 3) Tourism 4) Water Supply 5) Hydro-power 6) Biodiversity Natural 1) Surface water Anthropogenic Actions that Alter the Sources of 2) Under River flow Natural Flow of Water Fresh Water 3) Groundwater 4) Frozen Water Fate of Precipitation: Rainfall leads to Precipitation increased runoff due to impervious After surfaces (roads, buildings). Artificial 1) Treated wastewater (Reclaimed Evaporation and Transpiration: Sources of water) Urbanization surface runoff Urban areas experience higher Fresh Water 2) Desalinated seawater increased evaporation but lower overall substantially moisture release due to reduced Surface Water – precipitation that remains on the vegetation. surface of the land and does not Surface Runoff: More impervious seep down through the soil surfaces result in flooding and pollutant transport to water bodies. Runoff – movement of fresh water from Groundwater: Limited infiltration reduces groundwater recharge, precipitation (including snowmelt) lowering water tables and to rivers, lakes, wetlands, and, depleting freshwater sources. ultimately, the ocean Groundwater – supply of fresh water under Saltwater – excessive groundwater pumping Earth’s surface that is stored in Intrusion can lead to saltwater intrusion underground aquifers – occurs when freshwater is extracted at a rate that exceeds 2 Types of 1) Aquifers: underground caverns the natural replenishment, causing Groundwater and porous layers of sand, gravel, saltwater to migrate into or rock in w/c groundwater is freshwater aquifers stored – can contaminate drinking water 2) Water table: upper surface of supplies and cause other saturated zone of the groundwater environmental problems  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Groundwater – due to industrial pollutants, Dams and Reservoirs: Tradeoffs Contamination agricultural runoff, or leaching from landfills, and excessive Advantages (3): withdrawal of groundwater Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing – contaminants enter Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) groundwater through infiltration Downstream flooding is reduced from the surface or through Disadvantages (4): pumping wells Large losses of water through evaporation Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and Blue areas – correspond to land sinking displaces people up to 5.5 centimeters a year Downstream flooding is reduced Red areas – mean the ground is moving Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Context: From DOST upward or laterally toward the about Metro Manila radar satellite Water Conservation Initiatives Water Stress – low per capita availability of Reduce losses due to leakage: A country where water due to increasing – About 2/3 of water wasted, could be reduced to 15%. consumption exceeds more than population demands Reform water laws: 20% of available, Some regions get plenty of (1) Higher water prices (2) Encouraging conservation renewable supply is water, but not near where (3) Reward people for using less water considered vulnerable to water people live (4) Higher penalties for polluters stress. Some regions get plenty of Improve irrigation efficiency: water, but not at the right time – 60% of water applied to land does not reach crops. of year (1) Evaporation (2) Seepage (3) Runoff Some regions have no capacity to store water. Other Methods for Water Resourcing Clean Water – United Nations (UN) Reverse Osmosis/Desalination: and Sanitation considers access to clean – pumping saltwater under high pressure thrumembrane water and sanitation (SDG 6) to take out salt; very expensive – large-scale use only in oil-rich & water-poor countries an essential human right; Cloud Seeding: however, over 2 billion are – releasing tiny particles into air to produce rain clouds suffering globally Using Oil Tankers Filled with Water: – transporting large amounts of water using oil tankers Water 1) Build dams and reservoirs Towing Icebergs: Resource 2) Water Transfers – moving ice around world Planning 3) Groundwater Withdrawal 4) Desalinization Water – chemical, biological and environmental 5) Reduce water waste Pollution change in water causes adverse effect on health of living beings Large Dams – can produce cheap electricity, – when substances present in water are reduce downstream flooding beyond their normal limit = polluted water and provide year-round source Aral – once fourth-largest inland body of water, of water, but they completely Sea led to significant water loss due to intense alter the river ecosystem water diversions for agricultural irrigation  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Man-made Water Pollutants Nutrient Level Classification of Water Bodies Sewage → which contains many pathogenic 1) Oligotrophic → nutrient-poor, clear, blue water organism and decomposable organic wastes – Low nutrient concentrations support limited aquatic Agricultural wastes → insecticides, pesticides, life, primarily cold-water fish like trout. etc.; get access to water during rain and flooding 2) Mesotrophic → intermediate nutrients, clear, blue Industrial wates → contains highly toxic water chemicals – Moderate nutrients allow for a diverse range of Other pollutants → thermal pollutants, radioactive plants and animals, sustaining a balanced food web. substances, etc. 3) Eutrophic → murky with nutrient-rich, dark water – High nutrient levels lead to excessive algal growth, Natural Water Pollutants depleting O2 and harming aquatic life. Natural impurities → present in water represents Key Plant Nutrients: Nitrate and Phosphate natural pollutants. If concentration of nitrate and phosphate increases Gases → H2S, NH3, CO2, etc. dissolved in water in natural water system (e.g. lakes, ponds, etc.), they during raining facilitate heavy growth of aquatic plants like algae → the condition known as Eutrophication Minerals → Ca, Mg, As, etc. dissolve in water from soil Water quality → measure of the suitability of water Various materials → clay, mud, organic wastes for a particular use based on selected physical, get suspended in water chemical, and biological characteristics (USGS) Infectious – disease-causing microorganisms Water Quality: Turbidity Pollutants present in water – most serious type of water Turbidity → refers to how clear or cloudy water is; pollutants in water bc they are when water has high turbidity, it looks murky/muddy directly related to health of Common Sources of Turbidity: consumers – eroded colloidal material, biosolids, soaps or detergents, emulsifiers Oxygen- – decomposable organic added to Methods for Measurement: demanding water = oxygen-demanding wastes 1) Secchi disk: maximum depth of visibility Pollutants – microorganisms utilize oxygen 2) Photometry: absorption and scattering of light present in water to oxidize organic Matter → level of dissolved O2 Water Quality: Physical decreases in water that seriously Apparent Color → color of the water, which includes affects aquatic aerobic organisms any suspended solids (SS) like dirt or particles (e.g. if such as fishes water looks brown or cloudy, that’s its apparent color) Radioactive – radioactive elements can enter into True Color → color of the water after all the Pollutants water source from nuclear reactor suspended solids have been removed (shows actual and laboratories; highly toxic to living color of the water itself w/o interference from particles) beings and they can induce mutation Methods for Color Measurement: 1) True Color Units (TCU): measure true color Suspended – come from soil erosion, mining, etc. 2) Hazen or Pt-Co Units (PCU): other units used to Solid – interfere with penetration of light express how clear or colored the water is. Wastes and into deeper layer of water system Taste and Order: Sediments that directly affects photosynthetic 1) Inorganic sources: taste, but no odor organism in bottom of water 2) Organic sources: taste, odor, and usually color – also provide attachment site for Odor Measurement: threshold odor number (TON) pathogenic microorganisms Temperature: water should be measured in situ  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Water Quality: Chemical Water Quality: Dissolved Oxygen Sources of Dissolved Solids: – Affected by temperature, salinity, pressure and Solvent Action: Water dissolves minerals and gases oxygen demand from rocks and the environment. – Estimating saturation concentration of DO Atmospheric Contact: Water absorbs gases and Water Quality: Biological particles from the air. Surfaces and Soil: Water picks up dissolved solids – Measures related to human health (pathogens) while flowing over surfaces or through soil. – Measures related to health of the ecosystem Decay Products: Breakdown of plants and animals (indicator organisms) releases organic materials into the water. Water Quality: Metals Measurement of Dissolved Solids: Gravimetric: Filters water to weigh the remaining Sources: Weathering/deposition, volcanic eruption, dissolved material. human activity Conductance (indicative of ions): Assess how well Dissolved Forms: Metals are more toxic when water conducts electricity, indicating presence of ions dissolved in water; generally responsible for toxicity from dissolved solids. Solubility is affected by pH, temperature and salinity: Alkalinity → measures water's ability to neutralize 1) lower pH (more acidic) increases metal solubility acids (includes like carbonates, silicates, borates, 2) higher temperatures increases metal solubility 3) higher salinity reduce or enhance metal solubility phosphates, sulfides, and ammonia) Sources: dissolution of minerals, detergents, fertilizers Water Quality: Parasites (Indicator Organisms) Impact: taste (unpleasant in high values), precipitation (salt formation), buffering capacity (higher buffer Indicators of fecal contamination capacity = more acid or base can be added before pH – Total coliforms (TC’s) / Fecal coliforms (FC’s), E. coli, Fecal streptococci, enterococci changes significantly) Indicators of bio-integrity Hardness → measures concentration of minerals, – Polychaetes (worms), Bivalves, Fish, Phyto / mainly calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), in water. zooplankton Carbonate Hardness: hardness equiv. to alkalinity Sources: Cations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, Al Water Quality: National Regulations Water Quality: Nutrient Waste ❑ To protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources. Municipal Sewage: Human sewage is major source of ❑ To provide comprehensive and integrated nutrient pollution (South America, Asia, and Africa) strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through Agricultural Fertilizers: Chemical fertilizers, often multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all stakeholders. applied in excess, contain nitrogen and phosphorus can seep into groundwater or wash away as runoff. Water – any process that improves quality Livestock Waste: Manure from animal farming, Treatment of water to make it appropriate for a frequently used as fertilizer, contributes additional specific end-use (e.g. drinking, etc.), nitrogen and phosphorus to the environment. including being safely returned to the Stormwater Drainage: Rainwater runoff collects environment nutrients from residential lawns and impervious Wastewater – process to remove contaminants surfaces, carrying them into rivers and streams. Treatment from wastewater and convert it into Aquaculture: Fish farms release concentrated an effluent that can be returned to nutrients from excrement and uneaten food into water cycle then effluent creates an surrounding waters. acceptable impact on environment or is reused for various purposes  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Removal Methods Levels of Wastewater Treatment The contaminants in wastewater are removed by Primary Removal of a significant fraction of different processes: Treatment organic particulate matter (as 1) Physical Unit Processes → solids from water suspended solids) [typically 60% of SS are removed by sedimentation, skimming, and 35% of BOD] screening; there is no use of chemicals required in Removal of scum (floating materials) this process and inert particulate matter that was not 2) Chemical Unit Processes → uses reagents for removed in preliminary treatment treatment; pH adjustment is made thru neutralization (chlorine and ozone – common oxidizing agents) Secondary Breaks down (degradation) 3) Biological Unit Processes → organic matter Treatment biodegradable organic matter that present in wastewater, such as human waste, soap, escaped primary treatment, further oils, and foods can be broken down with the help of remove suspended solids microorganisms that metabolize organic matter Targets the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, often using Main Techniques of Physical microorganisms and disinfectants to Wastewater Treatment purify the water Sedimentation – in which suspending the heavy Tertiary Advanced treatment stage addressing: particles/insoluble from the water Treatment 1) Increasing loads of organic matter and suspended solids that enters rivers, Aeration – in which the air is circulated streams, and lakes. 2) The need to increase the removal of through the water to provide suspended solids to provide more oxygen to it efficient disinfection. 3) The need to remove nutrients to limit Filtration – used to filter out all the eutrophication of sensitive water bodies. contaminants 4) The need to remove constituents that – most common type: sand filter – preclude or inhibit water reclamation. it can remove the grease found on the surface of wastewater and can also be removed by this method Stages of Wastewater Treatment 1) Headworks: – first step where wastewater is collected and pumped into the treatment plant, flow of water is measured 2) Preliminary Treatment: – Removal of untreatable solid materials – Protection of subsequent treatment units – Improvement of the performance of subsequent treatment units  © 2024 Jahziel Barrera. All rights reserved. Additional Notes: Study SDG Goals as they might appear in the exam.