English Finals Reviewer 2nd Term PDF

Topics to Review: -Word Order -Communicative style -Figure of Speech:Metonymy and Synecdoche -Symbolism Word Order A. Normal Word Order - typically follows the standard grammatical structure of a language. In English, This is often Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Example: The sun (Subject) sets (Verb)...

Topics to Review: -Word Order -Communicative style -Figure of Speech:Metonymy and Synecdoche -Symbolism Word Order A. Normal Word Order - typically follows the standard grammatical structure of a language. In English, This is often Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). Example: The sun (Subject) sets (Verb) over the horizon (Object). B. Inverted word order - alters the usual sequence of words to create emphasis, rhythm, or a poetic effect. In English, common inversions include placing the verb before the subject or the object before the verb. Examples: 1. Verb-Subject-Object (VSO): o Set (Verb) the sun (Subject) over the horizon (Object). o This inversion can create a more dramatic or archaic tone. 2. Object-Verb-Subject (OVS): o Over the horizon (Object) set (Verb) the sun (Subject). o This structure can emphasize the object or create a sense of anticipation. 3. Subject-Object-Verb (SOV): o The sun (Subject) the horizon (Object) set (Verb). o This less common structure might be used for poetic effect or to fit a particular rhythm or rhyme scheme. Communicative Speech Styles Communicative/Speech Styles are patterns of speaking characterized by distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, intent, participants, and grammatical structures. According to Martin Joos (1976), a linguist and German professor, it refers to the form of language that the speaker utilizes which is characterized by the level of formality. Types of Speech Styles Intimate – is a non-public Speech Style that uses private vocabulary and includes nonverbal messages. It is a style in which meaning is shared even without “correct linguistic forms”. It is used between people who have very close relationships such as family members, best friends, and couples. Ex: Telling your loved ones you love them. Casual – is a conversational style (a.k.a “informal style”) used among friends and acquaintances that do not require background information. The use of “slang” is common and interruptions occur often. In this type, there is free and easy participation of both speaker and listener. Ex: Conversations with friends, Family gatherings, Social media posts. Nope. (No.)/ Wassup? (What’s up?) Consultative – is another conversational style in which the speaker constantly observes the listener’s verbal and nonverbal cues for feedback. The speaker will supply background information, while again, the listener participates continuously. This requires two-way participation and interruption can occur during the communication. Polite words and standard rules of grammar are used. Ex: Reciting in class, Classroom discussions, Job interviews, Meetings. Formal – The speech is well organized and correct in grammar and diction. Technical vocabulary and exact definitions are important such as in presentation. This type uses formal words and expressions and does not allow interruptions. Ex: Reporting or Presentations, Academic lectures, Business presentations, or Speeches. Frozen – is a very formal style (a.k.a “fixed style”) whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be archaic. It uses complex grammatical sentence structure and vocabulary, and it is considered the highest form of communicative style which is often used in formal ceremonies. Ex: Wedding Ceremony, Religious ceremonies, Legal proceedings, or Historical documents. Figure of Speech:Metonymy and Synecdoche Figure of Speech – a phrase that is used in a non-literal way to create an effect.Two of the many figures of speech are metonymy and synecdoche. Metonymy ✔ one object or idea takes the place of another with which it has a close association. ✔ it means “change of name” ✔ it is a way of replacing an object or idea with something related to it instead of stating what it meant. ✔ Examples: - Joe’s new ride was expensive. (Ride is a metonymy for a car.) - I met him at the reception when he took me for a spin during a slow song. (Spin is a metonymy for dance.) Synecdoche ✔ allows a part to stand for the whole or for a whole to stand for a part ✔ The two key types are microcosm and macrocosm ✔ Microcosm is when a smaller part signifies a larger whole - A boy has been admitted to the hospital. The nurse says, “He’s in good hands.” (Good hands mean that he is being cared for by nurses, assistants, doctors, etc.) ✔ Macrocosm is when a larger whole signifies a smaller collection of parts - The Department of Education announced new plans for education reform. (Department of Education refers to the individual or set of individuals who put together the announcement.) Synecdoche allows a part to stand for a whole, whereas metonymy allows an associated idea to stand for another idea. Example: First, imagine a friend has bought a very nice motorcycle. Both metonymy and synecdoche can be used to give a compliment: Metonymy: Nice ride, man. (This compliment is considered metonymy because one rides a motorcycle. The idea of riding is associated with motorcycles, but it is not part of a motorcycle.) Synecdoche: Nice wheels, man. (Although this compliment is only one word away from the example of metonymy, it is different. Rims are a part of a motorcycle which stands for the whole.) Symbolism Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities (Oxford Languages) A symbol can stand for many things at one time and leads the reader out of a systematic and structured method of looking at things. Often, poems will convey ideas and thoughts using symbols. Often, a symbol used in the poem will be used to create such an effect. Examples of Symbolism in Poetry -The moon symbolizes guidance and hope, especially in times of darkness or uncertainty and night represents challenges or confusion in the poem “Lantern of Hope” The moon is a silver lantern, Guiding lost hearts through the night. Its glow a whisper of hope, In the vast, uncertain sky. -A withered leaf symbolizes aging in The Archpoet’s “His Confession” I am of one element, Levity my matter, Like enough a withered leaf For the winds to scatter.