English Course - Verbs and Tenses 2 PDF

Master’s in Financial and Accounting Management English Course Pr. Echtouki Aicha 2024-2025  Grammar 01 Enhancement Verbs and Tenses 2 Verbs and Tenses Passive voice : The passive voice is used when we want t...

Master’s in Financial and Accounting Management English Course Pr. Echtouki Aicha 2024-2025  Grammar 01 Enhancement Verbs and Tenses 2 Verbs and Tenses Passive voice : The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is. My laptop was stolen.(The object – now the subject = My laptop / action= was stolen) Twenty civilians were killed in the bomb explosion. Verbs and Tenses Passive voice : When we know who the subject is, we put it at the end with by. We call this an agent. Passive: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. Active: Leonardo Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. Verbs and Tenses Form of the Passive voice : The passive voice is created by using a form of the auxiliary verb to be + V3 (past participle). The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped) Verbs and Tenses Auxiliary Verbs : Auxiliary verbs, or "helping verbs," are verbs that assist the main verb in a sentence, helping to form various tenses, voices, moods, and aspects. They are essential in English grammar and come in three main types: primary auxiliaries (be, have, do), modal auxiliaries (can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must), and semi-modal auxiliaries (need to, have to, used to, ought to). Verbs and Tenses Auxiliary Verbs : 1. Be : (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) The verb "be" is used in various ways, primarily to form progressive tenses and passive voice. "She is reading." / "The book was read." "He is being silly." / "She has been to Paris." Verbs and Tenses Auxiliary Verbs : 2. Have (have, has, had, having) The verb "have" plays an important role in forming perfect tenses, indicating actions or states that are completed relative to a particular time. "I have finished." / "They had left." Verbs and Tenses Auxiliary Verbs : 3. Do (do, does, did) The verb "do" is often used for forming questions, negations, and emphatic expressions. "Do you know?" / "I don't understand." "I do like that movie." Verbs and Tenses Modal Auxiliary Verbs : Modal auxiliaries express ability, permission, possibility, obligation, or necessity. They are always followed by the base form of the main verb. Can – expresses ability or permission: "She can swim very well." (ability) "Can I leave early today?" (permission) Verbs and Tenses Modal Auxiliary Verbs : Could – expresses past ability, polite requests, or possibility: "When he was younger, he could run fast." (past ability) "Could you pass the salt, please?" (polite request) "It could rain tomorrow." (possibility) Will – expresses future intention or certainty: "I will finish my work by tomorrow." (future intention) "This will be easy." (certainty) Verbs and Tenses Modal Auxiliary Verbs : Would – used for polite requests, hypothetical situations, or habits in the past: "Would you like some coffee?" (polite request) "I would go to the beach if it were sunny." (hypothetical) "When we were kids, we would play outside every day." (past habit) Shall – expresses future actions or offers (more common in British English): "I shall see you tomorrow." (future action) "Shall we go to the park?" (offer) Verbs and Tenses Modal Auxiliary Verbs : Should – gives advice or suggests obligation: "You should wear a jacket; it's cold outside." (advice) "He should study harder to pass the test." (obligation) May – expresses permission or possibility: "You may leave when you’re ready." (permission) "She may arrive later." (possibility) Verbs and Tenses Modal Auxiliary Verbs : Might – expresses a lower possibility or suggestion: "It might rain later." (possibility) "You might want to check your email." (suggestion) Must – shows strong obligation or logical necessity: "You must wear a helmet while biking." (obligation) "He must be at work now." (logical necessity) Verbs and Tenses Semi-Modal Auxiliary Verbs : Semi-modal auxiliaries add similar meanings to traditional modals but are formed using phrases. Here’s an overview with examples for each: Need to – expresses necessity or obligation, often used in place of "must": ○ "I need to finish this report by tomorrow." (necessity) ○ "You don’t need to bring anything to the party." (lack of necessity) Verbs and Tenses Semi-Modal Auxiliary Verbs : Have to – expresses strong obligation, similar to "must" but can be used in more tenses: "We have to wear uniforms at school." (present obligation) "I had to leave early yesterday." (past obligation) Used to – indicates a past habit or state that no longer exists: "He used to play basketball every weekend." (past habit) "I used to live in that neighborhood." (past state) Verbs and Tenses Semi-Modal Auxiliary Verbs : Ought to – suggests advice, recommendation, or moral obligation, similar to "should": "You ought to apologize for the mistake." (advice) "They ought to be more careful with their finances." (recommendation) Verbs and Tenses Verbs and Tenses Progressive Tenses : The progressive aspect allows the speaker to express an action that is unfinished or in progress. You can form them with the appropriate tense of the verb be + the present participle. Verbs and Tenses Present Progressive : Present Progressive (also known as Present Continuous) expresses an activity in progress at the moment of speaking, or in progress this week, month, or year. I am watching the documentary on PBS right now. [an action occurring at this very moment]. I am working on a big project this week. [the action covers a temporary period, not just the present moment]. Verbs and Tenses Form of the Present Progressive (Present Continuous): Formed using the auxiliary verb "am," "is," or "are" (depending on the subject) + the -ing form of the main verb. Affirmative: S + am/is/are + verb(-ing) I am listening – She is listening Negative: S + am/is/are + not + verb(-ing) I am not (I'm not) listening – She is not (isn't) listening. Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + S + verb(-ing)? Are you listening? Is she listening? Verbs and Tenses Past Progressive: The past progressive tense indicates two kinds of past action. we describe actions that were ongoing at a specific point in the past. Poe’s writing was becoming increasingly bizarre and dark [a continuing action in the past]. The mob tackled Jean-Luc Godard while he was introducing the film [an action occurring at the same time in the past as another action]. Verbs and Tenses Form of the Past Progressive: The past progressive is formed using the auxiliary verbs "was" or "were" (depending on the subject) + the -ing form of the main verb. Affirmative: S + was/were + verb(-ing) I was listening – They were listening Negative: S +was/were + not + verb(-ing) I was not (wasn’t) listening – They were not (weren't) listening. Interrogative: Was/Were + S + verb(-ing)? Were you listening? Was she listening? Verbs and Tenses Future Progressive: The future progressive tense indicates a continuing action in the future. "I will be watching the documentary at 8 PM."[an action that will be in progress at a future time]. "At this time next year, I will be studying abroad." [The action of studying abroad will be in progress at that future time]. Verbs and Tenses Form of the Future Progressive: Formed using the auxiliary verbs "will be" + the -ing form of the main verb. Affirmative: S + will be + verb(-ing) I will be listening– She will be listening. Negative: S + will not (won’t) be + verb(-ing) I will not (won’t) be listening – She will not (won’t) be listening. Interrogative: Will + S + be + verb(-ing)? Will you be listening? Will she be listening? Verbs and Tenses Perfect Progressive Tenses: The Perfect Progressive tenses combine the ideas of both perfect and progressive aspects, meaning they describe actions that are both ongoing (progressive) and completed or will be completed (perfect) in relation to another point in time. Form : “To have” + been + Present Participle Verbs and Tenses Present Perfect Progressive: The Present Perfect Progressive tense (also called the Present Perfect Continuous) shows: The duration of an action that began in the past and continues to the present. A general activity in progress recently without a specific mention of time. Verbs and Tenses Present Perfect Progressive: I have been studying for three hours. (The action of studying started in the past and is ongoing.) She has been running, so she’s out of breath.(The action of running has just finished, but its effect is visible now.) They have been living in this city for 10 years.(Focus on how long the action of living has continued.) Verbs and Tenses Form of the Present Perfect Progressive: Formed using the auxiliary verb "have" or "has", followed by "been", and then the present participle (verb + ing) of the main verb. Affirmative: S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + verb-ing I have been listening – She has been listening. Negative: S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + verb-ing I have not (haven’t) been listening – She has not (hasn't) been listening. Interrogative: HAVE/HAS + S + BEEN + verb-ing Have you been listening? – Has she been listening? Verbs and Tenses Past Perfect Progressive: The Past Perfect Progressive (also called Past Perfect Continuous) is used to indicate an action that was ongoing before another event or time in the past. Verbs and Tenses To describe an action that was ongoing before another past event or time. I had been waiting for over an hour when the train finally arrived. (The waiting was ongoing, and the train arrival was the second action.) To emphasize the duration of an activity that was in progress before another past action. She had been working at the company for 10 years when she decided to quit.(The work at the company continued for a period of time before the decision to quit.) Verbs and Tenses Form of the Past Perfect Progressive: Formed using the auxiliary verb "had", followed by "been", and then the present participle (verb + ing) of the main verb. Affirmative: S + HAD + BEEN + verb-ing I had been listening – She had been listening. Negative: S + HAD + NOT + BEEN + verb-ing I had not (hadn’t) been listening – She had not (hadn't) been listening. Interrogative: HAD + S + BEEN + verb-ing Had you been listening? – Had she been listening? Verbs and Tenses Future Perfect Progressive: The Future Perfect Progressive (also called Future Perfect Continuous) shows : The duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. Cause of a future situation Verbs and Tenses Future Perfect Progressive: By the end of the month, I will have been working on this project for three weeks.(The action of working will be continuous and ongoing up until a future point in time.) He will be tired because he will have been working all night. (The action of working will have been ongoing throughout the night, leading to his tiredness by the time the morning arrives.) Verbs and Tenses Form of the Future Perfect Progressive: Formed using the auxiliary verb "will", followed by "have", "been", and the present participle (verb + ing) of the main verb. Affirmative: S + WILL HAVE + BEEN + verb-ing I will have been working – She will have been working. Negative: S + WILL + NOT + HAVE + BEEN + verb-ing I will not (won’t) have been working – She will not have been working. Interrogative: WILL + S + HAVE +BEEN + verb-ing Will you have been working? – Will she have been working? Verbs and Tenses By the time you arrive, I will not have been waiting long. Explanation: This sentence indicates that, when the listener arrives, the speaker will have been waiting for a short period of time. The action of waiting will not last long by the time the listener arrives. Will they have been traveling for two months by the time they reach Japan? Explanation: This question asks if, by the time they reach Japan, the action of traveling will have lasted for two months. It focuses on the duration of traveling up until the point they reach Japan.  Application A. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the appropriate simple progressive tense (present, past, or future progressive). 1. Right now, she __________ (read) a novel in her room. 2. Yesterday at this time, they __________ (play) football in the park. 3. Tomorrow at 8 PM, we __________ (watch) a movie together. 4. I __________ (not listen) to music at the moment; I’m working. 5. He __________ (practice) the piano when I arrived. 6. Next week, the team __________ (work) on a new project. 7. They __________ (not travel) anywhere last summer because they were busy. 8. __________ you __________ (write) a letter at 6 PM yesterday?  Application B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the appropriate perfect progressive tense (present, past, or future perfect progressive). 1. By the end of this year, I __________ (study) English for three years. 2. He __________ (run) for 30 minutes before he decided to take a break. 3. She __________ (not work) here long when she got promoted. 4. By 2025, they __________ (live) in this town for a decade. 5. I __________ (wait) for an hour before the bus finally arrived. 6. __________ she __________ (work) at the company long before she became a manager? 7. We __________ (not be) painting for long before it started raining. 8. By tomorrow morning, he __________ (sleep) for 8 hours straight.