Energy Transformation PDF

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION Gil John O. Resplandor, DVM Objectives  Differentiate potential and kinetic energy  describe how energy is transformed from one form to another  Recognize the transformation of energy in their daily activities  Apply the first and second law of thermodynamic...

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION Gil John O. Resplandor, DVM Objectives  Differentiate potential and kinetic energy  describe how energy is transformed from one form to another  Recognize the transformation of energy in their daily activities  Apply the first and second law of thermodynamics to energy transformation  Differentiate endergonic from exergonic reactions  Explain couple reactions  Describe roles of ATP in energy coupling and transfer. ENERGY  Is defined as the capacity to do work and the capacity to create or cause change.  Work- something that is done when force is applied to an object and the object moves.  “Moving matter against an opposing force “ POTENTIAL VS KINETIC ENERGY  POTENTIAL ENERGY- energy associated with the static position of the object.  Energy that results from the location or position of an object.  Examples- chemical energy stored in battery, energy in food  Chemical potential energy is stored in chemical bonds.  KINETIC ENERGY-Energy of moving objects  Examples- heat-movement of molecules, light-movement of photons, electric-movement of electrically-charged particles POTENTIAL VS KINETIC ENERGY Which answer is an example of potential energy? a) Heat from a fire b) Sledding down a hill c) A candy bar d) Walking to your car APPLYING LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IN ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IN CELLS  FIRST LAW- “ law of conservation of energy”- states that energy can be transformed or converted from one form to another , but it cannot be created nor destroyed.  In biology, the cells have no way to produce new energy. The energy must be captured from the environment , must be temporarily stored and then used to perform biological work. APPLYING LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IN ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IN CELLS  Second law of thermodynamics states that every conversion of energy includes the transformation of some energy into heat.  Heat becomes the disordered form of energy ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS  1.ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM  2.EXERGONIC AND ENDERGONIC REACTIONS  3. COUPLED REACTIONS METABOLISM  sum of all chemical activities occurring inside a cell.  The chemical reactions inside an organism are grouped into series and are called metabolic pathways,  This pathways make up a road map of metabolism  TWO TYPES:  ANABOLISM  CATABOLISM METABOLISM- ANABOLISM  pertains to the metabolic pathways that involve simple molecules being synthesized to form a complex ones.  also referred as “BIOSYNTHESIS” METABOLISM- ANABOLISM METABOLISM- CATABOLISM  referred to as a series of metabolic pathways that are involved in the conversion of macromolecules into simpler molecules or monomers  EXAMPLES:  Citric acid cycle  Glycolysis  Lipolysis  Oxidative deamination  Muscle tissue breakdown EXERGONIC REACTION  is a reaction that releases free energy. Because this type of reaction releases energy rather than consuming it, it can occur spontaneously, without being forced by outside factors.  Examples:  cellular respiration  combustion ENDERGONIC REACTION  is a chemical reaction in which the reaction (system) absorbs energy from its surroundings  Examples:  photosynthesis COUPLED REACTION/ ENERGY COUPLING  Energy coupling, by definition, stands for a concept of coupling two biological reactions; meaning energy generated from one reaction is used to drive the second reaction  Two different reactions or biological systems are coupled together or put into synchrony this way. COUPLED REACTION/ ENERGY COUPLING  All cells have majorly 2 types of reactions going on in them: (1) exergonic reactions that are energy-releasing reactions (thus, energetically-favorable) and (2) endergonic reactions that are the energy-demanding reactions (thus, energetically-unfavorable)  The energy that is released by the exergonic reactions is channeled down to the endergonic reactions to make them energetically favorable too ATP-ADP CYCLE ATP-ADP CYCLE ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate  Components  ATP is a macromolecule known as a nucleic acid that is made of three main components or parts:  Adenine, a nitrogenous base  Five-carbon ribose sugar  A triphosphate chain consisting of three phosphate groups ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate  known as the energy currency of the cell.  The primary role of ATP in a cell is its energy source for carrying out all cellular and metabolic processes. Synthesis of ATP  ATP is formed in two main ways involving multiple biochemical pathways  1. Substrate-level Phosphorylation  Here, the phosphate group is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP, producing ATP. It occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle during cellular respiration.  2. Oxidative Phosphorylation  the electron transport chain synthesizes most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration within the mitochondrial matrix HOW IS ENERGY RELEASED IN ATP?  When the phosphoanhydride bonds are broken, they release sufficient energy to power various cellular processes. The gamma and beta phosphate bond contains the highest energy among the three. When this bond breaks, it produces adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and one inorganic phosphate group (Pi).  ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + free energy