Emotion and Motivation (Finals) PDF

Emotion is simply… A response involving: 1. Physical arousal 2. Expressive behavior 3. Conscious experience Nature of emotion Emotions are universal Emotional experiences are personal and thus differ from individual to individual Emotions rise all of a sudden and decrease slowly Natur...

Emotion is simply… A response involving: 1. Physical arousal 2. Expressive behavior 3. Conscious experience Nature of emotion Emotions are universal Emotional experiences are personal and thus differ from individual to individual Emotions rise all of a sudden and decrease slowly Nature of emotion Emotions are aroused by stimuli, object, or situation Emotions have the quality of displacement The core of emotion is feeling Nature of emotion Same emotions can be aroused by a number of different stimuli - objects and situations An emotion can give birth to a number of other similar emotions Types of emotions Positive emotion ○ Create pleasantness Negative emotion ○ Create unpleasantness Theories on emotion Common sense theory of emotion A stimulus leads to an emotion of fear, which then leads to bodily arousal (e.g., shaking) through the autonomic nervous system Event Arousal Interpretation Emotion Event Arousal Reasoning Emotion  Emotion Event Thought Arousal  In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the “arousal, direction, and persistence of a person’s behavior” What’s a word that pops up in your mind when you think of motivation? “____________________” wants wish ambition desire drive hunger striving goal aim need motive aspiration Motivation cycle Need Drive Incentive Reward Motivation cycle Need ○ It is the lack of what we want. Drive ○ An internal motivational state that is created by a need; internal tension state that builds up until they are satisfied Motivation cycle Incentives ○ Appropriate object or situation toward which motivated behavior is directed; eases a need and reduces a drive; directs behavior towards or away from them Reward ○ Drives pleasantness or satisfaction once the organism has obtained the incentive Instinct theory Instinct ○ Biologically built-in impulses that lead to relatively inflexible behaviors ○ Fixed action pattern Instinct theory All creatures are born with specific innate knowledge about how to survive Animals are born with the capacity and oftentimes knowledge of how to survive These innate tendencies are preprogrammed at birth and are in are genes Drive reduction theory According to Clark Hull, humans have internal biological needs which motivate us to perform a certain way These needs or drives are internal states of arousal or tension which must be reduced Example: internal feelings of hunger or thirst that motivates us to eat or drink Drive reduction theory Creates desire to be in a state of balance or contentment, called homeostasis. ○ When something is lacking, this creates a tension or drive that we find unpleasant, so we try to reduce this drive and restore our balanced state of homeostasis Drive reduction theory Types of conflict: ○ Approach-approach conflict ○ Avoidance-avoidance conflict ○ Approach-avoidance conflict Drive reduction theory Approach-approach conflict ○ Occurs when there are two or more attractive choices and one must choose between them Drive reduction theory Avoidance-avoidance conflict ○ Occurs when there are multiple choices and one doesn’t want any of them but yet must choose. Drive reduction theory Approach-avoidance conflict ○ Occurs when one desires to both approach and avoid a particular option. Arousal theory Often associated with Hans Eysenck ○ His theory assumes that people desire an optimal state of arousal, and so might seek out relaxing activities to reduce arousal or exciting activities to raise arousal Arousal theory States that we are driven to maintain a certain level of arousal in order to feel comfortable Arousal: a state of emotional, intellectual, and physical activity Does not rely only on a reduction of tension but a balanced amount Arousal theory Yerkes-dodson law ○ Law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal (need for stimulation) lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high ○ Varies with the difficulty of the task; easy task requires high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level Incentives theory Behavior is motivated by outside reinforcement or incentives versus internal forces. Incentives: a reward that motivates behavior  “Wants an incentive you want to give yourself when you pass the qualifying exam?” Incentives theory Intrinsic motivation ○ Motivation that comes from within, such as playing the piano because one enjoys it Incentives theory Extrinsic motivation ○ Motivation that comes from outside the person, such as a reward or a threat Incentives theory Overjustification effect ○ The tendency for intrinsic motivation to decrease when extrinsic motivation increases Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Maslow’s theory that people desire to fulfill physiological needs first, then safety needs, then social needs, then esteem needs. Once all other needs are met, people desire to reach their full potential (self-actualization) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Differs from the other motivation theories we’ve noticed in that it is not so much a theory of how motivation works but rather a theory of how different motivations apply at different times Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Self-actualization ○ An aspect of the humanistic perspective that involves fulfilling one’s potential