Electronics in Agriculture PDF

ELECTRONICS INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE BY: ENGR. RENIEL ALBERT LERON, ECE, ECT TOPICS TO BE COVERED ARE: 1. Introduction to Electronics in Agriculture 2. Basic Concepts of Electronics 3. Sensors and Actuators in Agriculture 4. Microcontrollers and Microprocessors 5. Commun...

ELECTRONICS INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE BY: ENGR. RENIEL ALBERT LERON, ECE, ECT TOPICS TO BE COVERED ARE: 1. Introduction to Electronics in Agriculture 2. Basic Concepts of Electronics 3. Sensors and Actuators in Agriculture 4. Microcontrollers and Microprocessors 5. Communication Technologies 6. Power Systems and Energy Management Introduction to Electronics in Agriculture O v e r v i e w o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f e l e c t r o n i c s i n a g r i c u l t u r e K e y a p p l i c a t i o n s i n m o d e r n f a r m i n g What is Electronics? Electronics is the branch of science and technology concerned with the study, design, and application of devices and systems that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles. Introduction to Electronics in Agriculture In the modern agricultural landscape, electronics play a crucial role in enhancing productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. With the integration of electronic systems, farmers can now automate many aspects of their operations, monitor environmental conditions in real-time, and implement precision farming techniques that optimize resource usage. This transformation has been driven by the development and application of various electronic devices and systems tailored specifically for agricultural needs. Basic Concepts of Electronics Components and Their Functions Circuit Basics Signal Types Components and Their Functions RESISTORS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS CAPACITORS SWITCH DIODES LED TRANSISTORS  RESISTOR The resistor is a passive component that creates resistance in the flow of electric current. Schematic symbol- Unit symbol- Ohm Classification of Resistor: 1. Linear- precisely vary proportional to the applied voltage 2. Non-linear- vary resistance depends on temperature, light and voltage. CAPACITOR Capacitor is a component which has the ability to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates DIODE A Diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction. Example: Rectifier TRANSISTORS A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. Example: Amplifier Oscillator Switch Microphone Types of Transistors: 1. FET (Field effect transistor)- control the flow of current in a semiconductor 2. MOSFET(Metal oxide field effect transistor)-This ability to change conductivity 3. BJT(Bipolar junction transistor)-capable of amplification or switching. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece chip of semiconductor. Large numbers of miniaturized transistors and other electronic components are integrated together on the chip Types of IC: 1. Analog IC-the input and output both signals are continuous. 2. Digital IC-These ICs operate with binary data such as either 0 or 1. Normally in digital circuit, 0 indicates 0 V and one indicate +5 V.  LEDS- LIGHT EMITTING DIODES A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it. Application: 1. TV Backlighting 2. Smartphone Backlighting 3. Indicator light 4. LED displays 5. Automotive Lighting 6. Dimming of lights  SWITCHES Switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit. Types of Switches: 1. Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST) This is the basic ON and OFF switch consisting of one input contact and one output contact. 2. Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST) This switch consists of four terminals: two input contacts and two output contacts. It behaves like a two separate SPST configurations, operating at the same time.  SWITCHES Types of Switches: 3. Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT) This is a dual ON/OFF switch consisting of two ON positions. It has six terminals, two are input contacts and remaining four are the output contacts. 4. Push Button Switch It is a momentary contact switch that makes or breaks connection as long as pressure is applied (or when the button is pushed).  SWITCHES Types of Switches: 5. Toggle Switch A toggle switch is manually actuated (or pushed up or down) by a mechanical handle, lever or rocking mechanism. These are commonly used as light control switches. 6. Limit Switch These switches consist of a bumper type of arm actuated by an object. When this bumper arm is actuated, it causes the switch contacts to change position.  SWITCHES Types of Switches: 7. Float Switches This switch is operated when the float (or floating object) moves downward or upward based on water level in a tank. Circuit Basics OHM’ S L AW S E R IES A N D PA R A L LEL CI RCU I TS BA S I C CI RCU I T DI AG R AMS OHM’S LAW VOLTAGE, CURRENT, RESISTANCE OHM’S LAW The voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature, remain constant. POWER RALATIONSHIP FORMULA POWER 𝑉 The rate at which electrical energy is transferred Since P=V x I ; V= I x R ;I= by an electric circuit. 𝑅 SI unit of power is the watt(W), Therefore: one joule per second. P=(I x R) x I P= V x I P=I2R Or 𝐽𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐸𝑆 𝐶𝑂𝑈𝐿𝑂𝑀𝐵 𝑉 P= 𝐶𝑂𝑈𝐿𝑂𝑀𝐵X P= (𝑅) x V 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷 𝑉2 P=𝑅 𝐽𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐸𝑆 P = 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷=WATT SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT Series circuit all components are connected end-to-end to form a single path for current flow. Parallel circuit all components are connected across each other with exactly two electrically common nodes with the same voltage across each component. KIRCHOFF’S LAW FIRST LAW- “at a junction in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into the junction is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of the junction.” IT Example: I1 I2 I3 I4 IT=I1+I2+I3+I4 KIRCHOFF’S LAW SECOND LAW- the algebraic sum of potential drops in a closed circuit is zero. So, it is based on the conservation of energy. 1ST Loop: V-V1=0 2nd Loop: V-V2=0 3rd Loop: V-V3=0 4th Loop: V-V4=0 Series connection GIVEN: VT=12V R1=200Ω R2=100 SOLVE FOR: It=? v1=? V2=? IT=VT/RT SINCE IT=I1 SINCE IT=I2 RT=R1+R2 V1=R1XI1 V2=R2XI2 =100+200 V1=200(0.04) V2=100(0.04) RT=300Ω V1=8V V2=4V IT=12V/300 Ω IT=0.04A Parallel connection GIVEN: VT=12V R1=200Ω R2=100 SOLVE FOR: it=? I1=? I2=? I1=V1/R1 IT=I1+I2 =12/200 =.06+.12 I1=0.06A =0.18A I2=V2/R2 =12/100 I1=0.12A QUIZ! Series-parallel Get the Total current of the circuit QUIZ! Series-parallel Get the Total current of the circuit 1/R12=1/R1+1/R2 R12=71.43 1/R34=1/R3+1/R4 R34=127.7 R1-4=R12+R34 R1-4=198.7 V=IR I=.1207A or 120.7mA BASIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS OPEN VS CLOSED CIRCUIT An open circuit is one where the continuity has been broken by an interruption in the path for current to flow. A closed circuit is one that is complete, with good continuity throughout. Example: Open Circuit Closed Circuit SIGNAL TYPES Signal Types Analog Signals: Analog signals are continuous Digital Signals: Digital signals are discrete and and vary smoothly over time. They are used to represent information using binary code (0s represent real-world phenomena such as and 1s). They are used in digital electronics, temperature, sound, and light intensity where precise control and processing of data are required. Image source: collegedunia.com Sensors and Actuators in Agriculture O TYPES OF SENSORS O APPLICATIONS OF SENSORS O TYPES OF ACTUATORS O APPLICATIONS OF ACTUATORS Types of Sensors S OI L MOI STURE T E MPERATUR E HU MI DI TY Soil Moisture Sensors Types: Capacitive Sensors: ◦ Use the dielectric properties of the soil to measure moisture. ◦ Generally less expensive and have no direct contact with water. Resistive Sensors: ◦ Measure the resistance of soil to an electric current, which changes with moisture content. ◦ Can be more susceptible to corrosion and soil salinity. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Sensors: ◦ Use the time it takes for an electromagnetic pulse to travel through the soil to determine moisture content. ◦ Highly accurate but typically more expensive. Gypsum Block Sensors: ◦ Measure the electrical resistance between two electrodes embedded in a gypsum block. ◦ Simple and cost-effective but less accurate than other types. Applications of Soil Moisture Sensors Irrigation Optimization: Precision Agriculture: Soil moisture sensors provide real-time data, allowing for precise irrigation schedules. This ensures that crops receive the exact amount of water needed, preventing both overwatering and underwatering. Automated Irrigation Systems: Integration with automated irrigation systems allows for dynamic watering based on soil moisture levels, improving water use efficiency and reducing labor costs. Water Conservation: Efficient Water Usage: By preventing unnecessary watering, soil moisture sensors help conserve water resources, which is particularly important in regions with limited water availability. Drought Management: In drought-prone areas, these sensors help manage limited water supplies more effectively, ensuring that crops survive and yield adequately even under water scarcity. Temperature Sensors Functionality: Temperature sensors monitor the ambient temperature in various environments such as fields, greenhouses, and storage facilities. They help ensure that crops are grown and stored at optimal temperatures. Types: Thermocouples: ◦ Measure temperature based on the voltage difference created by the junction of two different metals. ◦ Widely used due to their wide temperature range and durability. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs): ◦ Measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. ◦ Known for their accuracy and stability. Thermistors: ◦ Use materials whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. ◦ Highly sensitive and accurate over a limited temperature range. Infrared Sensors: ◦ Measure temperature from a distance by detecting infrared radiation emitted by objects. ◦ Useful for non-contact temperature measurements. Applications of Temperature Sensors Field Monitoring: Frost Protection: Temperature sensors alert farmers to sudden drops in temperature, enabling them to take preventive measures like deploying frost protection systems to safeguard crops. Heat Stress Management: Monitoring high temperatures helps in taking steps to reduce heat stress on plants, such as shade provision or misting systems. Greenhouse Climate Control: Optimal Growth Conditions: In greenhouses, temperature sensors are crucial for maintaining the precise climate conditions needed for different crops, ensuring optimal growth and productivity. Automated Climate Systems: Integration with climate control systems allows for automatic adjustment of heating, cooling, and ventilation systems to maintain desired temperature ranges. Humidity Sensors Functionality: Humidity sensors measure the amount of water vapor present in the air. They are crucial for controlling and maintaining the optimal humidity levels for plant health. Types: Capacitive Humidity Sensors: ◦ Measure changes in capacitance caused by the moisture in the air. ◦ Commonly used due to their wide range and accuracy. Resistive Humidity Sensors: ◦ Measure changes in electrical resistance due to moisture absorption. ◦ Typically lower cost but can be affected by temperature changes. Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors: ◦ Measure the difference in thermal conductivity between dry air and humid air. ◦ Often used in industrial applications. Applications of Humidity Sensors Greenhouse Climate Control: Maintaining Humidity Levels: Humidity sensors help maintain the ideal humidity levels inside greenhouses, promoting optimal plant growth and preventing issues such as fungal infections. Automated Humidity Control: Integration with climate control systems allows for automated adjustments to humidifiers and dehumidifiers, ensuring consistent humidity levels. Field Monitoring: Disease Prevention: Monitoring humidity levels helps in taking preventive measures against plant diseases that thrive in high humidity conditions, such as powdery mildew. Growth Optimization: Ensuring the right humidity levels can enhance photosynthesis and nutrient uptake, leading to healthier and more productive crops. Types of Actuators MOTORS SOLENOIDS RELAYS WHAT IS ACTUATOR? Actuators are devices that convert energy into motion. They are critical components in agricultural systems for automating tasks and improving efficiency. Motors Motors are used extensively in agriculture to drive various mechanical systems. They convert electrical energy into rotational motion, which can be used to power pumps, fans, conveyor belts, and other machinery. Applications: ◦ Pumps: Motors drive water pumps for irrigation systems, ensuring efficient water delivery to crops. ◦ Fans: Used in ventilation systems to regulate temperature and humidity in greenhouses and livestock barns. ◦ Conveyor Belts: Essential in automated sorting and transporting systems for produce and other agricultural products. Types of Motors: ◦ AC Motors: Common in fixed-speed applications where speed control is not required. ◦ DC Motors: Used where precise speed and torque control is needed. ◦ Stepper Motors: Provide precise positioning and are used in applications like robotic arms for planting or harvesting. Solenoids Solenoids are electromechanical devices that convert electrical energy into linear motion. They consist of a coil of wire that generates a magnetic field when an electric current passes through it, moving a plunger or armature. Applications: ◦ Valves: Solenoids control the opening and closing of valves in irrigation systems, regulating the flow of water and nutrients to crops. ◦ Locking Mechanisms: Used in automated doors or gates in agricultural facilities, providing secure access control. ◦ Feed Dispensers: Control the release of feed in automated livestock feeding systems. Relays Relays are electrically operated switches that allow a low-power signal to control a high-power device. They isolate and protect low-voltage control circuits from high-voltage systems. Applications: ◦ Automation Systems: Relays are used to control motors, pumps, and other high-power equipment in automated irrigation and processing systems. ◦ Lighting Control: Automate lighting in greenhouses and livestock barns to ensure optimal growing conditions. ◦ Safety Systems: Used in safety interlock systems to shut down equipment in emergency situations. Example Applications in Agriculture Automated Irrigation Systems: ◦ Motors drive water pumps that deliver water to crops. ◦ Solenoids operate valves to control water distribution to different sections of the field. ◦ Relays manage the activation of pumps and valves based on sensor inputs for soil moisture and weather conditions. Greenhouse Climate Control: ◦ Fans driven by motors regulate air circulation and temperature. ◦ Solenoid valves control the flow of water and nutrients in hydroponic systems. ◦ Relays automate the operation of heating, cooling, and lighting systems based on environmental sensors. Livestock Feeding Systems: ◦ Conveyor belts powered by motors transport feed to animals. ◦ Solenoids control the release of feed from storage bins. ◦ Relays coordinate the timing of feed delivery and manage the operation of multiple feeding stations. Microcontrollers and Microprocessors O INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS O PROGRAMMING BASICS O INTERFACING SENSORS AND ACTUATORS O PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Introduction to Microcontrollers Microcontrollers are compact integrated circuits designed to perform specific tasks. They contain a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip, making them ideal for embedded systems in agriculture. Common Types: 1. Arduino Series Arduino Uno, Mega, Nano: These are popular for prototyping and small-scale projects due to their ease of use and large community support. ◦ Purpose: Soil moisture monitoring, irrigation control, greenhouse climate control, livestock monitoring, and automation of farm machinery. 2. ESP32 ESP32: Known for its built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, making it ideal for IoT applications. ◦ Purpose: Remote monitoring and control of agricultural systems, data logging, and wireless sensor networks for precision farming. 3. Raspberry Pi Raspberry Pi: Although more powerful and considered a single-board computer, it's often used in conjunction with microcontrollers. ◦ Purpose: Image processing for crop health monitoring, data aggregation from various sensors, and running complex algorithms for predictive analysis. 4. STM32 Series STM32: A family of 32-bit microcontrollers from STMicroelectronics, known for their performance and efficiency. ◦ Purpose: High-performance data acquisition, control systems for automated machinery, and complex sensor integration. 5. PIC Microcontrollers PIC16F, PIC18F: From Microchip Technology, these are popular for their robustness and wide range of features. ◦ Purpose: Environmental monitoring, control of irrigation systems, and automation of simple agricultural devices. 6. Atmel AVR Series ATmega328, ATmega2560: Widely used in Arduino boards and known for their reliability. ◦ Purpose: Similar to Arduino applications, including sensor data collection, actuator control, and simple automation tasks. 7. TI MSP430 MSP430: Known for its low power consumption, making it suitable for battery-operated devices. ◦ Purpose: Soil moisture sensors, wireless sensor networks, and low-power data logging. 8. NXP LPC Series LPC1768, LPC2148: Used for applications requiring more processing power and advanced features. ◦ Purpose: Control systems for complex agricultural machinery, integration with GPS for precision farming, and data processing from multiple sensors. 9. BeagleBone BeagleBone Black: Another single-board computer often used in more advanced applications. ◦ Purpose: Real-time data processing, image recognition for crop health, and running sophisticated agricultural software. 10. NodeMCU NodeMCU: An open-source platform based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. ◦ Purpose: IoT applications in agriculture, such as remote monitoring and control of irrigation systems, and sending sensor data to cloud platforms. 11. Particle Photon Photon: A small Wi-Fi development kit from Particle. ◦ Purpose: IoT applications, cloud-connected sensor networks, and remote control of agricultural devices. Programming Basics Microcontrollers are programmed using various languages. The choice of language often depends on the hardware and the application. Common Programming Languages: C/C++: Widely used for its efficiency and control over hardware. Python: Popular for its readability and ease of use, especially on platforms like Raspberry Pi. JavaScript: Essential for creating interactive web-based interfaces and dashboards. Java: Commonly used for developing robust Android applications and enterprise solutions.  R: Ideal for statistical analysis and data visualization in agricultural research. MATLAB: Preferred for simulation, modeling, and complex data analysis tasks. SQL: Crucial for managing and querying large agricultural datasets. PHP: Often used for server-side scripting in web-based agricultural management systems. C#: Useful for developing Windows applications and IoT solutions. Perl: Handy for automating data processing tasks and handling large datasets. Ruby: Known for its simplicity and effectiveness in web application development. Shell Scripting: Essential for automating routine tasks and system management on servers and embedded Interfacing Sensors and Actuators Connecting sensors and actuators to microcontrollers involves both hardware and software. Hardware Connection: Pins and Ports: Sensors and actuators connect to the microcontroller via input/output pins. Communication Protocols: Protocols like I2C, SPI, and UART facilitate communication between the microcontroller and peripheral devices. Software Integration: Libraries: Pre-written code libraries simplify the process of interfacing with various sensors and actuators. Code Examples: Using example codes from libraries helps in understanding how to read sensor data and control actuators. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Purpose: SPI is used for high-speed communication between a master device and one or more slave devices. Architecture: It uses a master-slave architecture with a shared clock signal. Signals: ◦ MOSI (Master Out Slave In): Data line for the master to send data to the slave. ◦ MISO (Master In Slave Out): Data line for the slave to send data to the master. ◦ SCLK (Serial Clock): Clock signal generated by the master to synchronize data transmission. ◦ SS (Slave Select): Signal used by the master to select a specific slave device. Advantages: High-speed data transfer, full-duplex communication (simultaneous send and receive), simple protocol. Disadvantages: Requires more pins compared to other protocols, limited to short-distance communication. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) Purpose: UART is used for asynchronous serial communication between two devices, typically for low-speed, long-distance communication. Architecture: It does not require a shared clock signal and can communicate directly between two devices. Signals: ◦ TX (Transmit): Data line for sending data. ◦ RX (Receive): Data line for receiving data. Advantages: Simple and widely used, requires only two wires for communication (plus ground), good for long-distance communication. Disadvantages: Slower data transfer rate compared to SPI, half-duplex communication (cannot send and receive simultaneously). Practical Applications Microcontrollers can automate various agricultural processes, enhancing efficiency and productivity. Automated Irrigation: Soil Moisture Monitoring: Use soil moisture sensors to trigger irrigation only when needed, conserving water. Remote Control: Enable remote monitoring and control of irrigation systems via wireless communication. Drone-based Crop Monitoring: Image Processing: Equip drones with cameras and sensors to monitor crop health and identify issues like pest infestations or nutrient deficiencies. Data Analysis: Use microcontrollers to process data in real-time and provide actionable insights. Communication Technologies WIRED COMMUNICATION WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Wired Communication Types of Wired Communication: Ethernet: Provides reliable, high-speed network connectivity for fixed installations like greenhouses and barns. RS-232: A serial communication standard used for short-distance communication between devices. Wireless Communication Types of Wireless Communication: Wi-Fi: Enables high-speed wireless connectivity, suitable for data-intensive applications like video monitoring. Bluetooth: Ideal for short-range communication between devices like sensors and mobile phones. Zigbee: A low-power, mesh network protocol designed for wireless control and monitoring applications. Applications in Agriculture Wireless communication technologies enable the creation of efficient and scalable monitoring and control systems. Remote Monitoring Systems: Weather Stations: Use wireless communication to transmit data from weather sensors to a central monitoring system, providing real-time updates. Soil Moisture Networks: Deploy a network of soil moisture sensors across fields to collect and transmit data wirelessly, optimizing irrigation. Wireless Sensor Networks: Precision Farming: Implement wireless sensor networks to monitor various parameters like soil health, crop conditions, and environmental factors, enabling precise and timely interventions. Livestock Monitoring: Use wireless sensors to track the health and movement of livestock, improving management and reducing losses. Power Systems and Energy Management P OWE R S OURCES E N E RGY MA N AGEMENT BACKUP SYST EMS Types of Power Sources: Batteries: Provide portable power for sensors and microcontrollers, essential for remote or mobile applications. Solar Panels: Harness solar energy to power agricultural devices, promoting sustainability and reducing reliance on grid power. Grid Power: Reliable and consistent power supply for fixed installations like greenhouses and barns. Energy Management Efficient energy management is crucial for ensuring the longevity and reliability of electronic systems in agriculture. Efficient Power Usage: Low-Power Devices: Use energy-efficient sensors and microcontrollers to extend battery life and reduce power consumption. Power Management Techniques: Implement techniques like sleep modes and duty cycling to minimize energy usage. Backup Systems Having backup power systems is essential for maintaining critical agricultural processes during power outages. Importance of Backup Systems: Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS): Provide temporary power during outages, protecting sensitive equipment and ensuring continuous operation. Backup Generators: Offer a reliable power source during extended outages, crucial for maintaining climate control in greenhouses and other critical systems. SAMPLE QUESTIONS END OF PRESENTATION THANK YOU