Earth Science Grade 11 Q2 Wk 3 PDF

WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION SCIENCE GRADE EARTH SCIENCE 11 2 LEARNING QUARTER MODULE...

WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION SCIENCE GRADE EARTH SCIENCE 11 2 LEARNING QUARTER MODULE WEEK 3 WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 0  MODULE IN EARTH SCIENCE QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 Different Types of Stress Development Team Writer: Loida A. Rabang Editors/Reviewers: Elizabeth H. Domingo Hamilton C. Remigio Flenie A. Galicinao Lourdes B. Arucan Illustrator: Ryan James J. Pascual Lay-out Artist: Ryan James J. Pascual Management Team Vilma D. Eda, CESO V Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 1  What I Need to Know This module presents a description of tectonic forces operating inside the Earth that causes rocks to undergo deformation. It explains the process in which rocks change in shape, size, location, tilt or break due to squeezing, stretching or shearing. Content Standard: Demonstrate understanding of tectonic forces operating inside the Earth that causes rocks to undergo deformation. Performance Standard: You should be able to make use of maps, diagrams or models, or predict what could happen in the future as the rocks undergo stress, compression, pulling apart and shearing as they continue to move. Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC): Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compression, pulling apart, and shearing. S11ES-IId-27 Lesson 1 Different types of stress Note: All the answers to the activities should be written in a separate sheet. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 2  What I Know Directions: Read and analyze each statement and choose the letter which corresponds to the correct answer by writing it on your answer sheet/notebook. 1. It is the bending of rock layers because of stress in earth’s crust. A. anticline B. brittle C. folding D. shear 2. Which of the figures below shows a normal fault? A. C. B. D. 3. This type of fault occurs when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. A. thrust fault C. reverse fault B. normal fault D. strike – slip fault 4. The over-all bending, tilling and breaking of Earth’s crust is known as ___________. A. deformation B. folding C. faulting D. straining 5. In geology, the amount of force per unit area that acts on a rock is called _________. A. gerth B. pressure C. strain D. stress 6. What is the type of stress that pushes rocks in parallel but opposite direction? A. compression B. fault C. shear D. tension 7. What is the type of stress that stretches or pulls the rocks apart? A. compression B. fault C. shear D. tension 8. This is a type of stress that squeezes or pushes rock together. A. compression B. fault C. shear D. tension 9. The return of rock to its original shape after elastic deformation is called_________. A. deformation C. fault B. elastic rebound D. tectonic plate boundary 10. The study of the deformation and movement of rocks. A. Foundational Orogeny C. Stress Science B. Sedimentary Paleontology D. Structural Geology WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 3  Lesson What are the Types of Stress in the 1 Earth's Crust? The Earth has three layers, the crust, the mantle and the core. The Earth’s crust is like the shell of an egg; it is the thinnest of the Earth’s layers. The crust is broken into several parts, known as the continental plates. When the plates are pulled or pushed together, stress occurs. Four types of stresses affect the Earth’s crust: compression, tension, shear and confining stress. What’s In Deformation mostly happen deep within the Earth, and the products are only revealed when the rocks are exposed due to erosion. The branch of geology concerned with the study of rock deformation is called structural geology. Rocks that are pulled apart are under tension. Rocks under tension lengthen or break apart. When forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions, the stress is called shear. Shear stress is the most common stress at transform plate boundaries. Causes and Types of Tectonic Stress Enormous slabs of lithosphere move unevenly over the planet’s spherical surface, resulting in earthquakes. Two types of geological activity that occur because of plate tectonics: mountain building and earthquakes when exposed to stress. Stress is the force applied to an object. In geosciences, stress is the force per unit area that is placed on a rock. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 4 Activity 1. Identifying Who I Am? Directions: Select your answer from the given choices to identify the type of stress described at the second column at the right. Choices: Tension Stress, Compression Stress, Shear Stress, Confining Stress Type of Stress Description 1. It is a type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one another. It targets the center of the rock and can cause either ________________ horizontal or vertical orientation. In horizontal compression stress, the crust can thicken or shorten. In vertical compression stress, the crust can thin out or break off. The force of compression can push rocks together or cause the edges of each plate colliding to rise. Mountains are a result of high-impact compression stress caused when two plates collided. 2. Tension is the opposite of compression. While compression forces the rocks and crust to collide and move together, tension forces the rocks to pull apart. Tension can happen in two ways. Two separate _______________ plates can move farther away from each other, or the ends of one plate can move in different directions. Some scientists think tension stress caused the ancient, massive continent Pangaea to break off into the seven continents we have today. 3. When shear stress occurs, the force of the stress pushes some of the crust in different directions. When this happens, a large part of the ________________ crust can break off, which makes the plate size smaller. Shear stress usually happens when two plates rub against each other as they move in opposite directions. The friction of a shear stress at the edges of the plate can cause earthquakes. 4. When stress is applied to all sides of the crust, confining stress occurs. When this happens, the crust compacts, which makes it look ________________ smaller. If the stress is too much for the crust to handle, the crust can fracture from the inside. This causes the crust weight to decrease but the crust shape remains the same. Because this type of stress can hollow out the insides of the crust, confining stress can cause sinkholes in the Earth. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 5  When stress is applied to all sides of the crust, confining stress occurs. When this happens, the crust compacts, which makes it look smaller. If the stress is too much for the crust to handle, the crust can fracture from the inside. This causes the crust weight to decrease but the crust shape remains the same. Because this type of stress can hollow out the insides of the crust, confining stress can cause sinkholes in the Earth. There are three successive stages of deformation when a rock is subjected to increasing stress such as follows: 1. Elastic deformation characterized by reversible strain. Like a rubber band, the rock returns to nearly original size and shape when the stress is removed. 2. Ductile deformation, in which the strain is irreversible. The rock is permanently deformed once it reaches its elastic limit. 3. Fracture – the third stage after it reaches its elastic limit, the deformation is permanent resulting to fracture. Q 1. Under what conditions do you think a rock is more likely to fracture? Is it more likely to break deep within Earth’s crust or at the surface? Rocks can be classified according to their behavior when under stress: 1. Brittle materials have small region of ductile behavior before fracture but could have small or large region of elastic behavior. 2. Ductile materials have large region of ductile behavior prior to the stress but only small region of elastic behavior. When stress causes a material to change shape, it has undergone strain or deformation. Deformed rocks are common in geologically active areas. A rock’s response to stress depends on the rock type, the surrounding temperature, and pressure conditions the rock is under, the length of time the rock is under stress, and the type of stress. The rocks then have three possible responses to increasing stress: elastic deformation, plastic deformation, or fracturing. Elastic deformation occurs when the rock returns to its original shape when the stress is removed. When rocks under stress do not return to its original shape when the stress is removed, it is called plastic deformation. Finally, when a rock under stress breaks, it’s called a fracture. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 6 Activity 2. Structures Produced by Deformations Directions: Match Column A and Column B. Write the letter of your answer before each item below: Column A Column B 1. t is the compass direction (reckoned from the North) A. Dip of the line formed by the intersection of an inclined plane and the horizontal plane. B. Faults 2. It is the angle between the inclined plane and the horizontal plane. The direction of dip is perpendicular to the strike. C. Folds 3. They are natural cracks in the rocks produced by brittle deformations. They are formed due to tensional stress in D. Joints brittle rock. 4. These are planar structures resulting from brittle deformation E. Strike but here is sliding between the rocks. 5. Structures produced by deformation of ductile materials. These are contortions of rock layers forming wave-like curves. What’s More What Is Shearing in Geology? In the world of geology, the term “shearing” describes a distinct motion of two rock surfaces against each other. It is most often caused by intense pressure under the earth’s crust. Figure 1. Shearing WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 7 Description Shearing can be described as the lateral movement of one rock surface against another. This motion alters the rocks, causing them to change shape as they slide against each other. Effects Many times, shearing causes minerals to split in a formation known as cleavage. Under other circumstances, the rocks develop a pattern of parallel lines called a schist. Where It Occurs Shearing commonly occurs along the edges of tectonic plates, although it may occur in other places as well. Most often it takes place between 10 and 20 kilometers beneath the earth’s surface. If the same process occurred at the surface, it would result in fracturing and faulting. Zones Widespread shearing results in geological features called shearing zones. These zones may cover several miles or just a few centimeters. Q. 2. Difference between Direct shear test, simple shear test and triaxial test Q. 3 What type of stress is usually seen in transform boundaries? Why? What is Earthquake? Earthquake is a sudden trembling or sharing of the earth caused by the abrupt release of energy from the rocks. Energy released is associated with the release of strain that has accumulated over a long time. For hundreds of millions of years, the forces of plate tectonics have shaped the earth as the huge plates that forms the earth’s surface slowly moved over, under and past each other. Sometimes the movement is gradual. At often times, the plates are located together, unable to release the accumulating energy. When the accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break and this cause shaking which is called earthquake. When describing earthquake, it is important to identify two important features: Focus which is the location on the fault where movement begins. Earthquake foci can happen at a range of depths down to 700 kilometers below the surface above the focus. The name of the earthquake is derived from its epicenter. There are two types of earthquakes: tectonic and volcanic earthquake. Tectonic earthquakes result from the movement of plates along faults or trenches. These occur when rocks in the earth’s crust break due to geological forces created by movement of tectonic plates. Another type, volcanic earthquakes occur due to volcanic activity. It results when lava or WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 8 magma is generated beneath the earth. They are less destructive and weaker than tectonic plates. Earthquake waves: Energy is released when earthquakes occur. This energy is released as vibrations and is called as seismic waves. These waves are recorded on instruments called seismographs. The printed record of the waves is called seismogram. There are two forms of seismic waves: the surface waves and the body waves. Surface waves as the name implies travels of the earth’s surface while the body waves travel and pass through the earth’s interior. Some of the surface waves are Rayleigh Waves and Loves waves. Body waves that travel through the earth’s interior and carry some of the energy from the focus to the surface. These types of waves are of two kinds: the P and S waves. The size of an earthquake is measured in two ways. The number that indicates the relative size of energy released in an earthquake is called magnitude. It is determined from the maximum amplitude of ground motion recorded in the seismogram. Intensity is the amount of damage brought about by an earthquake usually denoted as Roman numerals. A large earthquake has higher intensity near its epicenter than in farther away. The first intensity scale is called Mercalli intensity scale developed by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902. In the Philippines the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale developed by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology is used in reporting earthquake intensities. Q.4 Why do earthquakes usually occur at plate boundaries? Q.5. Which type of waves are the first are the first to arrive at the distant seismograph? Why? Faults Fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time. During an earthquake, the rock on one side of the fault suddenly slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be horizontal or vertical or some arbitrary angle in between. Figure 2. A fault WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 9 There are four types of faults: 1. Normal faults are when two pieces of rock are moving in different directions (divergent boundary). One-piece slides downwards away from the other due to crustal stretching. These faults usually occur in areas where the plate is splitting apart very slowly. This fault is defined by a hanging wall moving down and a foot wall which is pushed up. 2. Reverse faults- Reverse faults are the opposite of normal faults in that two blocks are pushed together instead of away from each other (convergent boundary). These faults occur where two plates are being compressed and folded upwards due to the colliding pressure. One block is sliding underneath another, or a block is being pushed upwards. This fault is defined by a hanging wall (moving up) and a footwall (moving down). 3. Strike slip Strike slip faults occur when two plates are sitting side by side and sliding past each other (transform fault). The most famous of these is the San Andres Fault that runs through California. 4. Thrust fault- A thrust fault is a type of reverse fault that occurs at a low angle of 30 degrees. The hanging wall is thrust up and the footwall is pushed down due to compression of the plates against each other. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 10 Activity 3. What type of fault I am? Directions: Identify the type of fault is illustrated below. 1. ___ 2. _______ 3.___________ 4. __________ Folds are produced by deformation of ductile materials. These are contortions of rock layers coming from wave-like curves. Rocks deforming plastically under compressive stresses crumple into folds. They do not return to their original shape. If the rocks experience more stress, they may undergo more folding or even fracture. You can trace the deformation a rock has experienced by seeing how it differs from its original horizontal, oldest-on-bottom position. This deformation produces geologic structures such as folds, joints, and faults that are caused by stresses. There are three major types of rock folding: monoclines, synclines, and anticlines. A. The three principal types of folds; (A) is an anticline, (B) is a syncline, and (C) is a monocline. 1. Monocline is a simple bend in the rock layers so that they are no longer horizontal. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 11  2. Anticlines are folded rocks that arch upward and dip away from the center of the fold. The oldest rocks are at the center of an anticline and the youngest are draped over them. When rocks arch upward to form a circular structure, that structure is called a dome. 3. Syncline is a fold that bends downward, causing the youngest rocks are to be at the center and the oldest are on the outside. When rocks bend downward in a circular structure, that structure is called basin. If the rocks are exposed at the surface, where are the oldest rocks located? Activity 4. Look for my Pair Directions: Match Column and Column B. Select the letter of your answer. Column A Column B 1. Linear with dip away from the center A. Anticline 2. Linear with dip towards the center B Basin 3. Linear with dip in one direction between horizontal C. Dome layers on each side. D. Syncline 4. Non-Linear with dip towards all center directions. E. Monocline 5. Non-Linear with dip away from center in all directions. What I Have Learned In Physics, a force applied per unit are is called stress. If the forces act uniformly from all directions if forms a (1) _______________, also referred to as pressure. The weight of overlying rocks exerts pressure referred to as (2) ___________. If the force is not equal in all directions, the stress formed is called (3) ________________. There are three kinds of differential stress: (4) _____________ occurs when the dominant force is directly away from each other. It stretches the rocks, causing as elongation parallel to the direction of stress and shortening perpendicular to the direction of stress; (5) is formed when the dominant force is directed towards each other. It squeezes the rocks causing shortening parallel to the direction of stress and elongation perpendicular to the stress direction; and (6) ______________ develops when the two dominant force are directed towards each other but not along the same axis. It results to slippage and translation. The resulting change in the rocks due to the different types of stress is called (7) ___________. It is the change in size, shape or volume of the rock subjected to stress. There are two different kinds of strain. An object can become longer by (8) ____________ and it can be stronger through shortening or contraction. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 12 (9) _________ strain occurs when the change in shape involves movement in one part of an object relative to its other parts such that there is change in angles between features. Rocks can also temporarily change shape when subjected to stress but can change back to its original form when the stress is removed. This is called (10) ___________. What I Can Do Practice Safety Measures As a responsible student make use of maps, diagrams or models, or predict what could happen in the future as the rocks undergo stress, compression, pulling apart and shearing as these rocks continue to move for safety. Assessment Posttest Directions: Read and analyze each statement and choose the letter which corresponds to the correct answer by writing it on your answer sheet/notebook. 1. What do we call a fault in which the hanging wall moves up along the dip with respect to the footwall (as pictured)? A. Normal Fault C. Dip fault B. Strike-slip fault D. Reverse fault 2. What do we call a fold in which the rock layers are folded upward, with the limbs sloping up to the axis of the fold (as pictured)? A. thrust fold C. recumbent fold B. syncline D. anticline 3. True or false: A fault is always the result of tensional stress. A. True B. False 4. What do we call a fault in which the movement is horizontal along the strike? A. strike-slip fault C. horizontal fault B. reverse Fault D. dip-slip fault WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 13 5. What produces a reverse fault? A. tensional stress C. compressional stress B. shear stress D. shear stress 6. True or false: Synclines will always form valleys in the landscape. A. True B. False 7. What do we call a down dropped block of the crust, bounded by normal faults on each side? A. horst B. normal block C. graben D. syncline 8. The San Andreas fault in California is an example of a _______________________. A. normal fault in a transform plate boundary B. strike-slip fault in a convergent plate boundary C. reverse fault in a transform plate boundary D. strike-slip fault in a transform plate boundary 9. The Sierra Nevada Mountains in California are primarily what kind of mountains? A. folded B. volcanic C. fault-block E. warped 10. Which of the following statements is true of the epicenter of an Earthquake? A. The epicenter is at Caltech in Pasadena, where the seismographs are located. B. The epicenter is the point on the Earth’s surface just above the location where movement on the fault began C. The epicenter is a place on the fault where it intersects the surface. D. The epicenter is the point on the fault’s surface within the Earth where the rupture on the fault began. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 14 15 EARTH SCIENCE Self-Learning Module MELC-Aligned WBLS-OBE Whats’s More What I Know? Assessment Activity 3 1. C 1. D 1.Thrust Fault 2. C 2. D 2. Strike slip 3. A 3. B 3. Reverse fault 4. A 4. A 4. Normal Fault 5. B 5. C Activity 4 6. D 6. B 1. Anticline 7. C 7. C 2. Syncline 8. A 8. D 3. Monocline 9. B 9. C 4. Basin 10. D 10. B 5. Dome Q1-Q5. Student’s What’s In? answer may vary What have I Learned? Activity 1 1. uniform 1. Compression stress Stress 2. confining 2. Tension Stress stres 3. Shear Stress 3. differential 4. Confining stress Stress 4. Tensional stress Activity 2 5.Compressional 1. E stress 2. A 6. Shear stress 3. E 7. Strain 4. B 8. stretching 5. C 9. Shear strain 10. Elastic strain Answer Key References Olivar II, J S., Rodolfo, R. and Hillel Cabria. 2016. Exploring Life through Science Senior High School Earth Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Religioso, Teresita F. and Vengco, Lilia G. 2016. Earth and Life Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quinto, Myrna P.and Florida, Jennifer S.2017. Mutya K-12 Earth Science for Senior High School. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House Inc. Other sources: https://sciencing.com/types-stresses-earths-crust-22473.html https://sciencing.com/forces-cause-landforms-8126393.htm https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-fault-and-what-are-different-types?qt news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products https://www.britannica.com/science/fold WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 16 WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module GENERAL PHYSICS 1