Earth and Space Science Unit Test PDF

Earth and Space Science Unit Test -​ The Big Bang Book 2 -​ Before the Big Bang, only energy existed. It was extremely hot and dense. In a moment, it expanded from smaller than an atom to larger than a galaxy. As the universe expanded, it cooled, letting energy...

Earth and Space Science Unit Test -​ The Big Bang Book 2 -​ Before the Big Bang, only energy existed. It was extremely hot and dense. In a moment, it expanded from smaller than an atom to larger than a galaxy. As the universe expanded, it cooled, letting energy turn into matter and antimatter. -​ 1 second after the big bang protons and neutrons begin to form. -​ 3 minutes after the big bang the temperature dropped under 1 billion degrees Celsius and hydrogen and helium started to form nuclei. -​ 300,000 years after the big bang hydrogen and helium nuclei can now capture electrons to form atoms. -​ 100 million years after the Big Bang the first stars formed dense gases. -​ Proof -​ Distant galaxies light is red-shifted. Redshifting means light stretches as sources move away. Galaxies are moving away; reversing time shows them coming together. -​ Galaxies book 3 -​ Galaxies are huge collections of stars, black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, planets, gas and dust. -​ There are 2 trillion galaxies in the universe. Every star we see in the night sky is located within the Milky Way. You would need a very powerful telescope to see an individual star from another galaxy. But a few galaxies are visible to the naked eye. -​ Our solar system takes about 230 million years to orbit the center of the galaxy. This is called a galactic year. In the center of our galaxy is a supermassive black hole named Sagittarius A*. -​ Solar System Book 4 -​ The solar system was formed from a rotating disk of gas and dust. -​ The sun is the center of our solar system and is made of gas. -​ Inner planets are smaller, rocky, and have few no moons. The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. -​ The Asteroid Belt has over 100, 000 asteroids in the asteroid belt and 2 dwarf planet, Ceres, and plub. -​ Outer planets are larger than the inner planets and are made of gases, many moons and rings. The outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. -​ The Kuiper Belt has over 100,000 asteroids and currently has 4 dwarf planets. -​ The Oort cloud has trillions of comets that are very sparse. The Oort cloud defines the boundary of the solar system which is almost one light year from the sun. -​ Other Solar System Bodies Book 5 -​ Asteroids -​ Asteroids are big rock and metal chunks in space, ranging from 1 meter to 1000 kilometres. Millions of asteroids in the solar system never became planets. Many orbit the sun in the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt. An asteroid impact likely caused the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. -​ Meteors  -​ Meteoroids are small bodies in space. Most are fragments from asteroids or comets. Each year, around 15,000 tonnes enter Earth's atmosphere. Meteors burn in the atmosphere, while meteorites land on the surface. -​ Comets -​ Comets consist of rock, dust, ice, and gas. They vary in size and come from the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud, following elongated orbits around the sun. Near the sun, they heat up and create two tails: a dust tail and an ion tail. -​ The Stars Book 6 -​ Parts of a star -​ 4.9 billion years ago the sun was formed from a spinning disk of gas and dust. -​ Layers of stars 1.​ Corona a less dense but high temperature aura of plasma 2.​ Photosphere the visible surface of the star 3.​ Convection zone currents transfer thermal energy outward from the core. 4.​ Radiation zone energy radiates outward from the core. 5.​ Core the extremely hot center of the star where nuclear fusion occurs. -​ Apparent magnitude is how bright the stars appear from earth -​ Absolute magnitude the actual brightness of the stars as if they were all from earth. -​ Sunspots are caused by the sun’s magnetic field. They are cooler than the rest and appear darker. -​ Solar flares solar flares are sudden and intense increases in brightness that can also release charged particles into space -​ How a star is born -​ Stars are formed in a nebula which is a cloud of gas and dust. 1.​ The gases contract and starts to spin, flattening into a disk 2.​ As the disk spins faster and faster it attracts more gas and creates a hot, dense core called a protostar. 3.​ When it gets hot enough it begins nuclear fusion 4.​ After thousands to millions of years it is now a star. -​ How a star dies -​ Small stars the outer layers expand into a red giant, then the core collapses leaving the gases around it a planetary nebula. Outer gases get ejected leaving a small white dwarf. -​ Large stars the outer layers expand into a supergiant, then the core collapses causing a supernova explosion. Other gases get ejected leaving an incredibly dense neutron star. -​ Massive Stars the outer layers expand into a supergiant, then the core collapses causing a supernova explosion. Outer gases get ejected leaving an infinitely dense black hole. -​ H-R diagrams -​ https://people.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/hr_diagram.htm -​ H-R Diagrams Doodle Notes ANSWERS.pdf -​ The Planets Book 7 -​ Terrestrial planets are smaller, rocky, may have a thin atmosphere, and high density. Ex.Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. -​ Gas giants are much larger, composed mostly of gases, thick atmosphere, and low density. Ex. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. -​ Mercury is the 8 largest planet and 1 day on mercury is 58.64 day -​ Closest to the Sun -​ Quickest orbit around the Sun -​ Smallest planet -​ Lots of craters -​ No moons, no rings -​ Hot day and cold night due to almost -​ Almost no atmosphere no atmosphere -​ Venus is the sixth largest planet and 1 day on Venus is -243 days because it rotates backwards. -​ Slightly smaller than Earth -​ Extremely thick atmosphere -​ Called “Earth’s sister planet” -​ Venus is the 3rd brightest object in -​ Features named after females our sky -​ No moons, no rings -​ Rotates backwards compared to other -​ Hottest planet; hot and dry planets -​ Earth is the fifth largest planet -​ Densest planet -​ Contains life -​ Largest of the terrestrial planets -​ 1 moon -​ Covered with liquid water -​ Orbits the Sun in the “habitable zone” -​ Mars is the seventh largest plan and 1 day on mars is 1.03 days on earth -​ Red, from iron on surface -​ Lower gravity than Earth -​ Thin atmosphere -​ 2 small moons -​ Has the tallest mountain in the solar system -​ Has the deepest trench in the solar system -​ Jupiter is the biggest planet in the solar system and 1 day on jupiter is 10 hours on earth -​ Largest planet -​ The Great Red Spot is a giant storm -​ 79 moons that has been raging for at least 400 -​ Has thin rings years -​ Has huge, powerful storms -​ 2.5 times more massive than all other -​ Second largest object in the solar planets combine system -​ Saturn is the second largest planet and 1 day on saturn is 10.7 hours -​ Second largest planet -​ Rings are visible from Earth using a -​ At least 62 moons telescope -​ Huge rings orbit Saturn -​ Saturn’s largest moons orbit far past -​ Rings are made of ice and dust its rings -​ Least dense planet -​ Uranus is the third largest planet and 1 day on uranus is 17 hours. -​ “yer-A-nus” -​ Has rings that are almost -​ Discovered in 1781 perpendicular to it orbit -​ 27 moons -​ Has the most tilted axis in the solar -​ Very cold system -​ Considered an “ice giant” -​ Each pole gets sunlight for 42 years -​ Neptune is the fourth biggest planet and 1 day on Neptune is 16 hours.  -​ Discovered in 1846 -​ Considered an “ice giant” -​ 14 moons -​ Second largest gravity (after Jupiter) -​ Has rings -​ Methane in Neptune’s atmosphere -​ Experiences weather gives it a rich blue hue -​ The Great Dark Spot is a huge storm -​ Living in Space Book -​ Dangers of living in space -​ Cosmic rays, highly energetic charged particles from the sun penetrate through the ice and can cause astronauts to see bright flashes of light as they pass through their brains. These can also cause cataracts and DNA damage leading to cancer. -​ Micrometeoroids Dust-sized meteoroids travelling at very high speeds of up to 11 km/s can damage spacecraft and spacesuit micrometeoroids. -​ Microgravity is when objects appear to be weightless. -​ The size of the space -​ Space is so big that our usual units of measurement are not big enough to measure how big space is without a lot of zeros of a big exponent. -​ Small -​ The sizes of objects like stars and planets are measured in kilometres. 1km=1000m -​ Medium -​ Distances within the solar system are measured in astronomical units (au). One au is the average distance between the Earth and the sun. 1 au= 149, 600, 000km -​ Large -​ Distances between stars in our galaxy are measured in light years: the distance light travels in one year. 1 ly=63241au -​ Extra large -​ Distances beyond our galaxy can be measured in parsecs. 1pc=3.26ly -​ Auroras Book 9 -​ Auroras -​ Solar flares -​ Solar flares are huge eruptions on the surface of the sun. If a solar flare occurs on the side of the sun facing the earth we may see an aurora. -​ Solar wind -​ A stream of charged particles ejected from the sun. it is composed mainly of electrons, protons and helium nuclei (alpha particles) -​ Magnetosphere -​ The charged particles of the solar wind are attracted to the north and south poles of Earth. -​ Atmosphere -​ The charged particles interact with molecules in the earth’s upper atmosphere to produce different colours. -​ Seasons book 10 -​ Seasons Doodle Notes ANSWERS.pdf -​ The moon and eclipses book 11 -​ The Moon -​ The moon rises in the east ans sets in the west. Th esame side of the moon always faces the earth, since it completes one revolution around the earth and one rotation on its axis in about  the same time. Each day the moon rises in the east an hour later than the previous day. -​ Waxing means growing larger. -​ Gibbous means convex or bulging -​ Waning means growing smaller -​ New moon ( The start of the lunar cycle) -​ Waxing Cresent ( 3-4 days) -​ 1st quarter (7-8 days) -​ Waxing Gibbous (10-11 days) -​ Full moon(14.5 days) -​ Waning Gibbous(17-18 days) -​ Last quarter (21-22 days) -​ Waning Crescent (24-25 days) -​ New Moon ( 29.5 days) -​ Moon Phases Answer Key.pdf -​ Eclipses -​ Eclipses do not occur during each revolution of the moon because the orbit of the moon is tilted. -​ Solar eclipses -​ Solar eclipses occur when the moon blocks the sun’s light. Casting a shadow on the earth. This can only happen during a new moon. -​ A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon completely blocks the sun and a partial solar eclipse occurs when the moon blocks only a portion of the sun. -​ Lunar eclipses -​ Lunar eclipses occur when the earth blocks the sun’s light. casting a shadow on the moon. Lunar eclipse can only occur during a full moon. -​ As the moon passes through earth shadow it appears red due to the scattering of sunlight through the earth’s atmosphere.