Victorian Era Vocabulary Test Notes PDF

Victorian Era (D) **Victorian**- Describes things and events in the reign of Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria was born on **May 24, 1819**. She became queen on June 10th, 1837, following the death of her uncle William IV. (became queen at age 18) They married German cousin **Prince Albert** and mar...

Victorian Era (D) **Victorian**- Describes things and events in the reign of Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria was born on **May 24, 1819**. She became queen on June 10th, 1837, following the death of her uncle William IV. (became queen at age 18) They married German cousin **Prince Albert** and married February 10, 1840. 1841-1857- Queen Victoria had nine children, five daughters and four sons. **Prince Albert** died suddenly of typhoid in 1861. Victoria was overgrown with grief and wore black for the rest of her life. For a long time refused to appear in public, which made her unpopular. Victoria died at 80 years old on January 22, 1901, a new age Edwardian began. Victorians invented the modern idea of **invention- the** notion that one can create solutions to problems. Experienced a great age of doubt, questioning Christianity on a large scale. The Victorian Age was characterized by rapid change in nearly every sphere. **ROMANTIC COURTSHIP** Courtship is considered a career move for young men, a woman's property reverted to him on marriage. Women were groomed for this role in life as mothers. -Usually learned how to sing, play piano, guitar, dance, and read literature. \- Learned etiquette, the art of conversation and silence, and French. **"Coming Out"** Coming Out usually meant that a young woman completed her education, available on the marriage " mart" Circumstances such as financial or family can delay or move up a debut, usually coming out at the age of 17-18. Purchased a new wardrobe to appear good in public. For the first few years, girls are under their mother's wing. Usually served as chaperone. Courtship has phases, **first speaking, walking out together, and finally keeping company**. If a man was introduced to a woman to dance, the man could not resume their relationship outside and had to be reintroduced by the mutual friend and permission of the lady. Lower classes socialized at Church, and holiday balls, while upper classes held social events throughout the season from April to July. (Some families arrived earlier if Parliament was in session) An upper classes' day rose at 11-12, ate breakfast in dressing rooms, attended a concert/drove in Park, dined at eight, went to the opera, then went to 3-4 parties until 5 am **with her chaperone**. Many public affairs were taken seriously to not offend a possible suitor. **Females never approached people of higher rank, unless being introduced by a mutual friend.** Lesser-ranking people were always introduced to people of higher rank only if the higher-ranking person had given permission. (A higher rank person did not have to maintain the acquaintance) **Introductions:** Single women couldn\'t address gentlemen without an introduction. **Chaperones:** Always accompanied by an older, preferably married, chaperone; never walked alone. **Courtship:** Walking with a gentleman meant staying apart; contact was limited to helping over rough spots. **Carriages:** Never rode alone in a closed carriage with a non-relative man. **Visits:** Couldn\'t visit unmarried men at their residence or receive them at home alone. **Behavior:** No looking back or staring in public (street, church, opera). **Conversations:** Impure topics are avoided in front of single women. **Pre-marital Conduct:** No sexual contact before marriage; innocence was essential. **Education:** Intelligence and political interest discouraged in women. By the end of the season, many relationships had been finalized. Men had a serious chase with marriage as the ultimate goal. Mutual trust between upper-class women- advised, gossiped, wrote passionate letters to each other. -chief arrangers of social affairs, when a girl was mad at another girl they had to ability to restrict them from social circles The legal age in **England** for **marriage was 21 years.** **After 1823,** males could marry at 14, and women at 12. (However, most girls married between 18 and 23.) Illegal to marry the deceased wife's sister. Could marry first cousins. Marriage is encouraged only within one class. \- In the upper class, **the wife brought generous enticements for marriage,** and financial aspects of marriage were openly discussed like a prenup. -Men had to prove that they could keep their wives to the le**vel of life she was accustomed to.** **-Women used marriages to improve their social standing.** **An unmarried woman of 21 could inherit and administer her property.** Marriages were considered **business deals**, so few started with love. **Many couples grew fond of each other, resulting in a near-love bonding.** **Asking for the daughter's hand in marriage had to be granted by the bride's father**, proposals were best made in person. After waiting a short time to announce the engagement, **the mother hosted a dinner party** to introduce finance to his bride's family. (usually followed by an evening party) **One groom had been introduced to the bride's family, the bride was introduced to his.** After the engagement was announced to the family, the bride wrote to the rest of her friends with the news. (mother did the same with elders of these families) **Engagements lasted from six months to two years depending on the ages and circumstances.** **Engagement is finalized with a ring, with the size and stone depending on the groom's finances.** After being engaged, the couple would not have a chaperone and could be more comfortable. **Engagement Challenges**: Ending an engagement could cause public embarrassment and even lead to legal action. A \"breach of promise\" lawsuit could require one party to compensate the other for expenses, like a wedding gown. **Secrecy:** Engagements were often kept secret until considered official, reducing the risk of legal issues or public scrutiny. **Caution in Communication:** Women were advised to be careful about what they wrote in letters or journals to avoid evidence in legal disputes. **Romance and Love:** Despite rigid rules and societal pressures, true romance and love thrived for some, often celebrated in poetry and keepsakes. **Marital Bonds**: Even arranged or practical marriages often develop into deep, lasting attachments over time. Facebook "satire" tag could wipe out the Internet's terrible hoax-news industry(E) Facebook is experimenting with a tag that will mark satire sites as satire. -This is a small test, where it is not visible on the site and you can only see it in Facebook's related-links box. Satire sites are intended to deceive the public with faux news and dumb Internet rumors. The media has proposed a solution of a fact check of internet shenanigans. Satire in current events (F) The Keystone Pipeline was an expansion of a pipeline that transports oil from Canada to the Gulf Coast. Although many environmentalists say that the pipeline transporting oil is bad for the environment, U.S. supporters of the bill say that it would be a reliable source of oil, decreasing the cost of oil for U.S. consumers. The Environmental Defense Fund said that we should be focusing on the real energy issues, in which we need to move towards a clean energy future. Satire: It's No Joke - Rhetoric Series \| Academy 4 Social Change Satire comes from the Latin word \"satura\" meaning **poetic medley.** The aim of satire is to **alert the public of a problem and force a change**. Satire trains you to be skeptical and think critically by pointing out holes and contradictions and reasoning. Satire is a work that reveals flaws, absurdities, and/or vices of a person or another work. It is used especially as social, moral, or political commentary. Satire uses a variety of tools like humor, irony, exaggeration, and ridicule to make a statement. The term satire was first used in the 1500s; it exclusively referred to satirical poems which denounced devices or foolishness. As satire grew in popularity, it came to refer to any work that exposed the immorality or stupidity of a person, piece, idea, or concept. Earnest and Wilde Background The Importance of Being Earnest was -written in 1895 -a comedy in 3 Acts -is a satire, immediate hit when first performed -Uses wit, puns, exaggeration, and wordplay to create humor -Criticizes Victorian moral and social values -Bridges Victorian period literature with Modern literature Settings -Around 1890 -London "The City" -Jack's House in the Country (a very large estate) -The village church Victorian Period -Named for Queen Victoria of England -Followed reign of "Mad" King George The culture was very moral and serious Women were expected to be the angel in the house and to take care of their husband and family. Created a culture that valued family and stability. Manners were supremely important, English society was divided into classes. Considered bad manners to flaunt wealth. Women\'s clothing covered them from neck to ankle; clothes had to be modest In upper classes people with bad reputations were outcasts no matter the monetary value, good manners were extremely important. People had to make formal appointments to visit. Refreshments were expected when visitors came to call- usually tea, cake, and cucumber sandwiches. Men expected to be well-educated, women expected to marry well. **Oscar Wilde** Born in Ireland; lived in England, Died in Paris Attended Trinity College in Ireland and Oxford University in England Believed that art should not be concerned with political issues (art for art's sake) Rebelled against the prim, moral, religious culture of Victorian England. Although homosexual, married and had children, he served prison time for being homosexual. Never allowed to see his family again, spent the remainder of his life in Paris. "I always pass on good advice. It is the only thing to do with it. It is never of any use to oneself." "I can resist everything except temptation." "I never travel without my diary. One should always have something sensational to read in the train." "To lose one parent may be regarded as a misfortune; to lose both looks like carelessness."\ Inspiring Paradoxes Main Ideas Thesis: Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest uses paradox to critique societal norms, inspire thought, and explore human flaws and redemption, blending satire with optimism. Paradox as a Tool: Paradoxes challenge societal conventions and expose hidden hypocrisies. They entertain while encouraging audiences to think critically. Critics like Norbert Kohl argue paradoxes reveal truths obscured by social norms. Marriage and Infidelity: Algernon's line, "Three is company and two is none," contradicts the traditional view of marriage. Highlights society\'s dual attitude---publicly condemning infidelity while privately tolerating it. Class and Morality: Algernon ironically expects the "lower orders" to set a moral example. This paradox critiques assumptions about virtue being tied to social class. Paradox in Characters: Jack and Algernon's "Bunburying" exposes their dishonesty yet adds to their charm. Gwendolen and Cecily are paradoxical: outwardly elegant but inwardly petty. The characters' flaws make them relatable and redeemable. Comedy and Redemption: The play concludes neatly, reflecting fiction's idealized justice. The characters\' flaws, not virtues, lead to their redemption. Wilde's use of paradox mirrors human complexity, suggesting hope and redemption for all. The paradox is central to Wilde's critique of Victorian society. Wilde's characters are deeply flawed, yet their imperfections are what make them redeemable and human. The play's humor and optimism reflect Wilde's belief in the potential for redemption despite human flaws. Greek Notes **Greece** was considered to be **"the birthplace of Western civilization"** about **2500 years ago.** Ancient Greece had major influences in art, science, philosophy, and politics.\ **References to mythology** are called **mythological allusions.** Greece was split into smaller governments called city-states. -Individually ruled and had their own government -Greek states had wars often. Ancient Greeks were **polytheists,** meaning they believed in many gods. -**Gods lived above Mount Olympus**, one of the tallest mountains in Greece. **Gods were human-like, Immortal, and watched over Greece.** -Human characteristics, it was easier to empathize with the gods and connect their plights with your own. We study myths because they -depict real problems and behaviors common to humans -human nature is the same across time and culture -reveal that many, social, ethical, and religious attitudes continue throughout time -reflect attitudes, priorities, and values of the cultures in which they were produced in. **The Odyssey is an EPIC containing 24 books** An Epic is a long narrative poem about the adventure or deeds of an epic hero. **An epic's purpose is to entertain, teach, and inspire.** Epics blend legend with truth. Sometimes gods or supernatural forces take part in this action. Contains adventures or a long journey, often covering large portions of the world or universe, particularly supernatural settings. **Epic Hero- a** larger-than-life figure who undertakes great journeys and performs deeds requiring remarkable strength, bravery, and cunning. -possesses superhuman strength, craftiness, and confidence -portrays goals and virtues of society -helped and harmed by interfering gods -(usually) emerges victorious +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Involve a long journey, full of | Themes | | complications: | | +===================================+===================================+ | -Strange creatures | -courage | | | | | -Divine intervention | -a homecoming | | | | | -fantastic lands | -beauty | | | | | -large scale events | -loyalty | | | | | -treacherous weather | -life and death | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Homer- **Blind**, said to have lived between **900-700 BC.** -**Wrote the Iliad and its sequel, the Odyssey** -Told his **stories orally**, written down by others. **Epic simile**- Using like or as to compare things, **but developed over several lines** **Epithet**- Renames a person with a descriptive phrase: sobriquet Invocation of the Muse -invocation- a call for help -muse- a person or thing that inspires, poets, and artists would call to help write Many poems began with an Invocation to the Muse asking for help in writing from the gods. **The Iliad- Prequel to the Odyssey** A story about the 10th year of the Trojan War, **\~1250 BC** Takes place in Troy, which is in Turkey Tale of Myth and m, magic Gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece are major characters -chose sides in the Trojan War Trojan War **-Paris is the Prince of Troy** -Choose to be a judge of a beauty contest between Athena Aphrodite, and Hera, the winner receives the golden apple. -Asks them to take clothes off **All 3 Bribed Troy** **Athena**- wisdom and skill in war **Hera-** king of Europe and Asia **Aphrodite**- receives Helen, the prettiest girl in the world. **Paris chose Aphrodite** Helen was married to King Menelaus, King of Sparta. Helen and Paris "fell in love" and ran away together. King of Sparta, and his brother, Agamemnon gathered Greeks and sailed to Troy/ **Menelaus wanted to get his wife back.** **Agamemnon wanted to take over Troy.** **The Trojan War lasted 10 years, Greeks couldn't get past Troy's walls.** Helen of Troy became the "face that launched 1,000 ships" One hero in this novel is Achilles, who killed Hector, Paris's brother. Odysseus, the main character in Odyssey **-King of Ithaca, Greek Island** -didn't want to fight in Troy because didn't want to leave their wife, Penelope, and baby son, Telemachus He was tricked into joining the Greeks only because he owed Menelaus a favor. -He pleaded insanity but he was proven to be sane, and forced to go to war -Tricked the Trojans to eventually help the Greeks win (Trojan Horse) Odysseus had an idea to penetrate the walls of Troy using a giant wooden horse Trojans saw this as a peace offering and the fleeing of Greek soldiers. Trojans took the horse into the city, only to find the horse was filled with Greek soldiers. The hidden soldiers destroyed Troy and won the war. Odysseus is an archetype- (a thing, person, or pattern of circumstances that appears repeatedly in literature) +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Common Types | Common Themes | +===================================+===================================+ | Hero | Hidden Treasure | | | | | Villain\ | Rite of Passage | | Lovesick | | | | Hero\'s Journey | | The fool | | | | Homecoming | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Greeks | Trojans | +===================================+===================================+ | -King Agamemnon of Argos | -King Priam | | | | | -King Menelaus | -Sons Hector and Paris | | | | | -Helen | Poseidon, Aphrodite, Apollo | | | | | -Achilles | Aphrodite awards Helen to Paris, | | | starting the war. | | -Odysseus | | | | Aphrodite saves Paris early on. | | -Hera, Athena | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ -Achilles killed Hector, Paris killed Achilles -Helen and Menelaus return to Sparta -Agamemnon returned home, killed by wife's new lover Paris died from a poisonous arrow by Philoctetes: Paris had killed Achilles with an arrow, and sought help from Cenone, a skilled healer, but refused to help him due to love of Helen, leading to death. Achilles dipped in the River Styx to become immortal, but his feet didn't get dipped in water. Was shot in the heel by Paris, leading to death. Arrow which was guided by Apollo, was poisoned. **Achilles' Heel is the most well-known mythological allusion**. The Odyssey is mostly about 10 years of adventures after the Trojan War Poseidon is angry at Odysseus, and Poseidon is bitter at Athena for her winning the naming rights of Athens. Odysseus and other Greeks became arrogant after winning the war, and Poseidon did not like that. Odysseus blinds the Cyclops Polyphemus, who is Poseidon's son. Hero\'s Journey 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Important Characters in the Odyssey (in order of mention) Book 1 Helios -the sun god, who raises his cattle on the island of Thrinacia Zeus -the ruler of the Greek gods and goddesses; father of Athena and Apollo Telemachus -Odysseus\' son Penelope-Odysseus wife Book 9 Alcinous-the king of the Phaeacians Circe ---a goddess and enchantress who lives on the island of Aeaea Cicones-allies of the Trojans, who live at Ismarus (Is-măr ǝs) Lotus Eaters-inhabitants of a land Odysseus visits Cyclopes -a race of one-eyed giants; an individual member of the race is a Cyclops (si klõps)\ Polyphemus- name of the Cyclops Apollo---the god of music, poetry, prophecy, and medicine Poseidon -the god of the seas, earthquakes, and horses; father of the Cyclops who battles Odysseus Athena-the goddess of war, wisdom, and cleverness; goddess of crafts