DTL 110 Week One Chapter One Powerpoint PDF

Introduction to the Body Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1  Learning Objectives CLO#1 Introduction to the Body 1.1 Identify the major levels of organization in humans 1.2 Explain the importance of homeostasis 1.3 Describe how positive a...

Introduction to the Body Chapter 1 Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1  Learning Objectives CLO#1 Introduction to the Body 1.1 Identify the major levels of organization in humans 1.2 Explain the importance of homeostasis 1.3 Describe how positive and negative feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation 1.4 Use anatomical terms to describe body regions, body sections, and relative positions 1.5 Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisons 1.6 Distinguish between visceral and parietal portions of serous membranes Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2  Introduction  Anatomy: Study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts  Physiology: Study of functions of living organisms and their parts  Pathology: Scientific study of disease Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Course Outline: found in the Information section of Blackboard Course Syllabus: found in the Information section of Blackboard Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4  Pre-Test 1. The study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts is known as: a. Anatomy b. Physiology c. Dissection d. Homeostasis Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 2. Levels of organization in the body progress from the simplest to most complex. Which of the following identifies the levels in the proper progressive order? a. Cellular, chemical, tissue, organ b. Atom, chemical, tissue, cellular c. Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ d. Chemical, cellular, organism, organ Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 3. In the anatomical position, the body is: a. Erect with the arms above the head b. In the supine position c. In the prone position d. Erect with the arms at the side Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 4. The term distal means: a. Nearer the surface b. Nearest the trunk of the body c. Father away from the body surface d. Away from or farthest from the trunk Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity? a. Epigastric b. Intestinal c. Umbilical d. Hypogastric Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 6. The dorsal body cavity includes the: a. Bladder b. Pancreas c. Brain d. Rectum Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 7. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the: a. Upper extremities b. Lower extremities c. Skull d. Pelvis Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 8. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the: a. Upper extremities b. Skull c. Cheeks d. Face Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 9. The relative constancy of the body’s internal environment is referred to as: a. Survival b. Homeostasis c. Positive feedback d. Sensor Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 10. An example of a typical homeostatic mechanism in the body is a(n): a. Negative feedback loop b. Experimental control c. Structural level d. System Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14  Levels of Organization  Organization is the most important characteristic of body structure  The body as a whole is a unit constructed of the following smaller units:  Atoms and molecules: Chemical level  Cells: Smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals  Tissues: Organizations of similar cells  Organs: Organizations of different kinds of tissues  Systems: Organizations of many different kinds of organs Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Levels of Organization (Cont.) Barbara Cousins Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16  Test Your Knowledge 1. ______ is a term derived from two Greek words meaning “cutting apart” 2. ______ means the study of the function of living organisms and their parts 3. ______ is the scientific study of disease Select from anatomy, physiology, and pathology Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17 4. What are the five levels of organization in the human body? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18  Anatomical Position  Reference the position in which the body is standing erect with the feet slightly apart and arms at the sides with palms turned forward  Anatomical position gives meaning to directional terms Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19 Anatomical Position (Cont.) Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20  Two other positions:  Supine (lying face up)  Prone (lying face down)  These are NOT anatomical position Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21  Anatomical Directions  Superior: Toward the head, upper, above  Inferior: Toward the feet, lower, below Q: Is the head superior or inferior to the hips? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22  Anatomical Directions (Cont.)  Anterior: Front, in front of (same as ventral in humans)  Posterior: Back, in back of (same as dorsal in humans) Q: Is the heart anterior or posterior to the spine? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23 Directions and Planes of the Body Redrawn from Muscolino JE: Know the body: muscle, bone, and palpation essentials, St Louis, 2012, Mosby. Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24  Anatomical Directions (Cont.)  Medial: Toward the midline of a structure  Lateral: Away from the midline or toward the side of a structure Q: Are the arms medial or lateral to the heart? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25  Anatomical Directions (Cont.)  Proximal: Toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure  Distal: Away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest from a structure’s point of origin Q: Which is proximal and which is distal? shoulders? fingers? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26 Directions and Planes of the Body Redrawn from Muscolino JE: Know the body: muscle, bone, and palpation essentials, St Louis, 2012, Mosby. Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27  Anatomical Directions (Cont.)  Superficial: Nearer the body surface  Deep: Farther away from the body surface Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28  Anatomical Compass Rosette  A: Anterior  D: Distal  I: Inferior  (opposite R) L: Left  (opposite M) L: Lateral  M: Medial  (opposite A) P: Posterior  (opposite D) P: Proximal  R: Right  S: Superior Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29  Critical Thinking Question You are assisting a physician while she examines a patient. She has asked you to instruct the patient lying on the examination table to assume the anatomical position. The patient is unfamiliar with this term. How should you tell the patient to pose? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30  Planes of the Body  Sagittal plane: Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections  Midsagittal plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves  Frontal (coronal) plane: Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections  Transverse plane: Horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31 Directions and Planes of the Body Redrawn from Muscolino JE: Know the body: muscle, bone, and palpation essentials, St Louis, 2012, Mosby. Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32  Test Your Knowledge 1. A _____ section cuts the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions 2. A _____ section cuts the body or any of its parts into front and back portions 3. A _____ section cuts the body or any of its parts into left and right portions 4. If the body is cut into equal right and left sides, the cut is called a ____section or plane Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33  Body Cavities:  Closed, fluid filled spaces  Lined by tissues layer called serous membrane  Protect internal organs Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34  Body Cavities  Dorsal cavity  Cranial cavity: The space inside the skull that contains the brain  Spinal cavity: The space inside the spinal column Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 35  Body Cavities (Cont.)  Ventral cavity  Thoracic cavity  Mediastinum: Midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea located in mediastinum  Pleural cavities: Right lung located in right pleural cavity; left lung in left pleural cavity Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 36 Body Cavities (Cont.) Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37  Body Cavities (Cont.)  Ventral cavity  Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen Pelvic cavity: Contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine Abdominopelvic regions  Nine regions  Four quadrants Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 38 Body Cavities (Cont.) Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39 Organs of the Major Body Cavities Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40  Serous membranes  Double sided membranes  Surround the organs within the cavities  Protect the organs against friction when they move within the cavities  Two layers  Visceral layer surrounds the organ  Parietal layer is attached to the wall of the body cavity  Layers are attached at the ends (like a tube)  There is fluid between the two layers Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41  Abdominopelvic regions  There are 9 body regions  And 4 quadrants Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 42 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Barbara Cousins Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 43  Body Regions  Axial region: Head, neck, and torso or trunk  Appendicular region: Upper and lower extremities Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 44 Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Body Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 45  Balance of Body Functions  Survival of the individual and of the genes that make up the body is of the utmost importance  Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis (relative constancy of the internal environment)  The body uses negative feedback loops and, less often, positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis  Feedback loops involve a sensor (receptor), a control center (integration center), and an effector Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 46 The Body’s Internal Environment Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 47 Negative Feedback Loops Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 48 Positive Feedback Loop Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 49  Critical Thinking Question  Mr Shepherd has gone outside to shovel snow on a cold day. How does his body maintain a relatively constant body temperature? What is this process called? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 50  Normal Fluctuations  All organs function to maintain homeostasis  Ability to maintain balance of body functions is related to age  Peak efficiency occurs during young adulthood; diminishing efficiency occurs after young adulthood Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 51  Review Questions  Which is the smallest unit?  A. molecule  B. organelle  C. cell  D. atom Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 52  Which is the largest component that comes together to compose tissues?  A. cellular  B. molecular  C. chemical  D. tissue Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 53  Similar cells working together to perform specific functions is an example of which organizational level?  A. organ  B. organ system  C. cellular  D. tissue Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 54  The ____ level of organization refers to an individual person in whom all organ systems work together to maintain life and health  A. organ system  B. organism  C. organ  D. tissue Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 55  The brain, which receives and processes information during homeostatic regulation, is an example of which component?  A. effector  B. responder  C. receptor  D. integration center Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 56  Blood vessels and sweat glands are examples of which homeostatic component?  A. receptor  B. effector  C. control center  D. integration center Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 57  Thermoregulation is an example of:  A. positive feedback  B. negative feedback  C. stimulus reinforcement  D. escalating homeostatic cycle Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 58  Once labor begins, the process becomes increasingly more intense until the baby is born. This is an example of:  A. failure of homeostasis  B. the tendency toward internal balance  C. positive feedback  D. negative feedback Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 59  Which is a response via negative feedback to falling body temperature?  A. increased sweating  B. increased blood flow to skin  C. vomiting  D. decreased blood flow to skin Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 60  Which sectional plane lies at right angles to the long axis of the body?  A. transverse  B. frontal  C. sagittal  D. coronal Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 61 Questions? Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 62