Domain Eukarya II: Plant PDF

BIOLOGY 1 ASB0204 Topic 12a Domain Eukarya II: Plant Dr. Nur Akmal Ishak Dr. Ezyana Kamal Bahrin Mr. Azman Jali Biology Unit, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science of Universiti Putra Malaysia (ASPutra),...

BIOLOGY 1 ASB0204 Topic 12a Domain Eukarya II: Plant Dr. Nur Akmal Ishak Dr. Ezyana Kamal Bahrin Mr. Azman Jali Biology Unit, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science of Universiti Putra Malaysia (ASPutra), Universiti Putra Malaysia 1 Outline 12a (i) - Main characteristics of Plantae 12a (ii) - Bryophytes 12a (iii) - Pteridophytes 12a (iv) - Gymnosperms 12a (v) - Angiosperms 12a (vi) - Evolutionary relationships in the plant kingdom 2  Learning Outcomes At the end of this lecture, students will be able to : ▪ describe the unique characteristics of Plantae. ▪ classify Plantae into Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. ▪ describe the unique characteristics of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. ▪ explain the evolutionary relationships among groups in the plant kingdom. 3  12a (i) Unique Characteristics of Plantae 4 Main Characteristic of Plantae 1. Multicellular 2. Contain chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid pigment. 3. Autotrophic – photosynthetic capabilities. - Primary food storage : starch. 4. Cell wall : cellulose Plants are believed to evolved from green algae Both groups have: Chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids Store reserve food as starch 5 Adaptations of Plants To Life on Land Vascular tissues Leaves have stomata For water and Gases exchange and nutrient transport prevent water loss Waxy cuticle Protected reproductive Prevent structure desiccation Retention of the embryonic sporophyte within the female gametophyte 6 Reproductive Structure It has multicellular sex organs called gametangia (singular: gametangium) Female organ Male organ Archegonium (sg: Antheridium archegonia) (sg: antheridia) Egg Sperm Zygote Develops in the female gametangium Alternation of Generations Life cycle of a plant which alternate between multicellular haploid stage (gametophye generation) and multicellular diploid stage (sporophyte generation). Haploid generation: Diploid generation: Gametophyte generation Sporophyte generation that that gives rise to haploid gives rise to haploid spores by male and female gametes meiosis. by mitosis. 8  Alternation of Generations Spore Sperm Egg Zygote Embryo 9 https://www.macmillanhighered.com/BrainHoney/Resource/6716/digital_first_content/trunk/test/hillis2e/asset/img_ch21/c21_fig04.html  Classification of Plantae Classification of plantae Non-vascular Vascular Bryophytes Seedless Seed Phylum Seedless Gymnosperms Angiosperms Pteridophytes Bryophyta Phylum Class Phylum Phylum Cycadophyta Hepatophyta Pteridophyta Dicotyledonae Phylum Phylum Phylum Coniferophyta Class Anthocerophyta Lycopodiophyta Monocotyledonae Phylum Ginkgophyta Phylum Gnetophyta 10  12a (ii) Bryophytes 11  Bryophytes Learning Outcomes 1. Describe the unique characteristics of bryophytes. 2. State the classification of bryophytes into 3 phyla: ✔ Phylum Hepatophyta (Marchantia sp.) ✔ Phylum Bryophyta (Polytrichum sp.) ✔ Phylum Anthocerophyta (Anthoceros sp.) 3. State the terrestrial adaptation for bryophytes. 12 Characteristics of Bryophytes 1. All bryophytes are nonvascular seedless plants and produce spores. 2. Do not have true roots, leaves or vascular tissue. - rhizoids helps to attach the plant to the soil. - flat and broad tissues that contain chloroplasts – photosynthesis. 3. Typically found in moist environments. - watery medium is needed for reproductions. - asexual reproduction: dispersal of gemmae needs watery medium/raindrops (e.g. Marchantia sp.). - sexual reproduction: flagellated sperm cells need watery medium to swim to archegonia. 13  Characteristics of Bryophytes 4. Dominant generation is gametophyte. - gametophytes are able to carry out photosynthesis. - sporophytes depend on gametophytes for nutrient and water. 5. Haploid gametes are produced and developed within gametangium. Two types of gametangium: - Archegonium (female gametangium): Produce an egg cell @ oosphere. - Antheridium (male gametangium): Produce large numbers of biflagellated sperm cells. 14 Classification of Bryophytes 15  Phylum Bryophyta Sporophytes consists of : Capsule- where the spore is produced Seta- stalk that connects sporangium to gametophytes Foot/leaves- to transfer nutrient and water from gametophyte to capsule The leafy gametophytes – photosynthetic and house the reproductive organs. It reproduces via spores, and their sporophytes are dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition. They thrive in diverse habitats, contributing to soil stability. 16 Example: Polytrichum sp., Sphagnum  Phylum Hepatophyta It has flattened thallus or leafy appearance. - has unicellular rhizoids (anchor the plant to the soil. Lack of stomata: have only air pores for gases exchange. Thallus is dichotomously branched and exhibits apical growth. Example: Marchantia sp.  Phylum Anthocerophyta Grow in moist, shaded and warm temperate regions. The sporophyte is photosynthetic and provides energy needed for growth and reproduction. - Sporophytes may develop on the same gametophyte from which they gain nutrition. Gametophyte resembles the thallous liverworts. Example: Anthoceros punctatus. Terrestrial Adaptations for Bryophytes Multicellular, dependent embryo Diploid zygote develops into diploid embryo by mitosis within the archegonium. Gametophyte carries out photosynthesis and provides developing embryo with nutrients and water. Water conservation by waterproof cuticle In some bryophytes, epidermis of leaves and other aerial parts is coated with cuticle to prevent excessive loss of water by evaporation. Thus, preventing the bryophytes from being desiccated (drying out). 19 Terrestrial Adaptations for Bryophytes Walled spores produced in sporangium Spores are haploid cells. Walls of haploid spores contain sporopollenin. make the walls tough and resistant to harsh environments. enable the wind-carried spores to disperse through air without being desiccated. The outer tissues of sporangium protect spores until they are released into air. Presence of multicellular gametangium Gametes are produced within gametangia. Gametangia has a layer of sterile (non-reproductive) cells that surrounds and protects the gametes. Diploid zygote develops into embryo within the female gametangium. 20 Thus, embryo is protected during its development.  More info… Bryophytes are widely used as bioindicators of environment for their unique capacity to absorb the pollutants and exhibit specific responses to even the slightest of Mossy Forest, environmental changes (Jiang et al., 2018). Mount Brinchang, Cameron Highlands Elevated position at 2032 meters above sea level in Mount Brinchang. Bryophytes are used to cure hepatic disorders, skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, used as antipyretic, antimicrobial, wound healing and many more (Chandra et al., 2016). 21  12a (iii) Pteridophytes 22  PTERIDOPHYTES LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Describe the unique characteristics of pteridophytes. 2. State classification of pteridophytes into 2 phyla: ▪ -Phylum Lycopodiophyta ▪ (Lycopodium sp. and Selaginella sp. ) - Phylum Pteridophyta (Dryopteris sp.) 23  Examples of Pteridophytes Lycopodium sp. Selaginella sp. Dryopteris sp. Common name: Common name: Common name: ground pine spike mosses fern 24 Unique Characteristics of Pteridophytes 1. Seedless plants 2. Vascular plants 3. True roots, stems and leaves 4. Alternation of generations: Dominant generation is sporophyte 5. Sexual reproduction 25  Unique Characteristics of Pteridophytes 1. Seedless plants (DO NOT produce seeds). 2. Have simple/ not well-developed vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients/ minerals and provide mechanical support. 3. Sporophyte has true roots, stems and leaves due to the presence of vascular tissues. Sporophyte has adventitious roots & waterproof cuticle on leaves. 26  Unique Characteristics of Pteridophytes 4. Dominant generation is sporophyte in alternation of generations because large in size and long-lived. Young sporophyte dependent on gametophyte for nutrition. Matured sporophyte is not dependent on gametophyte for nutrition because it can carry out photosynthesis. 27  Unique Characteristics of Pteridophytes 5. Sexual Reproduction: Habitat: most common in moist places. Fertilization is fully dependent on watery medium because the flagellated sperm cells must swim through water to reach the egg cell. Example of fern’s sexual reproduction 28 Classification of Pteridophytes PTERIDOPHYTES Phylum Phylum Phylum Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Lycopodium Selaginella Dryopteris Genus sp. sp. sp. Example of pteridophytes Lycopodium Selaginella Dryopteris cernuum willdenowii filix-mas 29  PHYLUM LYCOPODIOPHYTA: Lycopodium sp. Microphylls/ Microphylls: Small, needle-like leaves, and they closely cover the branches and stem, single strand of vascular tissue Strobilus: The dried spores of Lycopodium is flammable Cone-shaped structure group of sporophylls and was formerly utilized as a flash powder for Sporophylls: early cameras and as a modified leaves that bear sporangia common component of fireworks. PHYLUM LYCOPODIOPHYTA: Selaginella sp. Female Male Heterosporous under micsroscope 31  Phylum Lycopodiophyta Main comparison plants of this genus are: Lycopodium sp. Selaginella sp. Homosporous plant: Heterosporous plant: produce one type of spore produce two types of spores (megaspore & microspore) in one strobilus Each spore develops into Megaspore develop into female bisexual gametophyte gametophyte. (having both male and female Microspore develop into male sex organ). gametophyte. 32 Heterosporous Vs Heterosporous Non-vascular plants and most seedless vascular plants are HOMOSPOROUS. Sporangium Single type of Bisexual Sperm on sporophyte spore gametophyte Egg Seed vascular plants are HETEROSPOROUS. Microspores in Male Sperm Sporophyte Microsporangia gametophyte Megaspores in Female Megasporangia gametophyte Egg 33  PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA: Dryopteris sp. 1. Gametophyte of Dryopteris sp. (prothallus) Underside of prothallus Consist of prothallus & rhizoids (grow flat on or just below the soil surface) Prothallus: green, heart-shaped, photosynthetic structure & produced both archegonia & antheridia on its underside. Rhizoids: anchor the prothallus to the soil. Young developing sporophyte depends on gametophyte for nutrition. 34  PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA: Dryopteris sp. 2. Sporophyte of Dryopteris sp. (matured fern) 1 SORUS: Cluster of sporangia, 2 located on underside of 1 frond. 3 2 INDUSIUM : A flap of tissue that protects the sori. 3 SPORANGIUM : Multicellular organs that produce spores (appear Fronds, root, rhizomes (horizontal as sac). underground stem) all contain vascular Spores are released when tissues. sporangium is ruptured. The fern sporophyte develop reproductive structures on its leaves. 35  12a (iv) Seed Plants: Gymnosperms 36  Seed Plants At the end of this lecture, students will be able to: 1. Describe the unique characteristics of Gymnosperms 2. State the classification of Gymnosperms into four phyla 37  Seed Plants: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Seed plants Naked Seed Enclosed seed Gymnosperms Angiosperms (Non-flowering plants) (Flowering plants) Phylum Phylum Phylum Phylum Phylum Coniferophyta Cycadophayta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Anthophyta Class Class Dicotyledonae Monocotyledonae 38  Characteristics of Gymnosperms 1. Produce seeds that are totally exposed or borne on the scales of cones (naked seeds). 2. The plants include pine, spruce, fir and ginkgo. 3. The reproductive structures - cones and strobili. 4. Heterosporous - produce 2 types of spores - microspores and megaspores microspores develop into male gametophytes with antheridia megaspores develop into female gametophytes bearing archegonia. 39 Seed Plants: 4 Classifications of Gymnosperms Phylum Coniferophyta Phylum Cycadophyta (Pinus sp.) (Cycas sp.) Phylum Gnetophyta Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gnetum sp.) (Ginkgo sp.) 40  1. Phylum Coniferophyta Commonly called the conifers - pines, spruce and firs. Pinus - the largest genus in conifers. Most conifers are evergreen - retain their leaves in winter. Conifers are woody trees and shrubs - exhibit secondary growth by producing wood and bark. (a) The wood consists of tracheids only (no vessels) - long, tapering cells with pits (water and dissolved nutrient, minerals move from one cell to another) (b) The bark extremely thick - protect the tree trunks from forest fires. 41  1. Phylum Coniferophyta Needle-like leaves - adapted for harsh environments - have thick cuticle - sunken stomata - no air spaces within mesophyll to conserve water. Resin - protects the plant from fungi or insects. 42  1. Phylum Coniferophyta Male cone Female cone Most conifers are monoecious; have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant. The reproductive parts are generally borne in strobilli or cones. Pine is heterosporous - produces microspores and megaspores in separate cones. 43  1. Phylum Coniferophyta: Female & Male Cone Female cone Male cone Known as staminate (pollen) Known as known as the cone. ovulate (seed) cone. Smaller than the female cone. Bigger than the male cone. Found on the lower branches Found on the upper of the tree. branches of the tree and Consists of sporophylls bear seeds after (leaf-like structures) that bear reproduction. microsporangia on the underside. 44  1. Phylum Coniferophyta: Reproductive Strategy The sporophyte generation of pine is dominant and the gametophyte generation is just a microscopic structure in the cones. The gametophyte depends totally on the sporophyte for nourishment. Water is no longer used as a medium to transport sperm. Air current (wind) carries pine pollen grains to the female cones. non-motile sperm cells accomplish fertilisation by moving through a pollen tube to the egg. 45  2. Phylum Cycadophyta Tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems and compound leaves that resemble palms or ferns. Dioecious; the seed cones are on the female plants and the pollen cones are on the male plants. Male (staminate) cone Have motile sperm cells, each of which has many hairlike flagella. Pollen grains are carried by air or insects to the seed cones on the female plants. During pollination, pollen grains develop pollen Female (ovulate) cone tubes and release flagellated sperms which then swim to the egg. 46  3. Phylum Ginkgophyta Represented by a single species - Ginkgo biloba Also known as the maidenhair tree Dioecious Has fan-like leaves that turn gold and are deciduous in autumn. https: // ow-gin www.123r f.c nueic kgo-trees- om/photo a ho-na and-y _849 tra Pumsop by Sirin miki-t e 01 okyoja llow-ginkg 973_peo oto pan.h o-lea p ves-a le-visit-ye P h tml t-gink ll go-av 47 e  4. Phylum Gnetophyta Gnetophytes (phylum Gnetophyta) Seed-bearing plants that can grow Gnetum sp. (Eg: Belinjau) as shrubs, trees or vines. There are 3 genera of gnetophytes - Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia; Ephedra sp. - each has a distinctive morphology and architecture of the sporophyte. Welwitschia sp. 48  4. Phylum Gnetophyta Gnetophytes share numerous characters with the angiosperms. The leaves have reticulate venation that resembles leaves of dicot angiosperms. The xylem possesses both tracheids and vessel elements. The reproductive structures (clusters of cones) are flower-like. Undergo a form of double fertilisation. - two eggs cells produced are fertilised; - one is fertilised to become the embryo - the other does not complete the development into an embryo. → does not provide nutrition to the developing embryo. 49  Comparison between Phyla in Gymnosperms Phylum Phylum Phylum Phylum Coniferophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Phloem consist of sieve tube only Heterosporous (2 types of spore produced by separated cone) In most species, each tree has both types cones Palm likes frond Needle like leaves Fan Shaped leaves Angiosperm like, broad leaves Reproductive structure Reproductive structure Reproductive structure Reproductive structure occur in large strobilus occur in cones occur in strobilus occur in flower like or cone strobilus Xylem consists of Xylem consists of tracheid only tracheid and vessel elements Dioecious Monoecious (separate male and (separate male and Dioecious and female plant) female reproductive part Dioecious Monoecious located on the same plant 50  12a (v) Seed Plants: Angiosperms 51  Angiosperms Learning outcomes At the end of this lecture, students will be able to: 1. Describe the unique characteristics of Angiosperms 2. State the classification of Angiosperms into two classes 3. Compare the characteristics of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms 4. Compare the characteristics of monocot and dicot plants 52  Characteristics of Angiosperms: Complete Vascular Tissues Phylum Anthophyta (Flowering plants) - the most successful of plant group. - refinements in vascular tissue (xylem). - xylem consists of tracheids, vessel elements and fibre cells. Tracheids long, tapered cells function in mechanical support and water transport. Vessel elements shorter and wider than tracheids arranged end-to-end into continuous tubes as xylem vessels. more efficient than tracheids in transporting water. Fiber cells Mechanical support 53  Characteristics of Angiosperms: Flower Ovules are always enclosed within the ovary. Seeds are enclosed in fruits. The body of the angiosperm is the sporophyte, while the gametophyte is confined to the flowers, usually male and female together. Flowers having both stamen and pistil. - A monoecious plant has perfect flowers or has both female and male flowers on the same plant. - Imperfect flowers have only one sex. - A dioecious plant has imperfect flowers on separate female and male plants. In angiosperms, double fertilisation occurs producing the nutritive triploid endosperm. 54  Characteristics of Angiosperms: Fruit Simple fruits arise from one Multiple fruits arise from ovary in one flower. ovaries in several, tightly-clustered flowers eg. cucumber, peapod, which grow together into walnut, tomato, orange, cherry one fruit. and apple. eg. pineapple, mulberry and breadfruit Aggregate fruits arise from several ovaries in one flower. eg. raspberry and strawberry. 55 Differences between monocots and dicots 56  12a (vi) Evolutionary relationships in the plant kingdom 57  Evolutionary Relationship in Plant Kingdom LEARNING OUTCOMES a)Explain the evolutionary relationships among groups in plant kingdom (from bryophytes to angiosperms) based on: i. size ii. dominance to gametophytes and sporophytes iii. dependence to gametophytes and sporophytes iv. water dependence in fertilization v. presence and complexity of vascular tissues vi. embryo protection 58 Evolutionary Relationship in Plant Kingdom 59  Evolutionary Relationship in Plant Kingdom (From Bryophytes to Angiosperms) Characteristic BRYOPHYTES PTERIDOPHYTES GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS Size Very small Medium Large Large Dominance of Gametophyte Sporophyte Sporophyte Sporophyte gametophytes and sporophytes Dependence of Sporophyte depends Sporophyte depends Sporophyte is totally Sporophyte is totally gametophytes and on on independent independent sporophytes the gametophyte for the gametophyte the only at the early rest of its life development Water dependence Needed Needed Not needed Not needed in fertilization 60  Evolutionary Relationship in Plant Kingdom (From Bryophytes to Angiosperms) Characteristic BRYOPHYTES PTERIDOPHYTES GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS Presence of Absent Simple vascular Present Present vascular tissues tissues Xylem – tracheids only Xylem – tracheids and vessels Phloem – Sieve tubes with no companion Phloem- Sieve cells tubes and companion cells Embryo Not protected Not protected Protected by the seed Protected by the seed protection 61 62  Eldra Solomon Charles Martin Diana W. Martin Linda R. Berg Chapter 27 Seedless Plants Chapter 28 Seed Plants Syllabus for this topic: Refer to lecture slide Reference for this topic & further reading: Solomon text book References 1. Mader, Sylvia S.Windelspecht, Michael. (©2019) Human biology /New York, NY : McGraw-Hill 2. Jiang, Y., Fan, M., Hu, R., Zhao, J., & Wu, Y. (2018). Mosses Are Better than Leaves of Vascular Plants in Monitoring Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban Areas. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(6), 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061105 3. Chandra, S., Chandra, D., Barh, A., Pankaj, Pandey, R. K., & Sharma, I. P. (2016). Bryophytes: Hoard of remedies, an ethno-medicinal review. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 7(1), 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.01.007 64 THANK YOU 65