Rural Development In India PDF

RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA SUBTOPICS - Principles of rural development - Rural development initiatives in India during pre-independence period - Experiments of Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindra Nath Tagore etc - Major rural development initiatives during post- independence period - Community Development, Na...

RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA SUBTOPICS - Principles of rural development - Rural development initiatives in India during pre-independence period - Experiments of Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindra Nath Tagore etc - Major rural development initiatives during post- independence period - Community Development, National Extension Scheme, Integrated Rural Development Programme, Employment programmes, Women and child development programmes, MGNREGS- Current rural development programmes in India in sectors like housing, drinking water, rural connectivity, role of local government institution in rural development RURAL DEVELOPMENT The term 'rural development' is a subset of the broader term development. Development is a process of change aiming at the socio-economic transformation of a traditional society into a modern society. In general, development means improvement in the standard of living of the people. It is an all round development of traditional rural society into modern by bringing about socio - economic reforms and planned change. A rural area is where people are engaged in primary occupation in the sense that they produce things directly for the first time in cooperation with nature. Rural areas are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. Such areas are distinct from more intensively settled urban and suburban areas, and also from unsettled lands such as the wilderness. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  People live in villages, on farms and in other isolated houses. Normally rural areas have an agricultural character. According to the 2011 census 69% of Indian population lives in rural areas It is a comprehensive and multi dimensional concept and encompasses the development of agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries, crafts, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and above all the human resources in rural areas. The central theme of rural development is economic and social upliftment of a large portion of low income, low status people residing in the villages in India. They have to be provided not only with gainful employment but also educational opportunities, medical and health services and a inhabitable neighbourhood. Rural development should be a planned one and carried out by the rural people themselves who are the ultimate beneficiaries. In this context panchayats and the government have to play a crucial role. Economic growth with social justice became the proclaimed objective of the planning process under rural development. It began with an emphasis on agricultural production and consequently expanded to promote productive employment opportunities for rural masses, especially the poor, by integrating production, infrastructure, human resource and institutional development measures In the Indian context rural development may be defined as maximizing production in agriculture and allied activities in the rural areas including development of rural industries with emphasis on village and cottage industries. BASIC ELEMENTS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 Three basic elements in rural development - 1. Basic necessities of life - People have certain basic needs, without which it would be impossible (or very difficult) for them to service. The basic necessities include food, clothes, shelter, basic literacy, primary healthcare and security of life and property. An absence of any one or all of them or if there is critically short supply, it could be called a state of absolute under development. 2. Self respect - Every person and every nation seeks some sort of self respect, dignity or honour. Absence or denial of self respect indicates lack of development. 3. Freedom - Here freedom refers to political or ideological freedom, economic freedom and freedom from social servitude. As long as society is bound by the servitude of man to nature, ignorance, institutions and dogmatic beliefs, it cannot claim to have achieved the goal of development. Servitude in any form reflects a state of under development. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 DIMENSIONS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT In rural development programmes priority should be given to the marginalized, poor and deprived sections of society, it should encompass all aspects of rural life including nature and its elements. The important dimensions of rural development are Development of agriculture and allied activities In rural development importance should be given to development of agriculture and allied activities. This includes developing high yielding and hybrid seeds, fertilizers and chemicals, knowledge of pesticide management, nutrition management, preservation of biodiversity, maintaining indigenous technical knowledge and germplasm. Socio-economic and political development It aims at improving the socio-economic and political condition of the rural people. Rural development may be meaningful and significant when the rural people have freedom to express their opinion, free and fair franchise in democracy, increased purchasing power, elimination of poverty and freedom from indebtedness. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 Improving quality of rural life In this dimension, activities may include construction of rural durable assets and infrastructure like roads, bridges, power supply and educational facilities. Improving health and sanitation, adoption of information and communication technology (ICT), new product development for rural market, durable agriculture goods and services like banking, telephone, insurance etc. Rural disaster risk mitigation For this purpose community risk perception, risk identification, risk mitigation and risk transfer through insurance like crop insurance, Kisan credit card etc.Should be taken into account. Prevention of river bank erosion, flood and drought control measures, community capacity building area are also included in this dimension Mitigation Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by reducing the impact of disasters. Mitigation is taking action now-before the next disaster-to reduce human and financial consequences later (analyzing risk, reducing risk, insuring against risk). Effective mitigation requires that we understand local risks, address the hard choices and invest in long-term community well-being. Without mitigation actions, we jeopardise our safety, financial security and self-reliance. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 FOCUS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT In general, rural development focused on certain points. Primarily, it focused on the development of man and his environment. Secondly, conceptual focus should be given on ecological settings. Use of appropriate technology to gain access to efficient sources of economic growth should constitute the third focus of rural development. Institution building at the village level, organisation and management of men, money or any material resources should be the fourth component of rural development. The fifth component is self reliance which needs to be brought in through local initiative, participation and mobilisation of existing resources. The sixth focus of rural development should be on the distributive justice in so far as the poor segment of rural population are concerned Development programmes and projects should be taken up on priority on the basis of backward and remote areas in order to prevent starvation and unnatural loss of lives in that region. So people living below poverty line, vulnerable to famine and natural disaster due to flood, drought etc. and deprived of getting basic amenities of modern life should be given utmost priority in rural development. OBJECTIVES OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  1. Poverty alleviation 2. Agricultural development 3. Health and Hygiene 4. Rural Planning 5. Improvement in productivity 6. Improvement of quality of life 1. Poverty alleviation Poverty may be defined as the inability to secure the minimum consumption requirements for life and efficiency. Poverty alleviation measures have to be viewed in a wider perspective of socio-economic transformation in the country. The programmes should be regarded as supplementing the basic plan of overall growth in terms of generating productive assets, skills as well as income for the poor. Due importance was given to the removal of poverty in all the five year plans of our country. Anti-poverty programmes and measures were implemented by the Government of India. 2. Agricultural development The majority of our population lives in villages and most of them depend directly or indirectly on agriculture to survive. Agriculture plays an important role in food production, processing and distribution. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  Agriculture development can make a difference in the lives of millions of poor people, mainly women and uneducated people. It can contribute to both economic growth and reduction of poverty and food security. 3. Health and Hygiene It aims to create awareness and develop necessary infrastructure to provide people with healthy and clean living conditions in rural areas Because the rural poor have very little awareness about health and hygiene. 4. Rural Planning Planning is essentially a way of organising and utilizing resources to gain maximum advantages in terms of defined social ends. In this way rural development will try to take maximum advantages from the available resources. For this we adopt proper planning. The object of planning methods is to enhance the management of resources for long term productivity while enhancing the quality of life of the people. 5. Improvement in productivity Economic development of rural people is closely related to facilitating the enhancement of rural productivity. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  Availability and better access to resources and technologies will improve their productivity. For this, planning is essential. Rural development programmes can give emphasis to this and help the rural people to acquire better productivity. 6. Improvement of quality of life As the majority of poor reside in rural areas, the main goal of rural development is to improve the quality of life of the poor by alleviating poverty, by providing community infrastructure facilities like drinking water, electricity, road, health facility, housing, education facility etc. Promoting decentralisation of powers. GANDHIAN VIEWS ON RURAL RECONSTRUCTION The term rural reconstruction means construction of villages in a new way or bringing it up all over again. The rural problem will be solved with this reconstruction and this will lead to radical changes in the life of villagers and their economic system. Gandhiji's approach to rural reconstruction was holistic and people centered. It was rooted in his conviction in the tenets of truth and non violence and goodness of human beings. He placed a lot of significance on moral, spiritual and economic development to ensure overall development. His concept of rural reconstruction emphasized economic, political, educational, ecological and spiritual dimensions. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  This strategy was based on his concept of village Swaraj. Gandhiji insisted on a pattern of village life which will be people centered and non-exploiting in nature. The decentralised village economy should provide employment to all on the basis of voluntary co-operation and work for achieving self-sufficiency in its basic requirements of food, clothing and shelter. Gandhiji said, "My idea of ideal village is that of complete republic independent of its neighbour for its own vital wants and yet dependent on many others in which dependence is necessary. Such a village will contain intelligent people". First concern of the village should be on growing its own food. Only then will all the communities live together in harmony. Gandhiji considered truth, non-violence, freedom, equality, full employment, bread labour, trusteeship, decentralisation, swadeshi and co-operation as cardinal principles for rural development. Theoretically, Gandhian approach to rural reconstruction may be labeled as 'idealist'. It attaches supreme importance to moral values. He realised the need for integrated rural development and believed that education, health and vocation should be properly integrated. He emphasized the need for education and training which he called 'Nai Talim' (New training) for rural reconstruction. Gandhian approach to rural reconstruction strives to reconstruct village republics which would be non-violent, self- governed and self-sufficient so far as the basic necessities of rural people are concerned. Gandhian Strategies for Rural Reconstruction https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  Gandhiji's approach to rural reconstruction was practical and productive. He wanted to develop a 'New social Order' based on the foundation of non-violence and truth where economic upliftment and rural progress go together focusing on 'Development of Man'. Constructive programme The Gandhian Constructive programme is the medium through which rural reconstruction is realised. He developed various activities under his constructive programme and considerd it as a truthful and non-violent way for winning poorna swaraj. Constructive programme is an attempt to develop society at the grass root level with locally available resources. This is not only for rural development but also for the nation's re-construction. Agriculture In Gandhian vision of rural reconstruction, agriculture was a primary concern because food is the basic requirement of life. It has a major role in village or rural development. It provides major employment opportunities to the rural people. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 EARLY RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN INDIA Before independence a few social workers having philanthropic bent of mind initiated rural reconstruction programmes mostly in isolation from one another and without any or very little government assistance. These approaches are not mutually exclusive, rather there may be overlapping and one approach is more or less related to the previous one Sporadic approaches (1903-1948) Scheme of rural reconstruction at Sunderban (1903) As early as in 1903 Sir Daniel Hamilton had experimented with model villages in an area of Sundarban, Bengal. This work continued with the organisation of a Central co-operative bank and cooperative marketing society in 1924 Rural reconstruction initiated in 1934. Rural Reconstruction Institute offered training in cottage industries. Marthandam Experiment (1921) This was started in 1921 near Thiruvananthapuram under the leadership of Dr. Spencer Hatch. This experiment aimed to bring about a complete upward development towards a more abundant life for rural people spiritually, mentally, physically, socially and economically. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  It was set up under the auspices of YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association). From the demonstration centre at Marthandam about 100 villages were covered through YMCA centre in villages. It had a demonstration farm for improving grain and vegetable seeds, prized animals, equipment for honey industry etc. Some local industries like weaving, poultry, bee- keeping were started on a co-operative and self help basis. This experiment made gains in the field of changing the outlook of rural people ie., enthusing them, inculcating in them a desire to improve and creating in them a spirit of cooperation and self respect. Sriniketan Experiment (1921) The Srinikethan Institute of Rural Reconstruction was established by Sri. Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal in 1921. A group of eight villages was the centre of this programme. The ideas of the poet were translated into a number of practical activities such as organisation of health co-operative, agriculture demonstration, supply of better seed and manure, improvement of cottage industries through the establishment of a training centre for handicrafts, starting a youth movement (Vrathachari movement) and Shiksha Satra (A school for educating boys and girls of the village). There was a tangible improvement in the nearby places of Sriniketan, but the experiment did not have a widespread impact. Gurgaon experiment (1927) https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  Mr. F. I. Brayne, collector of Gurgaon district of Punjab conceived the idea of rural development in 1927. Under this scheme a 'village guide' was posted in each village who was to act as a channel through which the advice of experts in various departments could be passed on to the villagers. The programme introduced improved seeds, implemented and improved methods of cultivation. Their propaganda was conducted through films, songs, dramas with a view to increase farm yield and health standards. The village guides were not technical people and hence very little achievements were made. Baroda Experiment (1932) In 1932, the princely state of Baroda launched a broad programme with a view to promote the urge to live better and have a capacity for self help and self reliance among the rural people under the dynamic leadership of V. K. Krishnamachari. Sevagram Experiment (1933) This programme was started under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in 1933. The main objectives were - 1) Service to the underprivileged 2) Decentralised production and equal distribution of wealth 3) Self-sufficiency of Indian villagers. The activities of Sevagram experiment consisted of training centres for cottage industries, preaching and practising communal harmony, prohibition, removal of untouchability and stress on women's education. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 Firka Development Scheme (1946) The Chief Minister Sri. T. Prakasam initiated this development scheme in the Madras State in 1946 through 34 Firkas in the State. In April 1950, it was extended to another 50 additional Firkas. This was a scheme of rural reconstruction and derived its inspiration from the ideals of Gandhiji. The short term objective of the scheme was to develop basic amenities and institutional framework, water supply and sanitation work and formation of Panchayats and Co-operatives. The long term objective was to attain self sufficiency in matters of basic needs like food, clothing, shelter etc. through the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, khadi and cottage industries. Nilokheri Experiment This attempt drew countrywide attention and influenced the community development movement. The spirit behind the project was Sri. S. K. Day. Nilokheri township was designed to rehabilitate about 7000 people from Pakistan displaced after partition. The scheme was called "Mazdoor Manzil". The objective was to attain self sufficiency in the essential requirements. A vocational training centre was the hub of activities. The colony had its own dairy, poultry, printing press, engineering workshop, tannery, bone- meal factory etc. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  All these run on co-operative lines. These people were trained in the vocation of their choice. Grow More Food Campaign (1947) This campaign was launched during 1947 to increase agriculture production. Even after four years of working the system was not functioning properly and the response of cultivators towards this programme was poor. For the betterment of this scheme the GMF enquiry committee was appointed in 1952 to enquire about the progress of this programme. The Etawah Pilot Project (1948) This project was launched in 1948 in Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh with headquarters at Meheva village. The architect of the pilot project was Mr. Albert Mayer of U.S.A. The principal objective of the project was to see what degree of productive and social improvement as well as initiative, self confidence and co-operation can be developed in people. The pilot programme included introduction of improved agriculture and animal husbandry practices, public health education, literacy campaign, improvement of cottage industries etc. It also took up the consideration of roads, soak pits etc. All these resulted in improving the economic condition of the villagers. This project was found to be successful and the pattern was accepted for the community projects. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 Shortcomings of Sporadic Approaches The earlier rural reconstruction had the following shortcomings: 1. Most of the efforts were based on individual initiative 2. All attempts were isolated, uneven and discontinuous 3. Government backing and financing were not forthcoming 4. Staff were mostly inexperienced and incompetent 5. Involvement of people in planning and execution were very limited 6. Association and co-ordination with other development departments were very limited 7. No evaluation was carried out, hence the results were not known. Multipurpose Approaches (1952-1959) Approach to rural development in independent India started with a multipurpose approach in the year 1952. This was in the form of a community development programme of 1952. In order to develop the rural areas all the Five Year Plans also gave due importance to rural development Five Year Plans Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralised and integrated national economic programmes. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  India's first FYP was launched in 1951,immediately after independence, by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. It is a national governmental programme for planned, co- ordinated, and cumulative economic and social development over a period of five years. Five-Year Plans are developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission On 1st January 2015, Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India Aayog). It is a policy think tank of Govt. of India, aims to involve the states in economic policy making in India. The Prime Minister heads the Aayog as its Chairperson Community Development Programme According to planning commission, Community Development is a social and economic transformation of village life through the efforts of people Themselves. Community Development The community development programme was launched on 2nd October 1952 with 55 Community Development Projects (CDPs). The programme aimed at building grass root level democratic institutions and contributing to the material well being of rural people without any changes in the existing political and economic order. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  The fundamental objective of this programme was the development of people. Its broad objectives are economic development, social justice and democratic growth. The project was headed by a Project Officer and a number of Extension Officers in the disciplines of agriculture, animal husbandry, co-operation, industries, rural engineering etc. Each project had about 60 multipurpose Village Level Workers (VLWs), one for every group of 5 to 10 villagers National Extension Service (NES) The people in all community development programmes responded enthusiastically and the need for an expansion of the programme to other parts of the country was urgently felt. Limited resources did not permit a rapid expansion of the programme. In 1953, the National Extension Service(NES) programme was launched with the idea of having a wider cost effective coverage and ensuring vider participation. Each NES block had about 100 villages and about 65000 populations. The NES blocks were headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO) and by Gramasevak's (Later Gramasevak's came to be known as Extension Officers (EOS)) Community Development Block In 1954 the NES blocks which produced good results and were participation of people was very significant were converted to Community Development Blocks. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  A Block Office had a Block Development Officer (BDO) as the head and was assisted by Extension Officers in Agriculture (AEO), Animal Husbandry (EOAH), Co-operation (EOCo-operative), Industries (EO Industries), Social Education Officer (SEO), Rural Engineering (EO Rural Engineering), Sanitary Inspector etc and normally 10 multipurpose Village Level Workers (VLWs). Technological Package Approaches (1960-1966) The aim of these approaches was to stop the import of food grains and to make the country self-sufficient. For this higher agricultural production methods were adopted. Intensive Agriculture District Programme (IADP) The Intensive Agriculture District Programme (IADP) popularly known as Package Programme was launched in 1960 in 15 selected districts. The major objectives of IADP was to achieve rapid increase in agricultural output through better access to technical, financial, extension and administrative resources. Technical components included in this programme were irrigation, dry farming and land reclamation, supply of fertilizers, seed multiplication and distribution, plant protection, better ploughs and improved agricultural implements and adoption of scientific agricultural practices. Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) The spectacular outcome of IAAP prompted the government to think of extending the benefits of improved technology in agriculture over a https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  large area spread across the country at less cost and with reduced staff strength. This resulted in the launching of IAAP in March 1964. This was similar to less intensive extension programme in comparison to that of the IADP. High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) As a result of IADP and IAAP it was felt that there was an urgency in developing and evolving high yielding agricultural technologies. We imported a number of high yielding wheat from Mexico and rice varieties from Philippines for experimentation. Thereafter Indian scientists developed high yielding strains of maze, millets and sorghum. High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966. This helped India in attaining self sufficiency and stop import of food grains. The technological development did not remain confined to the introduction of high yielding crop varieties alone. These were combined with the application of high analysis and balanced fertilization, irrigation, plant protection, improved implements etc., which made a "Green Revolution" possible in the country. However the success was confined to irrigated areas and better off farmers The Green Revolution In the 1960s, the Green Revolution allowed less developed countries, such as India, to overcome chronic food deficits. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  Basically, the Green Revolution stands for production of more food and other agricultural products from less land. Modernization is one of the main concepts in the Green Revolution. High-yielding varieties of seeds, modified farm equipment, and substantially increasing chemical fertilizers. This allowed growth and sustainability. In the beginning of the Green Revolution, there was a large growth in Indian agriculture However, instability arose and the Green Revolution was on a rapid decline. In the end, it caused a shortage of water. When water is the primary source of survival, life seems difficult Target group and Area Specific Approaches (1969-1979) The realisation of the widening disparities led to a new policy thrust from 1970 onwards through a number of target group and area oriented programmes. The new initiative was taken to improve the economic conditions and reduce the income disparities in rural areas through special programmes for the benefit of the poorer sections of the society. Target Group Programmes - Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) and Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency (MFAL) Target Group Programme include Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) and Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development Agency (MFAL. The main objective was to enable the small, marginal farmers and agricultural labourers to participate in the process of development and share its benefits. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  These programmes have been intended to enable the weaker sections of society to raise their productivity and income through assistance in terms of capital, physical inputs and technology ie:, through the deal of extension, training, marketing and concessional finance. AREA ORIENTED PROGRAMMES There are five main programmes in this category. 1. Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) (1971) 2. Command Area Development Programme (CADP) (1974) 3. Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) (1975) 4. Desert Development Programme (DDP)(1977) 5. Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP) (1989). The main objective of these programmes were to achieve integrated development through optimum utilization of all productive resources of an area. This approach contributed heavily in relieving local people from suffering by removing the geographic constraints that they confronted. The target group approaches were incorporated in these programmes. Training and Visit System (T&V) https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  The Training and Visit System was a method of agricultural extension that evolved on the basis of the experiences gained in a pilot project setup with World Bank assistance in canal areas and Chambal command areas in 1974. The purpose of T&V system of agricultural extension was to build a professional extension service that will be capable of assisting farmers to raise production and thereby increase their income. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) was designed to impart need based and skill oriented vocational training to the practicing farmers, KVK in- service field level extension workers and those who wish to go in for self employment. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Pondicherry. The main objective of KVK was to provide a strong training support to bring about production breakthroughs in agriculture. Operational Research Project (ORP) The Operational Research Project (OPR) was started in 1974- 1975. The objective was to test the result of the new research results in farms. It covered diverse topics like crop farming, mixed farming, integrated pest management, plantation crops, post- harvest technology, land reclamation, arid land management, fisheries etc. It also studied the socio-economic, technological, extension and administrative barriers in such operational areas. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) The scheme of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) aimed at providing a package of supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-up, and referral services to children below six years of age and expectant mothers, non- formal pre-school education to children and nutrition and health education to women. This programme was taken up on an experimental basis in 33 project areas during 1975-1976. (2nd October 1975) Food For Work Programme (FFW) Food for Work Programme (FFW) was launched in April 1977. It aimed at eradication of hunger and poverty and the creation of community assets in rural areas by providing employment for rural poor particularly during the period of slack employment of the year. Special advantage of Food for Work Programme (FFW) was its part wage payment in the from of foodgrains at subsidized prices, which assured minimum nutrition to the beneficiaries. Antyodaya Programme Antyodaya programme is oriented to uplift the poorest of the poor in the country. Antyodaya meant the welfare of a person standing at the end of the queue. This scheme was introduced by the Janatha Government of 1978. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  So far as the operation of this programme was concerned, every year five poorest families of every village are identified and selected. Efforts are then made for the economic betterment of these families. But the new ministry that followed the Janatha experiment did not give much importance to this programme. Integrated Rural Development Approach (1979-1998) Towards the close of 1970s and the beginning of 1980s the Government of India took several measures to launch a direct attack on poverty. For this purpose it launched so many programmes which included training programme, credit and subsidy schemes, self employment supporting schemes, social assistance schemes etc. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was launched in 1978-79 aimed at providing income generating assets and self employment opportunities for the rural poor. The main objective was to provide assistance to families below the poverty line (BPL) to enable them to attain an income level above the poverty line. Assistance under IRDP was given to the target group of the rural poor belonging to families below the poverty line in the form of subsidy by the government and term credit by financial institutions. The target group consisted of marginal farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans. The programme was extended to all development blocks in the country in 1980-81. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  The central and state governments provided financial resources for the programme and laid down broad guidelines for its implementation. However, the main administrative units of its implementation were the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs). At the block level a number of extension officers were assigned for the programme implementation. IRDP employed the cluster approach to select villages for implementing various components of the programme, the Antyodaya approach to select beneficiaries within the selected villages, and the package approach to assist the selected beneficiaries. Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) The scheme was launched by the Government of India on 15th August 1979. It was a facilitating component of IRDP. The objective is to provide technical skills to the rural youth from families below the poverty line to enable them to take up self employment in the broad fields of agriculture and allied activities, industries, service and business activities. Priority is given to people belonging to SC/STs, Ex- servicemen and women in the age group of 18-35. Lab to Land Programme (LLP) This programme was launched in 1979. The overall objective was to improve the economic condition of the small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers, particularly https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  SC/STs by transfer of improved technology developed by the agricultural universities and research institutions. The programme was initiated with 75000 farm families of farmers in different parts of the country. This was implemented by agricultural universities, ICAR institutions, State departments of agriculture and some selected voluntary organizations. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) The National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) was launched in October 1980 as a Central government sponsored programme. Generating additional gainful employment opportunities, creating durable community assets and improving the overall quality of life in rural areas constituted the threefold objective. This programme was implemented through DRDA. It was merged with the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana from April, 1989. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) The programme for Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) was initiated as a sub scheme of IRDP in 1982-83. The objective was to provide income to women and also provide organizational support in terms of receiving a system for assisting women so that they could become effective recipients of goods and services available in that area. The thrust of the programme has been to reach women from families below poverty line residing in rural areas by organizing them into groups and enabling them to take up activity which would help them to https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  increase their income and make them aware of problems they face and services they are to make use of. National Agricultural Extension Projects (NAEP) National Agricultural Extension Project (NAEP) was launched in 1983 to overcome the various organizational, structural and functional constraints identified. The basic objective was to bridge the gap between a well developed research system with that of the extension system so that the transfer of technology took place at a much faster rate, resulting in higher production and prosperity of the rural sector in general and agricultural sector in particular. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) was launched on 15th August 1983. It aimed at generating additional employment in rural areas particularly for the rural landless workers. Under this scheme, employment was given to at least one member of every landless family upto 100 days in a year. The preference in employment was given to landless labourers, women, SC and STs. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) is an employment programme initiated on 1st of April 1989 to provide employment to the rural poor. NREP and RLEGP were merged into this programme. The primary objective of this programme was generation of additional gainful employment for the unemployed and under employed persons which include both men and women in rural areas. The secondary objectives are creation of productive community assets and improvement in the overall quality of life in the rural areas. People below the poverty line were the target group and preference was given to the SC and STs. Million Wells Scheme (MWS) The Million Wells Scheme (MWS) was launched as a sub-scheme of the National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) during the year 1988-89. After the merging of the two programmes in April 1989 into the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), the MWS continued as a sub-scheme of JRY till December 1995. The MWS was delinked from JRY and made into an independent scheme with effect from 1st January 1996 The scheme was primarily intended to provide free of cost open irrigation wells, to poor individuals, small and marginal farmers belonging to SC/STs and freed bonded labourers with a 20% earmarking of JRY funds. Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA) https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  This programme was launched in July 1992, as a sub-scheme of IRDP in selected districts. Later this scheme was extended to all the districts of the country. Under the scheme, a variety of crafts persons, except weavers, tailors, needle workers and beedi workers, were supplied with a kit of improved hand tools within a financial ceiling of Rs.2000, of which, the artisans had to pay 10 % and the remaining 90% was subsidy from the Government of India. The supply of power driven tools, subject to a ceiling of Rs.4500, was also permitted under this scheme. Beyond this, any additional finance required by the artisans was provided through loans under IRDP. The rural artisans were trained under TRYSEM for which age relaxation was given. Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was launched in 1993 to mitigate the problem of rural unemployment and under employment. This scheme envisaged that those who were in need of and sought employment would get assured wage employment for 100 days during the lean agricultural season. The objectives of EAS were to: 1) Provide gainful employment during the lean agricultural season in manual work 2) The creation of economic infrastructure and community assets for sustained employment and development. Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) was a scheme sponsored by Central government to provide houses to certain sections of rural poor below the poverty line. Firstly it was a sub scheme of RLEGP and thereafter of JRY. From 1996 onwards it was implemented as an independent scheme. The objectives of this scheme were enhancing the quality of life and providing social security to the poor. This scheme was executed by Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and Grama Panchayats. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) was the restructured programme of JRY. This was started in the year 1999. It was implemented at the village level and its objective was to create village infrastructure and generate employment opportunities to alleviate poverty. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) was conceived by the Central government to provide social assistance to poor households. The programme started from 15th August 1995. NSAP includes three schemes : 1) National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  2) National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) and 3) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) is a self employment programme for the educated unemployed youth. This was started on 2nd October 1993. In this scheme the youth between the age of 18 to 35 belonging to the families having income less than 25000/- per annum are provided assistance. Group Approach to Rural Development (1999 onwards) Multiplicity of development programmes in rural areas failed to focus on the core issue of poverty alleviation through creation of sustainable income generating opportunities. Government reviewed the matter and restructured all the poverty alleviation programmes. Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana was launched on 1st of April 1999 through incorporating earlier programmes like IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA, MWS etc. This programme is instrumental in setting up of a larger number of industries through bank credit and subsidy. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  The aim of this programme is to bring the assisted poor families above the poverty line by providing them income generating assets combining of bank credit and government subsidy. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) The Government of India launched a programme in December 2000 for village connectivity known as Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). The objective of this programme is to connect all uncon-nected habitations having a population of 500 and above with all weather roads. The population threshold is relaxed to 250 in the case of hill, tribal and desert areas. PMGSY is a 100% funded programme of the Central government. The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) is the implementing agency and The National Rural Development Agency (NRDA) provides management and technical support to this programme. Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) was initiated by the Government of India in January 2004. This scheme aimed at bridging the rural urban divide and achieving a balanced socio- economic development. This scheme consists of physical, electronic, knowledge and thereby leading to economic connectivity to enhance the prosperity of clusters of villages in rural areas. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  PURA enterprises can undertake management of schools, health care units, vocational training centres, chilling plants, building of local industrial/ ICT parks, tourism services, banking system and regional business or industrial units. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched by Central government on 12th April 2005 throughout the country. The main goals of this scheme are 1) Provide effective healthcare to rural population 2) Improve access to healthcare 3) Enable community ownership and demand for service 4) Strengthening public health system for effective service delivery 5) Enhance quality and accountability 6) Promote decentralisation and integration with other sections mainly ICDS, nutrition, sanitation and hygiene, drinking water etc. The NRHM also plans to train and enhance capacity of Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) to own, control and manage public health services. The District Health Mission (DHM), Public Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centre (CHC) etc. come under this banner. Bharat Nirman https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  To change the face of rural India an ambitious four year (2005-2009) 'business plan' was implemented by the Union Government on 16th May 2005. Bharat Nirman is a plan for rural infrastructure which was implemented by the Government of India in order to provide some basic amenities to rural India. Six key areas have been identified under this plan namely 1. Irrigation, 2. Roads, 3. Drinking water, 4. Housing, 5. Electricity and 6. Telephone. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Act (MGNREGA) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was passed in 2005. This scheme guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a year to every rural household adult member willing to do unskilled manual work. In the first phase 200 districts were identified for implementation of NREGA. The objective of the programme was to reduce unemployment in rural India, create enduring assets, augment rural income, provide an antidote to inflation and channel community efforts. A year later this programme was renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). MGNREGA is considered as the 'Silver Bullet for eradicating rural poverty and unemployment, by way of generating demand for a productive labour force in villages. This scheme provides an alternative source of livelihood which will have an impact on reducing migration, restricting child labour, alleviating https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  poverty and making village self sustaining through productive assets creation such as road construction, cleaning up of water tanks, soil and water conservation work etc. This is considered as the largest anti-poverty programme in India. RURAL DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES Generally the main implementing authority of rural development programmes are Central government and State governments. Government agencies are DRDA, NABARD, VEO's, Blocks, Panchayats etc. Besides this some social work agencies, NGO's, co-operative societies etc. participate in implementing various programmes. In order to accord higher priority to rural development, the Department of Rural Development was constituted in October 1974 as a part of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Government of India. Later several changes have occurred in this department and presently the Department of Rural Development has been elevated to the status of a ministry and has been renamed as the Ministry of Rural Development. Ministry of Rural Development (MORD) The Ministry of Rural Development (MORD) is the apex body at the level of Central Government. It plays a pivotal role in the overall development strategy of the country. This department formulates policies and design and implement a number of rural development programmes. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  The vision and mission of the Ministry is sustainable and inclusive growth of rural India through a multipronged strategy for eradication of poverty by increasing livelihood opportunities, providing social safety net and developing infrastructure for growth. This is expected to improve quality of life in rural India and to correct the developmental imbalances, aiming in the process, to reach out to most disadvantaged sections of the society. The Ministry of Rural Development has three departments namely Department of Rural Development (DRD), Department of Land Resources (DoLR) and Department of Drinking Water Supply. The Department of Rural Development is implementing a number of programmes in rural areas through the state Governments for poverty reduction, employment generation, rural infrastructure, habitant development and provision of basic minimum services. State Rural Development Department (SRD) Besides the MORD, every State has a department called State Rural Development Department (SRD), whose mandate is similar to the MORD. A State may launch its own rural development programmes either singly or jointly with the MoHRD. The role of SRD is restricted to the formulation of policies and programmes relating to rural development of the State, providing funds for programmes, monitoring and evaluation of the programmes. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) came into existence on 12 July 1982 by transferring the agricultural credit functions of RBI and refinance functions of the then Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). NABARD was dedicated to the service of the nation by the late Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an apex development bank in India having headquarters based in Mumbai (Maharashtra) and other branches all over the country. The mission of NABARD was to Promote sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural prosperity through effective credit support, related services, institution development and other innovative initiatives. The District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) The District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) was constituted in 1980 as the principal organ at the district level to oversee the implementation of different anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development. The role of DRDA is to plan for effective implementation of anti - poverty programmes coordinating with other agencies like governmental, non-governmental, technical and financial for successful programme implementation. They enable the rural poor to participate in decision making process. Training Institutions Keeping in mind the importance of training and research for successful design and implementation of rural development programmes, training institutions have been created at the National level and State level like The National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) and State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD) https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 Role of NGO in Rural Development A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profitable voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level. Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information. Some are organized around specific issues, such as human rights, environment or health. They provide analysis and expertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help monitor and implement international agreements. Their relationship with offices and agencies of the United Nations system differs, depending on their goals, their venue and the mandate of a particular institution. In India, the scope of development is not narrow but very wide, as it includes not just the economic development but the growth on social front, quality of life, empowerment, women and child development, education and awareness of its citizens. The task of development is so huge and complicated that just implementing government plans is not sufficient to fix the problem. To achieve this, a holistic vision and collaborative efforts involving various departments, agencies and even NGOs is required. Owing to such a great need, the number of NGOs in India is increasing rapidly and at present, there are about 25,000 to 30,000 active NGOs in India. NGOs or Non-Governmental Organizations have more benefits working in rural areas compared to governmental organizations because NGOs are more flexible. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  NGOs are specific to a particular locality and moreover these are committed towards serving the public and community as a whole. As the task of development is massive, many NGOs are playing a vital role in the rural development of India in collaboration with the government. Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), is a statutory organization engaged in promoting and developing Khadi and Village Industries created by the Act of Parliament (No.61 of 1956 and as amended by Act No.12 of 1987) Khadi and Village Industries Commission was established in April 1957, taking over the former All India Khadi and Village Industries Board. The Khadi and Village Industries Commission is entrusted with the planning, promotion, organization and implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and Village Industries in rural areas, in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development. Up to 1987-88, KVIC was entrusted with twenty six Village Industries. However, through an amendment of the KVIC Act in 1987, the definition of Village Industries was changed without altering the definition of Khadi. Kudumbashree - A Kerala Initiative Kudumbashree was launched by the Government of Kerala in1998 for wiping out absolute poverty from the State through concerted community action under the leadership of Local Self Governments. Kudumbashree is today one of the largest women- empowering projects in the country. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  The programme has 41 lakh members and covers more than 50% of the households in Kerala. The Kudumbashree initiative has today succeeded in addressing the basic needs of the less privileged women by providing them a more dignified life and a better future through three critical components, micro-credit, entrepreneurship and empowerment,. Literal meaning of Kudumbashree is prosperity (shree) of family (Kudumbam). Kudumbashree was conceived as a joint programme of the Government of Kerala and Nabard implemented through Community Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women, which serve as the community wing of Local Governments. Kudumbashree is formally registered as the "State Poverty Eradication Mission" (SPEM), a society registered under the Travancore Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State's Minister of Local Self Government. There is a state mission with a field officer in each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the activities of the community network across the state. At the grass root level Kudumbashree has Neighbourhood Groups (NHG in short) that send representatives to the ward level Area Development Societies (ADS). The ADS sends its representatives to the Community Development Society (CDS), which completes the unique three-tier structure of Kudumbashree. Today, there are 2.58 lakhs NHGs, over 19,700 ADSs and 1072 CDSs in Kudumbashree. It is this network that brings women to the Grama Sabhas and helps them bring the needs of the poor to the attention of the local governments. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471  The Community Development Societies are also very active in Government programmes and play significant roles in development activities ranging from socio-economic surveys and enterprise development to community management and social audit. Through its efforts to engage women in civil society in development issues and opportunities, Kudumbashree in association with the local self government of Kerala is charting out new meaning and possibilities for local economic development and citizen centric governance. Rural Development for Nation Building Rural Development is not only needed for ensuring food security but also to boost the Gross National Product of the nation. Fortunately, India has plenty of natural resources, idle labour, necessary technology and good markets both in India and abroad. Presently, the people engaged in agriculture lack motivation and organizational strength at the grassroot level. We need to act before it is too late. https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471 https://t.me/eminentpsc https://www.youtube.com/@EminentPSC +919895534471