Unpacking the Sexual Self PDF

GE2405 UNPACKING THE SEXUAL SELF The sexual self refers to an individual’s understanding of their sexual orientation, desires, preferences, and relationships. It shapes your identity and how you feel about yourself. In this module, we will explore these aspects to help...

GE2405 UNPACKING THE SEXUAL SELF The sexual self refers to an individual’s understanding of their sexual orientation, desires, preferences, and relationships. It shapes your identity and how you feel about yourself. In this module, we will explore these aspects to help you understand and embrace your unique sexual self. Are you ready to dive in? Development of the Secondary Sex Characteristics Secondary sex characteristics are physical traits that develop during puberty, distinguishing males and females but not directly involved in reproduction. Male Female Increased larynx size and deeper voice Widening of hips and enlargement of breasts Increased muscle mass Onset of menstruation Increased growth of body hair Increased growth of body hair Human Reproductive System The human reproductive system is a collection of organs and structures in both males and females that work together for reproduction. Below are the importance of the reproductive system: It generates sperm in males and eggs in females for reproduction and species development. Hormones like estrogen and testosterone are essential for developing secondary sex characteristics. It helps individuals understand their own bodies and sexual health, leading to healthier relationships and better decision-making about consent and safety. Erogenous Zones Erogenous zones are sensitive areas of the body that can lead to sexual arousal when stimulated. The following are common erogenous zones: Lips and Mouth Neck and Ears Breasts and Nipples Inner Thighs Human Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson model) The human sexual response cycle describes the changes that happen in the body as people become sexually aroused. The cycle consists of four main phases: 1. Excitement – The body prepares for sexual activities. Males may experience an erection of the penis and nipples, tightening of the scrotum, an increase in respiration, muscular tension, heart rate, and release of pre-ejaculation fluid during this phase. In females, the discharge of lubricating fluid and clitoris enlargement are possible. 2. Plateau – It intensifies responses from the excitement phase. You may experience rapid breathing, high blood pressure, a faster heart rate, and muscle contractions in the face, feet, and hands. 07 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 1 of 5  GE2405 3. Orgasm – This phase, referred to as the ‘climax’ of the cycle, involves intense breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. Muscle contractions in the face, feet, and hands continue, and both partners may be able to breathe heavily. There is an overwhelming release of sexual tension: males ejaculate semen, while females experience vaginal muscle contractions. 4. Resolution – The body gradually returns to its normal functioning. Fatigue may begin to be felt; however, sexual activity is expected to provide a sense of biological fulfillment. Chemistry of Lust, Love, and Attachment Helen Fisher (1945 – 2024) was an American anthropologist and self-help author who identified three stages of love: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust – It involves the natural desire for sexual pleasure, which is important for all living beings. This desire is linked to sex hormones: testosterone in males and estrogen in females. Attraction – This intense attention can create a deep desire for emotional connection, sometimes resulting in irrational behavior driven by passion. Hormones and chemicals such as adrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin are essential in this stage. o Adrenaline – It is released during "fight" or "flight" responses, which can cause sweat and dry mouth when you see your crush. o Dopamine – It produces a strong feeling of pleasure, boosts energy, reduces hunger and sleep needs, and helps you focus on your partner. o Serotonin – It is linked to "falling in love," which makes you constantly think of your partner. Attachment – This stage in relationships is characterized by a desire for intimacy, comfort, and security with a partner. It emphasizes long-term companionship and is influenced by the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. o Oxytocin (cuddle hormone) – It is released during orgasm and enhances feelings of intimacy after sexual intercourse. o Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) – It is released after sexual intercourse and plays a crucial role in attachment. It is important to note that these stages can overlap and do not always occur in a strict order. Furthermore, individual experiences may differ due to genetic, personal, and cultural factors. Although this model provides a framework for understanding the biological basis of love, human relationships are complex and influenced by factors beyond chemistry. The Diversity of Sexual Behavior Sexual behavior refers to a variety of actions and activities related to sexual expression and intimacy. The following are examples of sexual behavior: Masturbation – It is a sexual act of stimulating one's own genitals. Sexual Intercourse (Coitus)– This refers to the act of sexual reproduction where the male's penis penetrates the female's vagina (or other orifices). Sexual Play – It is a variety of sexual activities that may not involve intercourse but still provide sexual 07 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 2 of 5  GE2405 pleasure and intimacy. It includes behaviors such as kissing, touching, role-playing, using toys, and exploring fantasies. It focuses on enhancing connection and enjoyment between partners while emphasizing consent and communication. Marital sex – It refers to the sexual activity between spouses, often seen as part of the marital relationship. Premarital Sex – It refers to the sexual activity between individuals who are not married, typically occurring before they enter a marital relationship. Extramarital sex – It refers to the sexual activity that occurs outside of a marriage, often with one partner being unfaithful to the other. This is considered unlawful and unacceptable in society, for it is an act of infidelity. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are infections caused by various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, that can be transmitted through sexual contact. Many STIs can be asymptomatic, causing an individual to be infected without displaying any symptoms. This can lead to undiagnosed and untreated infections, which can lead to complications over time. STIs can also be transmitted from a pregnant person to their baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Moreover, some STIs may spread through blood transfusions or by sharing needles. It is essential to practice safe sex and get regular screenings to reduce the risk of transmission and manage potential infections effectively. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) refer to infections that have progressed to a stage where symptoms or disease symptoms are present. This term is used when an STI leads to noticeable health issues, such as pain, discomfort, or other clinical symptoms. In essence, all STDs are STIs, but not all STIs develop into STDs. Below are five common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Chlamydia – It is caused by the bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis. It can affect the penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, eyes, and throat. In females, symptoms may include strong-smelling vaginal discharge, painful urination, and pain during sexual activity. In males, symptoms can include discharge from the penis, painful urination, and testicular swelling. Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection that affects mucous membranes such as the eyes, throat, and genitals. In men, it often causes yellowish-white discharge and painful urination. Women may experience painful urination and discharge, including fever, abdominal pain, and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Syphilis – It is an infection caused by the corkscrew-shaped bacterium, Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted by direct contact with syphilitic sores that can appear on the vagina, anus, rectum, lips, or mouth. Syphilis can be contracted through sexual activity or even by kissing an infected individual. If left untreated, it can lead to severe health issues, such as paralysis, blindness, heart disease, brain damage, dementia, and potentially death. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) – It is primarily transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, 07 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 3 of 5  GE2405 and breast milk, and it is likely to cause AIDS if not treated. Symptoms of HIV may be mild or absent initially but can progress to serious health issues. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can prevent viruses and reduce the risk of transmission. Although there is no cure, ongoing research is aiming to discover potential cures in the future. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) – It is a condition that is caused by HIV that weakens the immune system, making the body vulnerable to infections and certain cancers. It is the final stage of HIV infection, and you cannot acquire AIDS without first having HIV. Most people with HIV can avoid progressing to AIDS with treatment, but without it, most will eventually develop AIDS. Although there is no cure for AIDS, it can be managed with medical treatment and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods of Contraception (Natural and Artificial) Contraception methods prevent pregnancy during sexual activity and can be classified as natural or artificial. Since no method is perfect, consider the following factors when choosing a contraception method: The contraceptive should have no unwanted side effects for users. It should effectively prevent unwanted pregnancies. The method should be simple and easy to use. It should be readily available when needed. Natural Contraception Natural Contraception does not include any chemical or foreign body insertion into the human body. Most people who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural method of birth control. Most individuals prefer natural methods because they are more cost-effective. Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal) – The male partner withdraws before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. While it can reduce pregnancy risk, it is unreliable due to pre-ejaculate fluid and does not protect against Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Abstinence – This practice involves refraining from sexual activity and is the only method that is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy and STIs. It can be a personal choice based on various factors, such as religious beliefs and personal values. Calendar Method (Rhythm Method) – This involves tracking menstrual cycles to predict fertile days by marking the start and end of each period on a calendar. It helps identify when to avoid unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. Artificial Contraception Artificial Contraception is hormonal contraceptives effective through the manipulation of the hormones that directly affect the normal menstrual cycle so that ovulation would not occur. Condoms – This refers to a barrier method used by males or females to prevent sperm from reaching the egg while also providing protection against STIs. Birth control pills – These are daily hormonal pills that prevent ovulation and help regulate the menstrual cycle. The birth control pill works by stopping sperm from fertilizing an egg. Fertilization occurs when sperm joins with an egg. 07 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 4 of 5  GE2405 IUDs (Intrauterine Devices) are small devices inserted into the uterus that prevent fertilization. They are available in hormonal and non-hormonal (copper) forms. Implants – These are hormonal rods placed under the skin of the arm that release hormones to prevent ovulation. Injectables – These are hormonal injections administered every few months to prevent ovulation. Both natural and artificial methods have varying effectiveness rates and may be suitable for various lifestyles and health needs. These methods can enhance effectiveness; however, they require careful observation and education for optimal results. Reference: Corpuz, R., et al. (2019). Understanding the Self. C & E Publishing, Inc. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Contraception - choices. Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/contraception-choices. Healthdirect Australia. (n.d.-a). Female reproductive system. Healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/female- reproductive-system. Healthdirect Australia. (n.d.). Male reproductive system. Healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/male- reproductive-system. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Sexually transmitted infections. STD | Venereal Disease | MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/sexuallytransmittedinfections.html. Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). HIV & AIDS. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4251-hiv- aids. Planned Parenthood. (n.d.). What is the Calendar Method? | Fertility Calendar Info. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/fertility-awareness/whats-calendar-method-fams. Rye, B. J. (2023). The sexual self as a function of relationship status in an emerging adult sample. Behavioral Sciences, 13(6), 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060505. Santos-Longhurst, A. (2024, July 22). Everything you need to know about erogenous zones. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/erogenous-zones#more-common. Villines, Z. (2023, September 20). Everything you need to know about erogenous zones. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/erogenous-zones. World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, September 5). Family planning/contraception methods. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception. 07 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 5 of 5