Psychology Exam 4 Study Guide PDF

Psychology Exam 4 Study Guide Traffic Light Study Method Development What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? ↴ ○ Sensorimotor (up to age 2) ○ Preoperational (ages 2–7) ○ Concrete Operationa...

Psychology Exam 4 Study Guide Traffic Light Study Method Development What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development? ↴ ○ Sensorimotor (up to age 2) ○ Preoperational (ages 2–7) ○ Concrete Operational (ages 7-11) ○ Formal Operational (ages 11 and up) What characterizes the development that occurs during the sensorimotor stage? ○ Coordinating sense and motor movements Born with reflexes, little body control & developed motor control. What behaviors do these children prefer to perform? ○ Display circular reactions; repeat things that get rewards. What leads babies to develop depth perception, and how is it tested? ○ Develop fear of heights Example: Visual Cliff: A baby who has just started crawling easily went across a fake cliff, but the baby who’s been crawling for a month didn’t go across it, meaning it had a fear of heights. What is object permanence? What is its significance? ○ An object they cant see still exists ○ First signs of symbolic thinking ↴ Object permanence (ex: peekaboo) Basic understanding of physical laws; even at 3-4 months. Technique for studying Habituation & Dishabituation.  How do we know babies have developed a basic understanding of physical laws? What are habituation and dishabituation, and how do they relate? ○ Scientists study babies' understanding of physical laws by showing them the same thing repeatedly until they lose interest (habituation). Then, they introduce something surprising to see if the baby reacts (dishabituation). If the baby is surprised, it suggests they don’t expect the event, like a violation of gravity. If the baby isn’t surprised, it means they understand what should happen. What characterizes the development that occurs during the preoperative stage? ○ Gradual improvement of symbolic thought Using a block of wood as car Early on: ability to use scale models What is demonstrated by children's ability to use scale models? ○ "dual representation" - the cognitive skill to understand that a symbolic object (like a model) represents something else, allowing them to mentally grasp both the model itself and the real-world object it stands in for, even if they are different in size. Example: Snoopy experiment What is egocentrism? ○ Can’t take the perspective of others Examples: mountain model, & sally anne test What characterizes the abilities that have developed by the concrete operational stage? ○ Can perform operations on tangible objects/real events What is conservation? ○ Physical qualities the same even if look different (of liquid, number, mass, length & of area) Example: Tall vs short glass of water  What 2 things lead to difficulties in understanding conservation in preoperational children? ○ Reversibility: can't reverse operations ○ Centration: can’t focus on more than one thing at a time Further illustrated in hierarchical classification What characterizes the abilities that have developed by the formal operational stage? ○ Can operate on abstract ideas Understand implications beyond what is in front of them Thinking more systematic, logical reflexive (less trial-and-error) What are some shortcomings of the Piagetian stages? ○ Underestimated children ○ Overlap b/w stages ○ Cross-cultural differences What are Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development? ○ (First, no morals until preoperational stage) ○ Level 1: Preconventional Conditioning ○ Level 2: Conventional What do others think? ○ Level 3: Postconventional What do I think about what others think? What determines morals in the 2 substages of the preconventional stage? ○ Punishment orientation Right & wrong determined by punishment ○ Naive reward orientation Right & wrong determined by reward What determines morals in the 2 substages of the conventional stage? ○ Good boy/girl orientation: Right/Wrong  ○ Authority orientation Right & wrong determined by society’s laws, but laws are rigid What determines morals in the 2 substages of the postconventional stage? ○ Social contract orientation Right & wrong determined by social laws, but laws are not perfect ○ Individual principals as conscience orientation Right & wrong determined by ethical principles of equality and justice Do people always think from the perspective of a single moral stage? (NO) ○ Morality maybe post hoc (afterward) reasoning You make the decision first then use morality to justify it ○ Morality used may depend on situation Baseball game: authority orientation Paper grading to fix error: social contract What are the 3 attachment styles? ○ Secure attachment ○ Anxious-ambivalent ○ Avoidant How do children exhibit separation anxiety if they have a(n)? secure attachment style? ○ Distressed when leaves, comforter when returned anxious-ambivalent attachment style? ○ Anxious even when parent present ○ Really upset if leaves, mad when returns. avoidant attachment style? ○ Don’t care if parent leaves How do these styles exhibited in childhood relate to adult personalities? ○ In relationships  How does the ability to delay gratification developed in children relate to an adult ○ Short-term vs long-term rewards Developmental stages Waiting for a treat develops better self-control same as adults who don’t give into quick pleasures