Day 4 Hum Finals PDF

1000 CE – Europe was divided (politically) Medieval Warming Period (950-1250 CE) - - - - Better crop yields Allowed for farming throughout Europe - Britian was able to make wine and grapes - Better crop yields, since golden zone expands. Agricultural Revolution - Revolution in farming technolog...

1000 CE – Europe was divided (politically) Medieval Warming Period (950-1250 CE) - - - - Better crop yields Allowed for farming throughout Europe - Britian was able to make wine and grapes - Better crop yields, since golden zone expands. Agricultural Revolution - Revolution in farming technology: - Animal-drawn plow cow pulling a plow - More animals are placed on the cow, heavier and they become better plows. - The wheelbarrow - The watermill - Adaptations to increase the production and efficiency of food Manor system (Farms were bigger stronger and more effective) - There’s a village run by a Manor/Castle/Chateau (basically big old houses) - Manors are owned by a Lord; rich elite person of the middle ages - The payment for living on the land is to work the fields, pay taxes of the production to the Lord, farm crops for themselves and for the Lord in exchange for protection too (knights). They ask for money - Good: community sharing - Because the farming technology were still expensive, the peasants spread out the cost to buy one for the whole village - They are able to make it to be cheaper - Bad: serfs - Produces another level of slaves called serfs - A category of slaves that developed from this system - Could not move upwards in society or get married without the approval of the lord - The title of ‘serfs’ are inherited from their fathers - Historian refer to this as a version of slavery as they aren’t allowed to leave legally; not legally free - Serfs cannot be bought Crop Rotation - 3 fields: autumn field, spring field, and fallow field (empty) - At least 1 field being left empty for the animals to help replenish nutrients - Expanded their crop variation to beans and oats (higher in protein than bread and beer) - Can be used to feed the animals too - Help to produce more abundance overall; healthier lifestyles The Growth of Towns - - - Influx of gold and silver due to Vikings, they destroyed a lot of property. They were barbaric and abusive. When the vikings came through they also brought through gold. There is a church name, near the heart of the city. Convent garden, wesminister abby. Growth around monasteries so the monasteries are centalized. Specialization in trade; towns specialized in producing a good (eg. England and wool) - These goods are exported and imported, producing a market; free market economy - Each town has their own, classification. Towns were wild - Gardens in the middle of the town, animal/human feces in the middle of the road, a lot of animals running around - Theres farms in the town - Thers many weird things in the towns, and it was crazy Locales of freedom - Independent from a manor-system Lord and Bishops - Independent from both secular and religious power - Serfs can escape to towns because towns were independent The Rise of England 1066: King Edward the Confessor Dies - Didn’t have a legitimate heir to the throne; people were fighting for it - William – Duke of Normandy (France): claims dominion over England - Herold Godwinson contests William’s claim - William invades England - Conquers England in 1066; marks the beginning of the modern English monarchy - William pacifies local rulers, using English common laws (traditions that have the force of law): - He conquered, so he is king - Rewarded followers with fiefs (land) - Fiefs reciprocated with loyalty - Claimed power of the English King - Only king could mint coins, William minted coins - Shire Reeve → Sheriff (enforcer) - ‘William the Conqueror’ Monastic Reform - Monasteries have become a place where people can gain power The need for reform: spiritual authority gone Take monasteries out of the hands of local lords - Placed directly under the Pope in Rome - Networks of monastic houses (brotherhoods/sisterhoods with local oversight to keep them in check) - In order to maintain the purity of the monasteries - The Rule of St. Benedict of Norcia - Returns to strict monastic culture - Wear simple clothing, one color - No idle time Popular Religion: Pilgrimage and Relics - - Relic – Fragments of dead saints (property or bones) ‘Go on pilgrimage’ to see a relic; doing a holy act which they will be rewarded for time off purgatory/bypass purgatory, by practicing pious acts - People say that you can feel the holiness from relics Hopes of grace or healing People go under the bones of saints to get grace and healing Relic is inside of a gold statue, and jewels. Relic Quary Clergy Reform - - Simony: paying for a church office, he would sell the bishops position to other people, through a higher bidding. They are purchasing their offices, This position isa good positions. Simony became ilegal by the order of the church. Bishops buy and sell a church office (includes land) Clerical celibacy (church law; priests are ‘married to the church’ and shouldn’t be having children). They are married to the church and are not allowed to have their own family.