DATA1100 Lecture 1 PDF

DATA1100: Technology and Society for Programmers Lecture 1: The Interplay between Technology and Society Jenter i Teknologi Hvem er vi? Undergruppe av OTS Samle jenter uavhengig av klasse og linje Vi arrangerer ulike aktiviteter Spørreskjema  Følg oss på Instagram @otsjentegrup...

DATA1100: Technology and Society for Programmers Lecture 1: The Interplay between Technology and Society Jenter i Teknologi Hvem er vi? Undergruppe av OTS Samle jenter uavhengig av klasse og linje Vi arrangerer ulike aktiviteter Spørreskjema  Følg oss på Instagram @otsjentegrup pa  Agenda: Part 1: What is technology, what is society and how are they interconnected? Part 2: Presentation of obligatory team assignment 1 What is “Society”?  What is “Society” constructed out of? 1. LANGUAGE: WE 2. INSTITUTIONS: LAW, 3. MATERIAL ARTEFACTS: 4. PRAXIS: SOCIAL “CONSTRUCT” “SOCIETY” SCHOOLS, POLITICS, TECHNOLOGY, ART, CONVENTIONS, MORES, BY WAY OF LANGUAGE RELIGIONS, MEDIA INFRASTRUCTURE “NORMAL BEHAVIOR”  How is ”Society” constructed? Institutions The parts of which society is made up of, are organized in a particular way This “way” endures over time through the continuous re-construction of society through continuous construction. Language “Society” Material Artefacts Society is made up but taken for granted. Praxis Where is ”Society”?  What is Society? A Tentative Definition: A large group of people who live together: - and consider themselves part of a society - and live in an organized way, - making decisions about how to do things, and - sharing the work that needs to be done. All the people in a country/nation-state, or in several similar countries, can be referred to as a society... What is Technology?  Towards a definition The set of techniques and associated material products within a specific area. Applied scientific knowledge. Science made useful - something that is useful to society and is applicable A concrete, material means to achieve a goal Technology Secures Us from Nature Technology is the prosthetics/extensions of cognitive and physical capacities Technology makes use of/exploits nature An extension (and enablement) of human dreams, visions and limitations 17 Technology as delegation Technology as Automation Technology as a tool for control, discipline and surveillance Technology as Society Made Durable What is Computer Technology? Extension of human capabilities? Secures us from nature? Makes use of/exploit nature? Extension (enablement) of human dreams and visions? As means of delegation? As part in automation? As tools for control, discipline and surveillance? As society made durable? This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  Interplay between Technology and Society Institutions Technology is key to the organization of society Technology creates a particular way of organization that is not neutral. Material Language “Society” Artefacts Technology, unlike human action, is durable Praxis One-Way Influence One-Way Influence Two-way influence: Sociotechnical 26 Phenomena at the Center of Technology and Society! Challenges at the Center of Technology and Society! This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC  Complex Challenges, or “Wicked Problems” Ill-structured have no definitive formulation; they have no clear solution point; they have no true or false answers; they are unique and, thus, there is no way to apply previous solutions; there is significant interaction and feedback with other wicked problems. B. -A. Schuelke-Leech, "The Place of Wicked Problems in Engineering Problem Solving: A Proposed Taxonomy," 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS), Tempe, AZ, USA, 2020, pp. 361-372, doi: 10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462174.  Complex Challenge: Global Warming Technical: CO2 and other gases absorbing energy at wavelengths of 2,000 and 15,000 nanometers, soaks up infrared energy from the sun and re-emits it back to earth. Pollution, from various sources, releases CO2 and other gases. Social: People want a high/certain standard of living, which in turn causes pollution Ideological: Global warming is the side-effect of global capitalism, for which there is seemingly no alternative. Guru Madhavam, Wicked Problems, W.W Norton Company 2024 Problem/Solution Vs. Challenge/Responses Siller, T., Johnson, G., Korte, R. (2021). Broadening Engineering Identity: Moving beyond Problem Solving. In: Pirtle, Z., Tomblin, D., Madhavan, G. (eds) Engineering and Philosophy. Philosophy of Engineering and Technology, vol 37. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70099-7_9 Part 2: Obligatory Team Assignment  One single word document. Found in Canvas. Download, fill in your answer and submit The document includes instructions. Read them carefully. The end goal is to write a case description: which describe a situation (real or fictional) where a potential ethical challenge emerges (directly/indirectly) at the intersect of computer science, society and politics. The case can be based on a real situation described in research or the media, or fictional, based on your imagination. The document is intended to record your process. All parts must be completed. It includes a (1)context (2) assignment text (3) three parts: brainstorming, subgroup and case text, (4) bibliography  General Particular Input Processing Output Context Teamwork Assignment Canvas Case Text External Sources  The Context: The election year of the century, democratic decline and its challenges. https://www.reuters.com/graphics/GLOBAL- ELECTIONS2024/gdvzmkejkpw/ https://farid.berkeley.edu/deepfakes2024election/ World Economic Forum’s Global Risk Report of 2024  Political Freedom “…wherever the man-made world does not become the scene for action and speech, as in despotically ruled communities which banish their subjects into the narrowness of the home and thus prevent the rise of a public realm freedom has no worldly reality” ARENDT, H. (1960). FREEDOM AND POLITICS: A Lecture. Chicago Review, 14(1), 28–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25733551 41  Political Freedom “Freedom as a demonstrable fact and politics coincide and is related to each other as two side of the same matter” Men are free…as long as they act, neither before nor after; for to be free and to act are the same” Political freedom is the ability to speak and act in public. ARENDT, H. (1960). FREEDOM AND POLITICS: A Lecture. Chicago Review, 14(1), 28–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25733551 42 The Assignment Write a scenario/case which describe a situation (real or fictional) where a potential ethical challenge emerges (directly/indirectly) at the intersect of computer science, society and politics. The case can be based on a real situation described in research or the media, or fictional, based on your imagination.  Artificial Intelligence Prompt: “Write a case text which problematizes the relation between computer scientists and politics” “shorten to 300 words and add a specific scenario” “add some sources”  Chat-GPT Computer science and politics are becoming increasingly intertwined, with computer programmers playing a pivotal role. These professionals, once considered neutral tech innovators, now develop tools like AI and big data analytics that can significantly influence political landscapes1. The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election's Cambridge Analytica scandal revealed how these technologies, programmed by computer specialists, can potentially manipulate voters2. Additionally, the algorithms that programmers create for social media platforms have faced criticism for promoting echo chambers and disseminating misinformation3. Consider a scenario where a computer programmer's algorithm inadvertently skews the information users receive on social media, influencing their political views4. This example underscores the ethical dilemmas programmers face and the political implications of their work. Moreover, the swift pace of technological evolution often surpasses lawmakers' understanding and ability to regulate, leaving a knowledge gap5. This situation highlights the need for a critical examination of the intersection between computer science, particularly the role of computer programmers, and politics6.  Intelligence: Chat GPT Keywords: Canvas Modules: - Elections - Politics Module 1: The Interplay between Technology and Society - Political freedom Module 2: Digital Cities and the Welfare State - Democracy - Authoritarianism Module 3: Fake News and Critical Thinking in the Digital Era - Freedom of expression Module 4: Universal Design - Political organization - Democratic decline Module 5: Technology and Sustainability - Etc. Module 6: Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Module 7: Data Security and Privacy A Real Case:  A Real Case In 2006 Frances Haugen graduated with a computer engineering bachelor’s degree. After finishing her MBA at Harvard, she started working for Google, late Yelp, Pinterest and later Facebook (now Meta). (Select Committee, 2021) Haugen worked as a product manager for civic misinformation. Haugen eventually found her job untenable and that Facebook provided “a system that amplifies division, extremism, and polarization — and undermining societies around the world. In some cases, this dangerous online talk has led to actual violence that harms and even kills people “ And that Facebook as aware that this was happening. (United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, 2021) As a reaction, Haugen published a large set of internal documents supporting this statement. The papers were later picked up by the Wall Street journal, which launched a series of stories based on the documents. (Wall Street Journal 2024) These showed how Facebook might take part in creating a more divisive political landscape, help incite religious hatred and misinformation. (Wall Street Journal, 2021) Haugen testified that despite civic disinformation being her field of expertize, she was never shown the training data or algorithms used in supposedly tracking violence and incitement.(Select Committee, 2021)  A plausible, but fictional, case Sidewalk Labs, a subsidiary of Google/Alphabet rpopses to build a new neighborhood at Grønlikaia in Oslo The proposal includes 2000 new apartments, shops, restaurants, and connection to the Oslo transit system The neighborhood will only include rental apartments, priced well below the average price in Oslo, but you will need to sign terms and conditions allowing personal data to be collected by Sidewalk Labs How to do it Team Meeting 1 (whole team) (week 36) Subgroups work on specific topics (week 37-39) Team Meeting (whole group). Finish Writing Case (week 40-41)  Course Overview Canvas Modules: Module 0: Getting Started/Working in Groups Module 1: The Interplay between Technology and Society Module 2: Digital Cities and the Welfare State Module 3: Fake News and Critical Thinking in the Digital Era Module 4: Universal Design Module 5: Technology and Sustainability Module 6: Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Module 7: Data Security and Privacy  FAQ: Q: Do we need to use sources? A: Yes, at a minimum refer to Canvas. When asked for you must also use external sources. Q: How much do we have to write? A: Each section includes a maximum word count. There is no minmum word count. Q: Do we need to work in teams? A:….yes, but you should split into subgroups to do parts of the assignment. Especially part 2 Q: I have not yet found a group. What do I do? A: The deadline is next Tuesday. If you have not found a group by then, we will automatically assign you. Start familiarizing yourself with the assignment document Q: In which format do we hand in the assignment? A: You can only hand in the assignment by filling in the assignment document! It is a table. Fill it in, save, submit. That’s it!  FAQ: Q: Will teaching assistants let us know if the draft is a pass? A: No, they will give you feedback and an indication of what needs more work Q: When do we need to submit? A: By noon 07.10, 12.00. In 6 weeks! Q: How much do we need to work on the assignment? A: A 5 ECTS course should be equivalent to approx. 8 hours per week. Q: When will the assignment be published? A: As soon as I get back to the office Q: I do not understand the assignment! A: Do not worry! Go through the document, start working! Q: What are the assessment criteria?  Assessment Criteria Clear understanding of key terms in the course. The ability to reflect on the social, ethical, environmental or political dimensions of digital technology in a balanced way The ability to use different sources (academic sources, news items, or other sources) in a discussion Relevance to the course (such as the use of course material/Canvas) Specific and concrete examples (real or hypothetical), rather than general formulations When relevant, a clear positioning in a discussion (statements that reveal an opinion based on a discussion) A structured and clear presentation of the arguments Appropriate use of sources and referencing.” Appropriate” does not refer to a minimum number of sources, but adequate use of sources to support an argument. Word count and format requirements are met The assignment must be submitted in the required format, read assignment instructions carefully (included in each assignment text)  Summary The first obligatory team assignment comes in the form of one single word document. Found in Canvas. Download, fill in your answer and submit. The document includes instructions. Read them carefully! The end goal is to write a case description The document is intended to record your process. All parts must be completed. Start with a general brainstorming as a team Split into subgroups exploring different themes Use this work to write a case description Coordinate with your teaching assistant when to hand in your draft, allowing time for feedback and corrections. Submit by: 07.10, 12.00 Noon