Regional Boundaries & Capitalism PDF

Regional boundaries – Continental without Mexico, Central America, Caribbean Resource - rich with costs to its environments Wealthy region, but not everywhere and everyone is wealthy Highly urbanized Jackson, Mississippi Capitalism in 4 bullet points 1. Capitalism : large scale real...

Regional boundaries – Continental without Mexico, Central America, Caribbean Resource - rich with costs to its environments Wealthy region, but not everywhere and everyone is wealthy Highly urbanized Jackson, Mississippi Capitalism in 4 bullet points 1. Capitalism : large scale realization of profit by producing goods and services for more than was paid to produce them 2. Property, in the form of the means of production (e.g., materials, land, tools), is concentrated among few 3. Or the means of production are publicly held and the goal of the corporation is to make profit for shareholders 4. Those without the means of production must labor for those who have the means of production A world system 1. Capitalism is the primary way that economies work all over the world — it is the economic driver of globalization 2. In the capitalist system, no one is in charge. Individuals and corporations make independent decisions based on their own interests 3. Markets are the mechanism by which exchanges are made. No one is in charge of markets either. 4. Markets determine winners and losers based on efficiency 5. Governments regulate the ability of ‘players’ to varying degrees Labor 1. In a capitalist system, labor takes the form of wage labor. People work for wages instead for product. 2. Labor must be ‘ efficient ’ and becomes defined by its ‘ productivity ’ 3. Efficiency : maximum effort of labor for the lowest wage, and minimum wastage of resources 4. Corporations and individual businesses that produce most efficiently destroy others and increase their market share Division of labor 1. Division of labor : breaking productive labor down into its smallest components to increase productivity 2. Through the division of labor the skill of workers is lowered, so their wages can also be reduced 3. De - skilled laborers tend not to be invested in what they are producing Consumption North American economies depend on consumer culture and mass consumption (largest part of GDP) Consumer culture : A society in which patterns of consumption are a key basis for status differentiation, personal identities, and pleasure Mass consumption — the production of a large amount of goods to be consumed by a large amount of people Consumption North American economies depend on consumer culture and mass consumption (largest part of GDP) Consumer culture : A society in which patterns of consumption are a key basis for status differentiation, personal identities, and pleasure Mass consumption — the production of a large amount of goods to be consumed by a large amount of people Commodity Conspicuous consumption : the purchase of commodities by consumers for the purpose of displaying them and telling others who you are Take Home Points The world economic system is a capitalist system that strives for efficiency Mass consumption is a major feature of life in the region of North America Chapter 6: Multi - faceted Sub - Saharan Africa Learning Objectives 1. Learn about three major map projections and the differences between them 2. Know the difference between a formal and a functional region 3. Understand the shifting boundaries of SSA 4. Discover why this region is defined by the textbook authors as a formal region Setting the Boundaries Africa south of the Sahara Desert – 49 states and one territory – History of colonization Challenges – Environmental degradation – Climate Change – Poverty – Disease – Violence and refugees Key Terms Desertification Food insecurity Sahel Latitude Longitude Lake Victoria Formal region Functional region Mercator projection Gall - Peters projection Robinson projection Water insecurity Equator Prime Meridian postcolonia l Sub - Saharan Africa: Defining the Region Similar livelihood systems and colonial experiences No uniting religion, language, philosophy, or political system – Exclude North Africa Fast - growing, generally poorer, more rural and younger Largest landmass straddling the equator Environmental obstacles to development are poor soils, widespread disease, and drought vulnerability Figure 6.1 Sub - Saharan Africa Geographers’ tools Latitude — measures N & S of the equator Longitude — measures W & E of the Prime Meridian Map Projections Map Projections What might this green projection be trying to show? Another way to show size Given what you know about map projections, why is this map necessary when trying to understand Africa? Regions – contiguous bounded territory with common characteristics Formal regions – defined by physical and/or cultural features Functional regions – defined by activities, e.g., Zambia’s Copperbelt Climate and Vegetation Africa’s Environmental Issues Climate Change and Vulnerability World’s lowest emitter, yet greatest vulnerability – Extreme risk for region’s poverty, drought, dependence on rainfall – Arid, semiarid regions most vulnerable – Varied impacts by area Famine – Food insecurity – Water insecurity atin America Shared colonial history Racially diverse Extensive natural resources for development Middle income, mostly – LMICs 600 million people In all of the 17 states , more than 50% live in cities Learning Objectives Understand how Latin America became: 1. dominated by periphery processes a. Primary exports b. Neoliberal economic policies 2. where periphery processes happen The Treaty of Tordesillas divided South America between Spain and Portugal (1494) Economic and Social Development Development broadly refers to the wealth and well - being of individuals, regions, and states GNI per capita : value of total produced both internal and external to state, per person GDP: value of total produced inside the state Sectors of the Economy Primary: raw materials timber Secondary: manufactured items from the primary sector 2x4 boards Tertiary: services, retail sales business that sells lumber Quaternary: knowledge production research & development of wood - substitute products Dependent Economic Growth Primary Export Dependency -- Dependency on the export of raw materials Legacy of export - led development -- colonialism, post - independence Specialize one or two major commodities 1. Mining – gold, copper 2. Forestry — logging, plantation forests 3. Oil and natural gas 4. Industrial agriculture -- soybeans 5. Coffee — Arabica in Costa Rica Chile export mix Venezula export mix Import Substitution (1930s - 1960s) Manufacturing intended for consumption inside the state for consumption by citizens Avoids imports Legacy of export - led development of colonial, post - independence Neoliberalism Premise of neoliberal economics: if the state stays out of regulation of trade and corporations, markets will see that growth occurs and that growth will trickle down to all populations, allowing maximum individual freedom. The Informal Sector – Economic activities of the urban periphery – Uncertain size of informal economy – Some advantages – Widespread informal sector employment signals the regions poverty, not its wealth Figure 4.35 Peruvian Street Vendors Changes to neoliberal economies Foreign direct investment -- maquiladoras Outsourcing labor — remittances  Eco - tourism — foreign direct spending For those in LA who are not experiencing ‘trickle down’ prosperity, governments and NGOs have social support programs Coati w youngin ’ Ecotourism: “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well - being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education” (TIES, 2015). Education is meant to be inclusive of both staff and guests THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF BRAZIL’S SLUMS 1. In the favela, no one sees anything, no one hears anything. Informants are killed. 2. Shops must shut if a drug leader is killed. 3. Rap songs that include references to enemy factions are banned. 4. Clothes the colour of rival gangs are banned. 5. Residents are forbidden from calling the police in any situation. 6. Residents may be obliged to hide guns in their homes at any moment. 7. In arguments between neighbours , the drug boss is the judge. 8. Businesses that work out of favelas have to employ residents of the same favela. 9. The traffickers decide which crimes are permitted and who can commit them. Punishments include expulsion, beatings, mutilations and death. 10. In some favelas, residents must paint their houses the same colour to confuse the police. The Informal Sector ¡ Economic activities of the urban periphery ¡ Uncertain size of informal economy ¡ Some advantages ¡ Widespread informal sector employment signals the regions poverty, not its wealth Figure 4.35 Peruvian Street Vendors LATIN AMERICA: AN URBAN WORLD LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand how Latin America became: 1. a diverse population due to the trans - Atlantic slave trade and Asian immigrants 2. a place where the population mostly lives in cities, and some megacities 3. Introduction to City of God and the geography of favelas TRANSLATLANTIC SLAVERY Estimated 12.5 million people were taken from Africa and sent to the Western Hemisphere ASIAN AND EUROPEAN MIGRATION ¡ Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori, elected 1990 ADDRESSING THE DECLINE OF NATIVE POPULATIONS The demographic toll – reduction of indigenous population by 90% – due to disease, warfare, forced labor, and starvation Indian survival − close association between identity and territory − attempts to gain limited autonomy Panama’s Guna THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY No country is less than 50% urban Rural - to - urban migration Historical patterns Contemporary alterations Primacy in Buenos Aires ¡ Urban primacy: The condition of a state having a city 3 to 4 times larger than any other city in the state ¡ Primate city : the city that is the largest in the state ¡ Megacities : cities that have a population of 10 million or more ¡ Megalopolis: a continuous belt of urban development ¡ Urban primacy: The condition of a state having a city 3 to 4 times larger than any other city in the state ¡ Primate city : the city that is the largest in the state ¡ Megacities : cities that have a population of 10 million or more ¡ Megalopolis: a continuous belt of urban development URBAN MORPHOLOGY: NA & LA SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS ¡ Makeshift housing on land legally owned or rented by urban migrants, usually in unoccupied spaces in or near a rapidly growing city BRAZIL’S FAVELAS CITY OF GOD ¡ 1960s and 1970s, standardized housing was built on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro ¡ 140,000 residents of slums on valuable, central or beachfront land were relocated ¡ Favelas had no services and became controlled by rival gangs, who made the rules and police, who used extreme violence with impunity ¡ 1980s and 1990s, Brazil the most violent country not in a state of war CITY OF GOD ¡ Film shot in 2002 with real people from the favelas, not actors ¡ 60 percent of favela residents self - identify as brown or black ¡ Richer districts are about 93 percent white ¡ 2009, Pacifying Police Units program to disarm the drug trade and eradicate gangs ¡ Crushing show of force, elimination of drugs and guns, continuous massive presence ¡ City of God was one of the first, due to the film ¡ Rio Olympics in 2016, further relocation and clean - up of favelas near Games’ venues https://www.google.com/maps/place/Cidade+de+Deus,+Rio+de+Janeiro+ - +State+of+Rio+de+Janeiro,+Brazil/@ - 22.9474784, - 43.3638957,686m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x9bd9af39047e5d:0x16f21484cb8b722f!8m2!3d - 22.9465479!4d - 43.3697197 CITY OF GOD: CAST OF CHARACTERS ¡ Rocket — an aspiring photographer that knows the City of God intimately and has total access ¡ Lil Ze ¡ Benny ¡ Carrot ¡ Knockout Ned ¡ Guns ¡ Cocaine https://www.google.com/maps/place/Cidade+de+Deus,+Rio+de+Janeiro+ - +State+of+Rio+de+Janeiro,+Brazil/@ - 22.9474784, - 43.3638957,686m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x9bd9af39047e5d:0x16f21484cb8b722f!8m2!3d - 22.9465479!4d - 43.3697197 TAKE HOME POINT ¡ Latin America is a racially diverse place, and its urban geographies reflect the ongoing, unequal economic impacts of colonialism, slavery, and racism Asian and European migration Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori, elected 1990 (d. 12 September 2024) Latin America: Core & Periphery MAP ID Rostow (1967) Stages/ladder of economic development that follows the British historical example, from traditional to modern society in a stepwise manner. Every step up the ladder is a step up in economic and social development. The Stages of Economic Growth Taylor (1992) The most important fact of Rostow’s ‘ladder’ is that states at bottom are topped by states who enjoy advantage of being above them. States are in a relationship — those at top are there because those at bottom are at the bottom. Advantage accrues to the top because it is at the top. World Economic System There is one system, one world economy, and different states experience different processes in that system — development and the development of underdevelopment The development of underdevelopment : poorer countries of the world are impoverished to enable a few countries to get richer. e.g., US, Europe, Japan got rich while rest got relatively poorer Wallerstein’s world system theory Colonialism: Early incorporation of LA into the WES 1. Plunder 2. Destruction of native populations for replacement by ‘more productive’ activities by new settlers 3. Reorientation of local economies to serve needs of world - economy Relations between the three geographies Incorporation did not bring areas into WES as equals but on unfavorable terms They joined as the periphery — not because of where they were located, but because of what they produced and from where they consumed Core - Periphery Processes Core High wages Advanced technology Diversified production mix Globalized labor force Periphery Low wages Rudimentary technology Simple production mix Localized labor force Periphery is not a location; it is a space where peripheral processes dominate — so the map can change over time Semi - Periphery Processes Core High wages Advanced technology Diversified production mix Globalized labor force Periphery Low wages Rudimentary technology Simple production mix Localized labor force Uneven wages Improving technology  Outsourced production mix Expanding consumer markets Processes v. Geography 1. Core and periphery processes structure core - periphery states and regions It is what happens there, not that those spaces create the processes 2. These processes are not random 3. They are not neutral 4. These relationships ‘make’ the map of core - periphery The map can change when processes change 2022 2020 Latin America is a region that has states in the periphery and semi - periphery, but not in the core North Africa and Southwest Asia Learning Objectives 1. Introduce North Africa and Southwest Asia as a formal region 2. Define Islamic fundamentalism a. This is gendered! 3. Understand the changes wrought by oil wealth Setting the region’s boundaries Huge territory extending for more than 4,000 miles Stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Caspian Sea About 550 million people population clustered around water supplies Binding elements for this region Climate, culture, and petroleum reserves Three major monotheistic religions can be found in this region Judaism, Islam, Christianity Setting the region’s boundaries Huge territory extending for more than 4,000 miles Stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Caspian Sea About 550 million people population clustered around water supplies Binding elements for this region Climate, culture, and petroleum reserves Three major monotheistic religions can be found in this region Judaism, Islam, Christianity Defining the region Relative location: where the Earth ’ s largest landmasses meet A climatic definition: the dry world? A linguistic definition: the Arabic world? A religious definition: the Islamic world? Relative location: where the Earth ’ s largest landmasses meet Pakistan’s absolute location Longitude: 30.3753 ° N Latitude: 69.3451 ° E The Sahara in Libya A Dry World? North Africa & SW Asia Arabic world? Islamic world? Islamic Fundamentalism Fundamentalism is found in all religions strict adherence and literal interpretation of religious texts and doctrine In Islam: Rejection of Western materialism, modernization, secularization, moral corruption protection of traditional Islamic beliefs and values, sometimes by the state Break! Break! OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Primary goal is the protection of oil prices and the interests of OPEC members Members of OPEC include Founding members (1960) Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela Additional members Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirates (1967). Algeria (1969), and Nigeria (1971) OPEC High GNI per capita : With Oil Saudi Arabia Kuwait Qatar Bahrain United Arab Emirates Persian Gulf: Petroleum Refineries Impact of Oil on Society Oil money raised the standard of living Construction of new and modern infrastructure schools, hospitals, housing roads, ports, airports Modernization of agriculture  Irrigation canals, wells Mechanization Chemical fertilizers Wealth not evenly spread through society Impact of Oil on Society Oil money has increased socio - economic problems Labor shortages led to a need of foreign workers foreigners often comes from poorer, non - oil producing Islamic countries (including Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) Who works? Who doesn’t? Take Home Point This region is a dry world, but not everywhere An Arab world, but not everywhere An Islamic world, but not everywhere Oil wealth has changed many of these states, but not all North Africa & SW Asia Learning Objectives 1. Define Islamic fundamentalism a. This is gendered! 2. Understand the changes wrought by oil wealth 3. Familiarize with hijab protests in Iran 4. Introduce Wadjda (2013) Who works? Who doesn’t? WADJDA viewing guide Gender and Globalization Gender roles : a socially - created concept that defines expectations and characteristics for men and women 1. Globalization is impacting traditional gender roles. 2. Women experience globalization differently than men Protests Iran Expanding protests Current Situation... Saudi Arabia Women’s Dress Code It was illegal for a woman to walk around in public without an abaya and head covering. Now both are not required. Driving licenses were set to be issued to women starting on 24 June 2018, but harassment started too The Israel/Palestine Conflict: Q&A A conflict between two rights Summary of Gaza War 34,000 Palestinians 1200 Israelis https:// www.middleeasteye.net /live - blog/live - blog - update/palestinian - health - ministry - releases - detailed - list - more - 34000 - people Israel: The real estate in question Relatively small: 20,000 sq. km. Occupied territories add 5,000 sq. km.: West Bank Gaza Strip Golan Heights After Newman, David. 1999. “Real Spaces, Symbolic Spaces: Interrelated Notions of Territory in the Arab - Israeli Conflict” In A Road Map to War (Paul Diehl, editor). Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 3 - 34. The Arab World A conflict between two rights Why are Jews so insistent on returning to Palestine? Israel and Palestine both make claims to territory based on diaspora history (diaspora = dispersal) Jews’ expulsion from the Holy Land Palestinians made refugees by the 1948 war of Israeli Independence They occupied land for generations that was given to create an Israeli state Why is Gaza split from the West Bank? The UN plan for the creation of Israel offered Palestinians a divided state. They rejected those boundaries. Israel has extended its territory through war, and settlements and a wall in the West Bank. When and why did the conflict start? After WWII, Britain controlled what was then Palestine, and issued the Balfour Declaration that encouraged a new state of Israel for Jews in their historic homeland. Palestinians rejected the UN Partition Plan of 1947, but by 1948 Israel declared itself and independent state and fought a war that secured it. Palestinians fled east to Jordan as refugees, and have yet (if ever) to return. Israeli - Hamas conflict Current Government in Gaza and the West Bank – Hamas is a terrorist organization that controls the Gaza Strip – The Palestinians living in the West Bank are governed by the Palestinian Authority, which is not a terrorist group and recognized internationally as legitimate Use these maps for reference of 1947 1949 1967 Use these maps for reference of 1947 1949 1967 What is Zionism? Zionism: a movement to establish a state for Jews in their historical territory, including the holy city of Jerusalem UN Resolution 3379, adopted i n 1975, "Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination” UN Resolution 46/86, adopted in 1991, revoked the definition of Zionism as a form of racism. Historically, which group has tried to expand their land area more? Israel makes claims to territory based on occupation, seizure and settlement of Palestinian territory What are they fighting for? To secure territory — both sides want this For self - government — Palestinians want this To realize a two - state solution — Palestinians want this Against occupation — Palestinians want this To feel safe — Israel wants this For this nearly centuries old conflict to end — both sides want this From Time to Space Previously, claims to territory based on diaspora history (dispersal) Jews expulsion from the Holy Land Palestinians made refugees by the 1948 war of Israeli Independence Now, claims to territory based on space Jewish settlements Palestinian land occupied by Israeli military and settlers Jewish ‘frontier’ settlements Jewish settler population in occupied (disputed*) territories Bounding Israel Checkpoints https://www.btselem.org/download/201411_btselem_map_of_wb_eng.pdf GIS map of checkpoints, roads, settlements, incidents of violence: https://www.btselem.org/map B’tselem.org Who is the underdog? Which side has a better life? Israel is a developed country, where the average income is $ 38,000 Gaza and the West Bank (i.e., the Palestinian Territories) are poor. Average income is $4900 Palestinians are a nation without a state, and there has been little progress toward a two - state solution where there is an Israel and a Palestine Does discrimination play a part? Inside Israel, Arab citizens are more likely to be poor and less educated than Jewish citizens. Arab citizens of Israel continue to face structural disadvantages. For example, poorly funded schools in their localities contribute to their attaining lower levels of education and their reduced employment prospects and earning power compared to Israeli Jews. Does discrimination play a part? For Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank, they are subjected to a series of checkpoints run by Israeli Defense Forces before being allowed to enter Israel, where many of them work. For Israel, this is necessary for the security of its citizens. Palestinians claim that it is harassment, especially because waits at checkpoints can be hours long and the extent of the searches seem to be based on the whim of whatever soldiers are there at the time. Why side with Palestinians when they have been killing Israelis for years? Historically, the death toll between the Israelis and the Palestinians has always weighed heavily on the Palestinian side – Jews killed: 24,981 – Palestinians killed: 91, 361 Israel estimates about 12,000 Hamas fighters have been killed since October 7 , when Israel declared war on the militant group. More than 1,200 people in Israel were killed during Hamas’ attacks on that day, and more than 250 were kidnapped and taken hostage in Gaza. The Gaza Health Ministry reports that 34,000 Palestinians have been killed since October 7. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ total - casualties - arab - israeli - conflict Hamas Tunnels Why do they hate each other so much? A long history of bloodshed and violence Ongoing threats of violence for Jews from Palestinian terrorists for Palestinians from the Israeli Defense Forces for Palestinians, lack of their own state On both sides, there are groups that seek peaceful resolution Is this a war of religion? Does religion play a role in the conflict? It would seem so, but: many Jews condemn the Israeli Defense Forces actions in Gaza Last spring, I saw an Orthodox (Jewish) rabbi at a pro - Palestinian rally in Houston Jews have been discriminated against throughout history, not only by Muslims, but especially by Christians Arabs support a Palestinian state, but not all Arabs are Muslims Is this a war of religion? Does religion play a role in the conflict? It would seem so, but: many Jews condemn the Israeli Defense Forces actions in Gaza Last spring, I saw an Orthodox (Jewish) rabbi at a pro - Palestinian rally in Houston  Jews have been discriminated against throughout history, not only by Muslims, but especially by Christians Arabs support a Palestinian state, but not all Arabs are Muslims Hamas governs Gaza How bad is Hamas? Hamas is internationally recognized as a terrorist organization and is funded by the Iranian state On October 7 th , 2023, Hamas attacked inside Israel killing at least 1200 Jews: Young people killed at a concert, raped and burned alive Hostages taken, including very young children (the Palestinian Authority governs the West Bank) Why does the Israeli government care so much? The Israeli government is responsible for the well - being of its citizens and for protecting its territory. The Netanyahu government was weak before the Hamas attacks. Now it is strong. Seizing Gaza, it believes, will strengthen Israeli citizens’ security. How reliable is the news? For all news: 1. reliable news sources talk to people on both sides of an issue 2. All news’ sources have bias — that’s not a problem. But you must identify that bias so that it informs what you are reading, seeing and hearing. For the Israeli - Gaza conflict in general: 78 Palestinians have been killed since October 7 th. Without Palestinian journalists, we cannot know fully the reality of the conflict for the Palestinian people. Why is the US supporting Israel? Why are so many people in the US angered? Some US citizens believe that by supporting Israel, the US is condoning genocide Genocide: an internationally recognized crime where acts are committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. (U S Holocaust Memorial Museum) Is it right that the US support Israel? It is not our responsibility. The US has been a longtime friend and supporter of Israel. The US gives ~4 billion annually in aid to Israel, in large part military aid that supports the defense industry in the US. https://www.cfr.org/article/us - aid - israel - four - charts The US condemns terrorist activity like that of Hamas. The US is home to 5.7 million Jews. (Israel has 6.6 million. The next largest population is under 500,000 in France.) Are foreign companies operating there? In Israel: The top 9 largest multinational companies — Intel Corp, Nvidia, Google, Microsoft, Hewlett - Packard, Applied Materials, IBM, Philips, Apple In Gaza: none Illegally in the West Bank: 112 foreign firms, mostly Israeli, but also TNCs: Airbnb; General Mills; Motorola; Expedia; Trip Advisor UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Sources: From Newman, David. 1999. “ Real Spaces, Symbolic Spaces: Interrelated Notions of Territory in the Arab - Israeli Conflict ” In A Road Map to War (Paul Diehl, editor). Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 3 - 34. State of Israel Central Bureau of Statistics: http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton50/map_e.htm Time series of territorial change in Israel: Rubenstein, James M. 1999. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography (6th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Maps of Israel in the Middle East and the West Bank: de Blij, H. J. and Peter O. Muller. 1998. Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts (8th edition). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sources https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/26/palestine - and - israel - mapping - an - annexation/ https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/israeli - settlements Sources, continued: Maps of Middle East region and comparison between Israel and the Washington, D.C. area are from The Perry - Castañeda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html This lecture presentation is copy written material. Unauthorized redistribution is prohibited. Oren Yiftachel : Ethnocracy The process of creating the nation - state through territorial segregation and marginalization of subordinate groups Not a democracy, but dominant ethnic group controlling nation - state on its own behalf, despite multi - ethnic population inside borders Wait! What? Isn’t that kind of the opposite of Wallerstein’s nation - state? The Green Line Boundary drawn during negotiations at the end of the war of Israeli Independence (1949) 1970s — erased from Israel’s official maps 1987 — revived by Palestinians during the First Intifada Eurasia GEOG 202 Defining the Region Figure 9.1 Eurasia What do you think of when you think of “Russia” or the “Soviet Union”? Learning Objectives Identify Soviet forms of housing Understand the social problems facing the region today Introduce key ideas of socialist ideology, through propaganda Explain economic and social change for the region Learning Objectives Identify Soviet forms of housing Understand the social problems facing the region today Introduce key ideas of socialist ideology, through propaganda Explain economic and social change for the region The Cold War What was it? A non - violent struggle for global – dominance of USSR or USA How did it end? Through Mikhael Gorbachev’s policies Glasnost Perestroika If the Cold War is over, why are we still talking about it today? Because Russia is a major influence in the region, still NATO and the Warsaw Pact From Rius 1976 Socialism : an economic, social, and political doctrine which expresses the struggle for the equal distribution of wealth by eliminating private property and the exploitative ruling class. In practice, such a distribution of wealth is achieved by social ownership of the means of production, exchange and diffusion. Ideological Dispute Propaganda: ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to insist on the superiority of one system over another Economic and Social Development in the USSR Soviets had a massive housing campaign in the 1960s Soviets made: literacy virtually universal health care readily available eliminated the worst of the poverty Great strides in gender equality Thank you beloved Stalin for our happy childhood! Govorkov 1936 Public Housing: Mikrorayons Housing Mikrorayon Dacha Economic and Social Development Centralized economic planning – a system in which state controlled production targets and industrial output aka ‘command economy’ Consumer culture did not drive the economy End of the Soviet System n Glasnost – policy of greater openness during the 1980s that was enacted by Gorbachev ̈ Several republics demanded independence n Perestroika – planned economic restructuring to make production more efficient and more responsive to needs of Soviet citizens n December 1991, all 15 republics had become independent states and the Soviet Union ceased to exist End of the Soviet System n Glasnost – policy of greater openness during the 1980s that was enacted by Gorbachev ̈ Several republics demanded independence n Perestroika – planned economic restructuring to make production more efficient and more responsive to needs of Soviet citizens n December 1991, all 15 republics had become independent states and the Soviet Union ceased to exist Leviathan Oscar Winner 2014: best international film Economic and Socal Development in Post - Soviet Russia Population Clusters High unemployment Rising housing costs Lower welfare spending Health care spending dropping Social Development in Russia now Housing Post - Soviet single family suburbs The actors are actually drunk Russia has the highest alcohol consumption per capita in the world. The Demographic Crisis Life expectancy varies by ten years by gender in Russia Heart disease (high - fat diet and heavy smoking) very high for men The Demographic Crisis Persistently declining population Low fertility rates High death rates Government incentives for parents (“1 baby = 1 fridge policy”) What to watch for Condition of infrastructure on the exterior : roads, buildings, housing Condition of infrastructure in the interior : housing Evidence of centralized economic planning Clothes, furniture, other consumer goods Who is dressed how? Who is living well and who is not? Who drives what? Forms of everyday bribery Corruption The judge shows up in two important places. One of them is the court and the other is... ? How does the day - trip barbeque differ from one you might attend? How is it the same?  Who is in the pictures that they are using for target practice? What evidence do you see for Russians’ health problems? Take Home Point The making and unmaking of the Soviet Union generated tremendous social, political, and economic upheaval. Eurasia: the Ps Population Permafrost Prison The actors are actually drunk Russia has the highest alcohol consumption per capita in the world. Population -- declining The Demographic Crisis Life expectancy varies by ten years by gender in Russia Heart disease (high - fat diet and heavy smoking) very high for men The Demographic Crisis Persistently declining population Low fertility rates High death rates Government incentives for parents (“1 baby = 1 fridge policy”) One baby = one fridge 4. HAVE A BABY, WIN A FRIDGE // RUSSIA Russia’s population was shrinking dramatically after the fall of the Soviet Union, propelled by a low birth rate and high death rate. So, in 2007, the government declared September 12 National Day of Conception , in the hopes that giving couples the day off from work to do their civic duty would result in a baby spike nine months later, on Russia’s national day, June 12. Women who gave birth that day could win refrigerators, money, and even cars. It seems to have worked — by 2013, Russia’s birth rate had surpassed America’s. That’s a big deal to the dying bear: Russia is already one of the most sparsely settled nations in the world, owing to its massive land size; in the 2000s, demographic experts were concerned that if this trend continued, Russia's population might sink below 100 million by 2050. In the run - up to his presidential campaign in 2011, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin pledged to spend £33 billion to boost Russia’s birth rate by 30 percent over the next five years. Although Russia’s birth rate hasn’t noticeably increased since 2011 (that year, it was at 1.6 births per woman, and it has stayed at 1.7 since 2012 — still a massive increase since the 1.2 births of 2000), the program does appear to have had some success, with years of demographic trends reversing and Russia showing steady population growth. Defining the Region Figure 9.1 Eurasia Permafrost -- melting Russian sub - region: The Ural Mountains and Siberia Urals make European Russia’s eastern edge Siberia located east of the Urals Taiga – coniferous forest zone Permafrost – a cold - climate condition of unstable, seasonally frozen ground that limits the growth of vegetation and makes problematic the construction of even simple tracks. Russian sub - region: The Ural Mountains and Siberia Urals make European Russia’s eastern edge Siberia located east of the Urals Taiga – coniferous forest zone Permafrost – a cold - climate condition of unstable, seasonally frozen ground that limits the growth of vegetation and makes problematic the construction of even simple tracks. Mammoth Harvesting Continental climates Dry winters Large temperature variations Does it seem like alcoholism is tied to climate? Population Clusters Does it seem like alcoholism is tied to population? Russian Exclave Strategic Space: The Case of Kaliningrad Exclave: a portion of a country’s territory that lies outside its contiguous land area Prison — the Gulag Prison — the Gulag Another form of housing: What is the Gulag Archipelago? What is an archipelago? The Soviet Gulag existed neither as a single unified experience, nor as a single unified institution. This massive and lethal machine influenced the lives of millions of people from 1917 - 1988 South Asia From Space Caste, Colonialism, Partition Social & Geopolitical Change in South Asia 3 Learning Objectives Trace the history of the subcontinent and the legacy of colonialism for: Caste relations Current geopolitics By European arrival, most of northern region ruled by Muslim Mughals Europeans established coastal trading posts The British Conquest – Weakened Mughals and other European powers – Direct control of government for entire region – British cultural nationalism Geopolitical Change in South Asia Geopolitical Change in South Asia Religious Diversity Indian Religious Diversity Religion # of Persons % of the population Hindu 1.04 Billion 79.8 Muslims 185 million 14.2 Christians 30 million 2.3 Sikhs 22 million 1.7 Buddhists 9 million.7 Jains 5 million.4 Other 12 million.9 Source: 2011 Census of India. Hinduism Earliest religion, some traces found in Harappa Polytheistic Transmigration of souls through reincarnation Caste system 10 The Caste System Caste system – strict division of society into different hierarchically ranked hereditary groups Complex Hindu social order Hierarchically structured State of flux Varna means ‘color’ Aryan (noble) invaders (circa 1500 BC) had lighter skin colors (north India) Dravidians were darker (south India) Color still matters a great deal in Indian society Casta — Portuguese word for color There are five different levels of the system: 1. Brahmins -- priests 2. Kshatriyas — warriors, rulers 3. Vaishya -- merchants and landholders 4. Shudra — craftspeople, landless, sharecroppers 5. Dalit or Harijans or Pariahs or Outcastes The Caste System The Caste System Within each of these categories are the actual "castes" within which people are born, marry, and die. http://swilliams24.wordpress.com/cultural - analysis - ancient - india%E2%80%99s - creation - myths - and - caste - system - influence/ Caste and sanitation Indian society and its institutions are arranged in ways that perpetuate and enhance upper castes' superior status and lower castes’ lower status. Take Home Point Caste is an historical social hierarchy that still has relevance today Chapter 12 South Asia: Monsoon Wedding viewing guide 2 Source: K. O ’ Reilly Rural India Green Revolution Pros – Enabled agriculture to keep up with population growth – High yield varieties – chemical dependency on fertilizers and pesticides – Fossil fuel dependency Green Revolution Cons Environmental Problems – Fossil fuels and GHGs – Water pollution – Water use – Soil salinization Green Revolution Cons Social Problems Expensive unequal access to credit high - debt Financial precariousness Landlessness Unemployment Financial precariousness Migration Migration in South Asia Predominantly rural Rural - to - urban migration – Changes in agriculture forcing migration South Asian diaspora Recent migration aimed at developed world COVID led to a reverse migration out of the states of SW Asia Figure 12.26 The South Asian Global Diaspora Dowry — the custom of a young woman’s family ‘paying’ the groom’s family to take her into their family Gender bias Costly dowries lead families to prefer strongly boys over girls Costly dowries lead families to prefer strongly boys over girls https:// www.indiatimes.com /news/ india /india - sees - decline - in - sex - ratio - but - punjab - haryana - improve - considerably - kerala - on - the - rise - too - 361359.html Monsoon Wedding viewing guide Modern marriage among the urban Indian middle - class Geographies of Language English is common among the educated across the subcontinent – So is ‘Hinglish’ lingua franca Cognates — words that share the same origin – Shampoo ( champu ) – Tamatar ( tomato) Most Indians speak two or more languages Geographies of Language English is common among the educated across the subcontinent – So is ‘Hinglish’ lingua franca Cognates — words that share the same origin – Shampoo ( champu ) – Tamatar ( tomato) Geographies of Language English is common among the educated across the subcontinent – So is ‘Hinglish’ lingua franca Cognates — words that share the same origin – Shampoo ( champu ) – Tamatar ( tomato) Geographies of Language The Indo - European North – Hindi most widely spoken Summer & Winter Monsoon Arranged marriage — parents of the bride and groom choose the couple through a mutual decision Marigolds — grown everywhere in India; bright, colorful, easy to work with to create daisy - chains, garlands, wreaths, etc. Gender and Globalization Gender roles : a socially - created concept that defines expectations and characteristics for men and women Sex : a biological determination of male or female 1. Globalization is impacting traditional gender roles. 2. Women experience globalization differently than men. Take Home Points The Green Revolution vastly improved food production, but comes with social and environmental costs. The monsoon rains guide agricultural and social life. The Indian middle class is growing — and changing — rapidly Colonialism & Partition Social & Geopolitical Change in South Asia Nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man. M. Gandhi 3 Conflict in Kashmir Never politically united, until British colonialism Even the British did not directly control all areas of the region British Rule in South Asia 5 The British Partition (1947) India and East and West Pakistan Hindu and Muslim majorities, respectively 12 million displaced as a result of the Partition 1 million dead East Pakistan (1971) Bangladesh Photo by General Photographic Agency/Getty Images) "EbscoHost Student Research Center TM, http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=imh&AN=imh21 7792&scope=site.] 7 The British Partition (1947) India and East and West Pakistan Hindu and Muslim majorities, respectively 12 million displaced as a result of the Partition 1 million dead East Pakistan (1971) Bangladesh Punjab in 1949 During British rule was a complex cultural area of mostly Muslim and Hindu districts ruled by Hindu maharaja (king) Maharaja could not decide, until the last moment, when he sided with India http:// www.massviolence.org /India - from - 1900 - to - 1947?nav= y&img =all ‘Hot’ Conflicts in Kashmir Kashmir After partition, neither India nor Pakistan would accept either’s control Wars over boundary Continuing skirmishes and cross - border guerilla tactics Take Home Point British rule has had a lasting impact on South Asia, especially with regard to current conflicts. India and Pakistan are nuclear powers China and South Korea’s economic development & Train to Busan East Asia China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Taiwan Learning objectives Understand Confucianism and how it exists in East Asian modern society Compare China’s and South Korea’s economic growth and geographies of development Explain the social commentary of the film Train to Busan Confucianism A philosophy intended to create social stability during the end of the 500 year Chou dynasty. As warring states competed for control, Chinese tradition and values were being undermined, Confucious believed. So he set about creating a system of self - discipline, tradition, and compassion. Confucious: 551 BCE born; 479 BCE died Confucianism: State leadership The leader has a responsibility to care for his citizens. He is a father figure who acts in the best interests of his “children/citizens.” The leader leads by example of self - disciplined conduct. Citizens defer to the authority of the leader Confucianism: State leadership The leader has a responsibility to care for his citizens. He is a father figure who acts in the best interests of his “children/citizens.” The leader leads by example of self - disciplined conduct. Citizens defer to the authority of the leader Confucianism: Family leadership The family follows the model of state leadership: – Patriarchal family system in which children respect their elders, especially older males. – The patriarch makes good decisions on behalf of the family. These decisions are accepted, without question, by his wife and children. – Adult children remain deferential to their elder parents, and grandchildren are under the authority of their parents and grandparents Confucianism: Education Education a key element of a stable social system Liberal arts education — well - rounded and humanistic (‘learning to think’) – In Confucious’ century, education consisted of: Archery Calligraphy Chariot driving Ritual Computation (math) Music Confucianism: Social Stability The thoughts and actions of children should be guided by their parents all their lives. This brings honor to the family. Citizens should be guided by state leaders. This brings honor to the state. In a society following Confucian ideals, everyone knows his or her place in the hierarchy. Confucianism and Marxism China is a secular state, and as a Marxist state, organized religion is discouraged. (Marx believed that religion kept people from realizing that they could change the conditions of their lives in this life , not wait for the afterlife.) Confucianism is not a religion. It is a philosophy about how responsible citizens and parents/children should act. Confucianism as a philosophy can support the Communist Party in China Chinese Development Regional differentiation — the following map illustrates China’s uneven development But the economy is booming along the coast Interior provinces remain underdeveloped, although remittances from family members working in coastal factories raises the rural dwellers’ incomes Social differentiation — the map indicates rural places that have not experienced, but are aware of, popular culture, international culture, conspicuous consumption, and modern lifestyles. Industrial Reform in China Special Economic Zones (SEZs): regions where government interference in trade is minimal SEZs provide jobs but do not improve the lives of workers because wages are so low Factory workers have little power to change conditions or wages Figure 11.41 Economic Differentiation in China Economic Development Republic of Korea (South Korea) among poorest in the world in the 1950s Massive technical education campaign 1960s - 1990s 1960s military rule until 1980s highest number of university - educated citizens in the world Samsung, Hyundai and Kia Chaebols Persistence of class society Confucianism in South Korea 1. Fairness and appropriate conduct should mark the relations between sovereign and subject; 2. There should be proper rapport between father and son; 3. Separation of function between husband and wife; 4. The younger should give precedence to the elder; 5. Faith and trust should reign over relationships between friends Take Home Point Confucian values still have a great importance in modern South Korea South Korea’s social and economic hierarchy is not without tensions East Asia Writing Systems Learning Objectives Understand the unity of language and writing systems of the region Learn to write ‘geography’ in Chinese script The Basics! Characters: symbols or ideographs Syllables: combination of consonant AND vowel Alphabet: consonant OR vowel Cultural Cohesion: writing 4 Unifying cultural characteristics - Japan : more complex writing system * Kanji : characters borrowed from Chinese writing system * Hiragana : Japanese system in which symbol represents a syllable (combination vowel and consonant sound) * Katakana : for spelling words of foreign origin (also syllables) Japanese Writing System Kanji: characters borrowed from Chinese Hiragana: a quasi - alphabet expressing words and parts of speech not easily represented by Chinese characters Japanese Writing System Katakana: system for spelling words of foreign origin Japanese Writing System 8 Unifying cultural characteristics Korea : in 1400s, Koreans implemented their own alphabet, changing from Chinese - derived ideographs King Sejong invented Hangeul (Korean alphabet) Alphabetic: each symbol represents a distinct sound (rather than an idea)  exclusively used in both South and North Korea Korean Writing System Korean Writing System Category V: 88weeks/2200 hours Cantonese (Chinese) Mandarin (Chinese) Japanese Korean 10 East Asia’s language systems have diverged over time, but were once more unified. Written language unifies, spoken language diversity Language and Ethnicity Among the Han – 93 percent of total population ethnically Han – Linguistic zones of distinct languages, related to Mandarin, all using Chinese written form Figure 11.26 Languages of East Asia Language Diversity 12 Unifying cultural characteristics - The Chinese writing system * Ideographic writing : form of writing using symbols to represent words or ideas, rather than a sound (phonics) Chinese Writing System Oracle bone script about 3000 years ago Zodiac, 12 Symbolic Animals, Birth pet Rat Ox 2024 Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Goat Monkey Rooster Dog Pig Chinese Writing System Ideographic : each symbol (ideograph or character) represents primarily an idea (rather than a sound) Sky Soil Wind Old brother Fire Moon Ear Sun Younger brother Earth Disadvantage: difficult to learn - one must memorize thousands of characters to be literate Advantage: two people speaking different languages can communicate through the written symbols which represent the same idea Chapter 11: East Asia Learning Objectives Identify key factors of the region’s settlement patterns Understand China’s population policies and son preference Describe the split between North Korea/South Korea and its present day implications for North Korean food security East Asia China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Taiwan Population: Changing Fast Some of the most densely populated places on Earth Dramatically declining growth rates Population loss and aging in Japan Settlement in China Figure 11.41 Economic Differentiation in China Criticism of the Chinese Economic Model Children are unable to migrate with their parents because in China access to public benefits, such as education and health care, is tied to one’s place of birth. (*no longer true) Criticism of the Chinese Economic Model Children are unable to migrate with their parents because in China access to public benefits, such as education and health care, is tied to one’s place of birth. (*no longer true) From 1 child to 2 child policy – If both parents have no siblings, can have 2 children (1 st change) – If one parent has no siblings, can have 2 children (2 nd change) Decline in Fertility Rates Slow RNI (.5) 4 - 2 - 1 phenomenon (aging population) Son Preference Male births to female Bad maps! Break Korea: A Proxy War Malnutrition Stunting: from 28% in 2012 to 19.1% in 2017 – As high as 32% in one province Wasting: 2.5% of under - five children Severely Wasted:.5% Cult of Personality: when a leader’s qualities are elevated to god - like or flawless 2020 food requirements: 5.2 million tonnes needed 4 million tonnes produced Propaganda: exaggerated media messages about the positive qualities and capabilities of the state or state leaders https:// youtu.be / THPcwWEpHQc Take Home Point China’s population policies have led to an enormous gender gap North Korea is one of the few remaining globally isolated states. Food insecurity is one way it is connected. North Korea is a nuclear power The unique geography of Southeast Asia Learning Objectives Consider the environmental cost of habitat loss for rare animals of this region Learn about the variety of cities, economies, and transportation in this region of low urbanization Understand the significance of ASEAN for the region And the role of China as it seeks influence here Defining SE Asia Mainland and insular regions Region of geopolitical tensions – Chinese influence and control Pronounced gaps between wealth and poverty Rural region of primate cities Figure 13.1 Southeast Asia Singapore: Entrepot Singapore: Public Housing ASEAN Association of Southeastern Asian Nations – “a community of opportunities for all” Myanmar: “Ghost Capital” Military rule, now democracy, now... Buddhist, now ethnic cleansing Isolated, now tourism expanding Yangon Naypyidaw Diffusion of Islam Islam spread quickly from its hearth on the Arabian Peninsula Muslim armies spread across westward Northern Africa and eastward towards south Asia Muslim traders took Islam with them as they moved around the globe Islam: Indonesia Brought to Southeast Asia by Muslim merchants around 1200 AD By 1650, Islam dominated in Malaysia and Indonesia Indonesia is the world’ s most populous Muslim country 88 percent of 243 million Indonesians are Muslim FIGURE 13.20 Indonesian Mosque Kuala Lampur , Malaysia Brunei: Kingdom The unique geography of Southeast Asia Archipelago: the Philippines The island of Boracay, Philippines: 7,000 islands Typhoon: the Philippines Traffic: Bangkok Traffic solution: Bangkok River taxis and markets Thailand: Primate City Industrialization greatest in historical core (especially Bangkok) Migrants from poorer northeast often work in construction (men) or as prostitutes (women) Social Development in SE Asia: Sex Trade Approximately 250k sex workers – Young women, girls and boys Sex tourism Sex trafficking – Russian mafia suspected involvement Surrogacy markets Commercial Sex in Pattaya https://www.pimpbangkok.com/post/female - tour - guide Social Development in SE Asia: Sex Trade Approximately 250k sex workers – Young women, girls and boys Sex tourism Sex trafficking – Russian mafia suspected involvement Surrogacy markets Commercial Sex in Pattaya https://www.pimpbangkok.com/post/female - tour - guide Take Home Points 1. SE Asia has geographic attributes not found in most other regions 2. SE Asia is dominated by primate cities, some of which are very modern and very wealthy 3. The creation of ASEAN reflects a unity in this region SE Asia: the Empty Forest Syndrome The Empty Forest Syndrome The rapid rate of extinction of animals from wild populations leading to massive loss of biodiversity in SE Asian forests Dr O’Reilly: The destruction of SE Asian forests in order to sell commodities to people in distant places, who will never notice the loss of these species Orangutan -- Indonesia Origins of a Palm Oil Plantation Pilleated Gibbon -- Cambodia Pilleated Gibbon -- Cambodia https://youtu.be/EwBP34 - 8jPk Chevrotain -- Vietnam Take Home Points 1. Cute animals in SE Asia are endangered due to logging and other environmental issues SE Asia: War in Vietnam and the Cambodian Holocaust GEOG 202 Learning Objectives Map the colonial influence in SE Asia Define key political geography terms associated with conflict in the region Understand the Vietnam War (and the bombing of Cambodia and Laos) as a Cold War conflict Introduce The Killing Fields The Colonial Era Vietnam background France colonized Indochina between 1857 - 1883  By 1930, Ho Chi Minh had organized the Indochinese Communist Party against the French Independence opportunities of WWII 1945, Vietnamese independence declared under the rule of the Viet Minh (aka NVA; nationalists ) War broke out in 1947 1948 French established Bao Dai government (a puppet regime) A ‘hot’ Cold War conflict Soviets and China supported Ho Chi Minh US recognized Bao Dai government 1954, country is divided at the 17 th parallel Hanoi Saigon Proxy war : a war in which two powers use third parties as a substitute for fighting each other Keywords Domino theory : fear that if Vietnam fell to communism, the rest of Southeast Asia would follow Two Vietnams Ngo Dinh Diem established as head of South Vietnam ( ARVN ) with US support Viet Cong (“Charlie” ; guerilla fighters from the South that sided with the north) forms to resist Diem Diem assassinated with US help in 1963 http://avstop.com/news/phu.html US Deaths per year https:// www.archives.gov /research/military/ vietnam - war/casualty - statistics Enter the US into the Vietnam War Pres. Kennedy (d.1963) got US in Pres. Johnson (1963 - 69) got US in deeper – Attack on American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964 Pres. Nixon (1969 - 74) got US deeper, then out – Also began bombing of Cambodia US bombs Cambodia Major bombing attacks began in 1965, continued until 1973 (peace accord twn US and No Vietnam – At the war ’ s peak, 500,000 troops stationed Protests erupted in the US against the war Mary Ann Vecchio, 14, screams over the body of Jeffrey Miller, 20, after he was shot by the Ohio National Guard during a protest at Kent State University against the US invasion of Cambodia. https://www.kent.edu/may - 4 - historical - accuracy President Nixon announces the entry of US troops into Cambodia in 1970. — Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Quagmire : quicksand; in politics, a foreign military campaign in which there is no foreseeable victory, no clear objectives, no clear exit strategy President Nixon announces the entry of US troops into Cambodia in 1970. — Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Quagmire : quicksand; in politics, a foreign military campaign in which there is no foreseeable victory, no clear objectives, no clear exit strategy Expanding the war into Laos and Cambodia Disrupted neighboring Laos and Cambodia Ho Chi Minh Trail: supply line of roads and paths that supplied the Viet Cong fighting for the North Beginning of the end NVA and Viet Cong Tet offensive kills 2,500 Americans in 1968 1975, Saigon falls to the North 58,000 US dead 1.3 million Vietnamese dead http:// www.cbsnews.com / htdocs / saigon / framesource_photos.html http:// www.rjsmith.com / kia_tbl.html The Killing Fields A True Story The Killing Fields & Pol Pot Dith Pran (1984) Buddhist Pol Pot’s peasant utopia: Year Zero Purity of children: unsullied by memories The Khmer Rouge enter Phnom Penh after overwhelming opposition armed forces in 1975 Survivors sift through rubble after a 1974 Khmer Rouge attack on Phnom Penh. — Christine Spengler/ Sygma /Corbis Admiring the untouched tribes of the north, Pol Pot activated an effort to restore Cambodian society to subsistence: Year Zero Survivors sift through rubble after a 1974 Khmer Rouge attack on Phnom Penh. — Christine Spengler/ Sygma /Corbis Admiring the untouched tribes of the north, Pol Pot activated an effort to restore Cambodian society to subsistence: Year Zero The Khmer Rouge forbid cars as symbols of the bourgousie Religion was forbidden -- Buddhism Mass graves of those executed by the Khmer Rouge 200 political prisons ”It is better to arrest 10 by mistake then let 1 guilty go free” Map of skulls — Cambodia Killing Fields Museum Between 2 - 3 million Cambodians died in the genocide The Khmer Rouge eventually turned on each other. Children were often in charge. Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979. Khieu Samphan , guilty 1994 Khmer Rouge Party outlawed Now a constitutional monarchy Impoverished pre - COVID 7.7% economic growth through garment exports Summary Colonization played a major role in the borders, economies and diversity of SE Asia Vietnam War (and the bombing of Cambodia and Laos) was a proxy war during the Cold War conflict The Vietnam War divided the US, but unified Vietnam The US bombing of Cambodia enabled the Khmer Rouge to come to power Things to watch out for: 1. Dith Pran’s transformation 2. Changes in Khmer Rouge leadership over time 3. Actions taken by Khmer Rouge to create Year Zero 1. Class 2. Agriculture 3. Children 4. Dith Pran’s efforts to save himself Chapter 14: Australia and Oceania Chapter 14: Australia and Oceania FIGURE 14.1 Learning Objectives 1. Understand the unique geography of atolls and hot spots 2. Learn about the indigenous and European settlement of Australia and Oceania 3. Become familiar with the Rabbit Proof Fence and why they were built Setting the boundaries This region is dominated by water; the countries in the region share elements of indigenous and colonial history Australia and Oceania are dominated mostly by water Oceania: a sweeping collection of islands reaching from New Guinea and New Zealand to Hawaii The largest and richest countries in the region are Australia and New Zealand Melanesia : “dark islands”; Polynesia : “many islands” Micronesia : “small islands” west of Polynesia Chapter 14: Australia and Oceania FIGURE 14.1 Creating Island Landforms Most Polynesian and Micronesian islands originated from volcanic activity on the ocean floor Atoll: low, sandy island ringed by coral, often oriented around a central lagoon, originating with a volcano Atoll formation Hot Spot Historical Settlement European colonization Colonization began in Australia (British penal colony) in 1788, and then into New Zealand Aborigines (AUS indigenous people) were expelled from their lands and sometimes killed Maoris (NZ indigenous people) fought Britain but lost most of their land https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/19/tens - of - thousands - protest - new - zealand - maori - rights - bill Continuing Social Challenges Life expectancy averages around 80 years in Australia and New Zealand Social conditions of indigenous groups are worse than for European descendants Levels of social welfare in Oceania vary with the region’s economic circumstances Life expectancy in the Solomon Islands is 62 Life expectancy in Papua New Guinea is 59 Aboriginals at Australia’s Uluru National Park Capitalism & The Turkey Tail The Turkey tail in Samoa 1950s US poultry farms began marketing 2007 average Samoan ate 44 lbs a year obesity rate = 75% Rabbit Proof Fence: viewing guide Where is everyb ody? Rabbit Proof Fence https://www.nma.gov.au/defining - moments/resources/rabbits - introduced http:// www.rabbitfreeaustralia.com.au /rabbits/the - rabbit - problem/ The Stolen Generation ‘half caste’ children taken by the parents, especially if they were lighter skinned 1000s of children taken Moore River Settlement 1905 Aboriginal Protector law — the state was the legal guardian of every aboriginal and part Aboriginal child under 16 Continued up until the 1970s Molly’s Journey (1930) Molly’s daughter, Doris (d. 2014) An official apology in 2008 to the ‘Stolen Generation’ Summary https://youtu.be/b3TZOGpG6cM?si =EfMh1gVuftBf3HRS Summary Australia is the dominant economy in the region, followed by New Zealand Native peoples (Aborigines and Maoris) continue to struggle; some assimilate, others resist  Australia’s ties to its Asian neighbors are growing stronger Summary Australia is the dominant economy in the region, followed by New Zealand Native peoples (Aborigines and Maoris) continue to struggle; some assimilate, others resist Australia’s ties to its Asian neighbors are growing