ANA101 Foundations to Anatomy & Physiology Q2 Reviewer PDF

ANA101 – LESSON 3: [Appendicular Skeleton] A. Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) Gross Anatomy of Appendicular Skeleton Consists of TWO BONES:...

ANA101 – LESSON 3: [Appendicular Skeleton] A. Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) Gross Anatomy of Appendicular Skeleton Consists of TWO BONES: OUTLINE ○ Clavicle I. The Appendicular Skeleton ○ Scapula II. Upper Appendages Lightweight and allows the upper limb A. Pectoral Girdle 1. Clavicle exceptionally free movement. 2. Scapula B. Upper Limb 1. Arm 2. Forearm ○ However, due to this flexibility, it is very 3. Hand easily dislocated. III. Lower Appendages A. Pelvic Girdle The shoulder joint is poorly reinforced by 1. Ilium 2. Ischium ligaments. 3. Pubis B. Lower Limb 1. Thigh Figure 5.21 (b) Right clavicle, superior and inferior views 2. Leg 3. Foot IV. Practice Assessments I. The Appendicular Skeleton Makes up the bones of the upper and lower appendages (126 bones). Divided into 3 MAIN PARTS: ○ Skull ○ Vertebral Column ○ Thoracic Cage II. Upper Appendages Clavicles (Collarbones) Figure 5.21 (a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle showing A pair of slender, doubly curved bones the relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum Attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially Attaches to the scapula laterally, forming the shoulder joint. Acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax and helps prevent shoulder dislocation. ○ When it is broken, the whole shoulder region caves in medially. Figure 5.21 (c) Right scapula, posterior aspect Coracoid Process A beaklike process Points laterally over the top of the shoulder Anchors some of the muscles of the arm Acromioclavicular Connects the Joint acromion with the clavicle laterally Suprascapular A nerve passageway Notch Medial to the coracoid process Sternoclavicular Attaches the shoulder Joint girdle to the axial skeleton at only one point Figure 5.21 (d) Right scapula, anterior aspect Commonly called wings because they flare when we move our arms posteriorly. Not directly attached to the axial skeleton. ○ Loosely held in place by trunk muscles. Its loose attachment allows it to slide back and forth against the thorax as the muscles act. Has two important processes ○ Acromion ○ Coracoid The shoulder joint is poorly reinforced by ligaments. MNEMONICS: Grand Artists Create Amazing Sculptures Swiftly Scapula (Shoulder Blades) Borders Superior Medial (Vertebral) B. Upper Limb Lateral (Axillary) Angles Superior Figure 5.22 (a) Humerus, anterior view (b) Humerus, posterior view Inferior Lateral Glenoid Cavity A shallow socket that receives the head of the humerus (arm bone) in the lateral angle Acromion Process Enlarged lateral end of the spine in the scapula  Arm Medial Epicondyle Flanks the Coronoid Fossa and Olecranon Humerus Forms the arm Lateral Epicondyle Fossa A typical long bone Allows the corresponding Head The rounded structure processes of the ulna at the proximal end of to move freely when the humerus the elbow is bent and Fits into the shallow extended. glenoid cavity of the scapula Both of these processes articulate with the Anatomic Neck A slight constriction bones of the forearm. Inferior to the head ○ Trochlea Intertubercular Seperates the two ○ Capitulum Sulcus bony projections which are the greater Figure 5.22 (c) Anterior view of the bones of the forearm: the radius tubercle and lesser tubercle and ulna Anterolateral to the head Greater Tubercle Sites of muscle Lesser Tubercle attachment. Surgical Neck The most frequently fractured part of the humerus Distal to the tubercles Deltoid Tuberosity A roughened area in the midpoint of the shaft The attachment site of the shoulder’s deltoid muscle Radial Groove Marks the course of the radial nerve, which is important to the upper limb Runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the shaft Medial Trochlea Forearm Somewhat resembles a spool Radius Lateral bone on the At the distal end of the humerus thumb side of the forearm Capitulum Its distal end crosses Ball-like and lateral over and ends up Can be “outlined” with medial to the ulna a “C” from the anterior when the hand is view rotated so that the palm faces backward Coronoid Fossa A depression Its disc-shaped head Above the trochlea forms a joint with the anteriorly capitulum of the humerus Olecranon Fossa A depression On the posterior Radioulnar Joints Where the radius and surface ulna proximally and distally articulate  Interosseous A flexible membrane Membrane where the radius and Metacarpals Bones that compose ulna are connected the palm along their entire Numbered 1 to 5 from length the thumb towards the little finger Styloid Process Located at the distal The heads become end of both the radius obvious as “knuckles” and ulna when the fist is clenched Radial Tuberosity Attachment site of the tendon of the biceps Phalanges Bones of the fingers muscle Each hand contains 14 Just below the head of these Each finger consists of Ulna The medial bone on three phalanges the little finger side of (proximal, middle, and the forearm distal) The thumb only has Anterior Coronoid Located at the two (proximal and Process distal) proximal end of the Posterior ulna Olecranon Processes that grip the trochlea of the humerus in a curved MNEMONICS: Cute Mice Play! “tongue-in-groove” like joint III. Lower Appendages Trochlear Notch Separates the coronoid process and olecranon A. Pelvic Girdle Bearing weight is its most important function as MNEMONICS: Rivers Run In Swift Rides Under A Pretty Tree the total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Consists of TWO BONES: Figure 5.23 Bones of the right hand, anterior view ○ Coxal bones (hip bones) ○ Sacrum Pelvis - formed by these bones along with the coccyx. Composed of large and heavy bones. Attached securely to the axial skeleton via the sacral attachment to the L5 lumbar vertebra. Its sockets receive the femur (thigh bones), they are heavily reinforced by ligaments that attach the limbs firmly to the girdle. The pelvis protects the: ○ Reproductive organs ○ Urinary bladder Hand ○ Part of the large intestine Carpals Consists of eight Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of three bones These bones are bones the: arranged in two ○ Ilium irregular rows of four bones each form the ○ Ischium carpus (wrist) ○ Pubis Bound together by ligaments that restrict movements between them  Acetabulum - a deep socket where these Anterior Superior Iliac Spine Anterior end of the bones fuse iliac crest ○ Means “vinegar cup” Posterior Superior Iliac Spine Posterior end of the ○ Receives the head of the thigh bone iliac crest Small Inferior Located below the Figure 5.24 (a) Articulated pelvis Spines posterior and anterior superior iliac spine Greater Sciatic Allows blood vessels Notch and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh Injections in the buttock should always be given well away from this area to avoid possible nerve damage. Figure 5.24 (b) Coxal (hip) bone, showing the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones at the acetabulum MNEMONICS: Some Animals In A Peaceful Space Gather Near Ischium Ischial Tuberosity Roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting Ischial Spine Narrows the outlet of the pelvis which the baby must pass during birth Superior to the tuberosity Called the “sit-down bone” because it forms Ilium the most inferior part of the coxal bone. Sacroiliac Joint A large, flaring bone that forms most of the Pubis hip bone Connects the ilium Obturator Foramen An opening that allows posteriorly with the blood vessels and sacrum nerves to pass into the anterior part of the Alae Winglike portions of thigh the ilia Enclosed by a bar of What our hands rest bone formed by the over when we place fusion of the rami of them on our hips the pubis anteriorly and the ischium Iliac Crest Upper edge of an ala posteriorly An important anatomical landmark Pubic Symphysis A cartilaginous joint that is always kept in Anterior articulations mind by those who of the pubic bones of give intramuscular each hip bone injection Most anterior and inferior part of a coxal bone.  Pelvis Female Pelvic Girdle False Pelvis Superior to the true Inlet Larger and more pelvis circular The area medial to the flaring portions of the Pelvis Shallower with lighter ilia and thinner bones True Pelvis Surrounded by bone Ilia Flares more laterally, Lies inferior to the giving women curvy flaring parts of the ilia hips and the pelvic brim Its dimensions for Sacrum women who want to Shorter and less bear children are very curved important because they must allow the Ischial Spines Shorter and farther infant’s head to pass apart during childbirth Thus, the outlet is larger Outlet The inferior opening of the pelvis measured Pubic Arch More rounded between the ischial because the angle of spines the pubic arch is greater Inlet Superior opening between the right and left sides of the pelvic brim B. Lower Limbs The dimensions of the cavity, particularly the Carries our total body weight when we are outlet and inlet are critical for women who want erect. to bear children. They are carefully measured Consists of THREE SEGMENTS: by the obstetrician. ○ Thigh While individual pelvic structures vary, there are ○ Leg fairly consistent differences between a male ○ Foot and female pelvis. Much thicker and stronger than the comparable bones of the Figure 5.24 (c) Comparison of the pelves of the male (above) and upper limb. female (below) Figure 5.25 (a) Anterior view of femur (b) Posterior view of femur  Figure 5.25 (c) Anterior view of leg Thigh (Femur) Femur The only bone in the thigh The heaviest, strongest, and longest bone in the body Its head articulates with the deep, secure pocket of the acetabulum Slants medially as it runs downward to join with the leg bones, bringing the knees in line with the body’s center of gravity Its medial course is more noticeable in women because their pelvis is typically wider Head Found at the proximal Neck end of the femur Leg (Tibia and Fibula) Greater Trochanter Markings that serve as sites for muscle Interosseous Lesser Trochanter attachment Membrane Connects along the length of the tibia and Intertrochanteric fibula Line Anteriorly separates the greater and lesser Tibia trochanter Larger and more medial than the fibula Intertrochanteric Also known as the Crest Posteriorly separates shin bone the greater and lesser trochanter Medial Condyle Articulates with the Gluteal Tuberosity Lateral Condyle distal end of the femur Located on the to form the knee joint proximal end of the Located at the shaft proximal end of the Serves as a site for tibia muscle attachment Intercondylar Separates the medial Surgical Neck A common fracture Eminence and lateral condyle site, especially in old age Patellar A ligament that Lateral Conyle encloses the patella On the distal end of Also known as the Medial Condyle the femur kneecap Articulates with the tibia below Patella A sesamoid bone Intercondylar Posteriorly separates Fossa Tibial Tuberosity A roughened area on the lateral and medial condyle the anterior tibial surface Patellar Surface The patella attaches Forms a joint with the to this patella (kneecap) Located anteriorly on Medial Malleolus the distal end of the Forms the inner bulge femur of the ankle Located at the distal tibial surface  Anterior Border A sharp ridge Talus Superior to the unprotected by calcaneus muscles Articulates with the Located at the anterior tibia surface of the tibia Allows pointing of the Is easily felt beneath toes the skin Metatarsals Five of them form the Fibula Lies laterally alongside sole the tibia Forms joints with the Phalanges Fourteen of them form tibia both proximally the toes and distally Each two has three of A thin and sticklike them, except for the bone great toes, which have Has no part in forming two the knee joint Lateral Malleolus Forms the outer part of the ankle Supports our body weight and serves as a lever The distal end of the fibula that allows us to propel our bodies forward when we walk and run. Figure 5.26 Bones of the right foot, superior view Composed of ○ Tarsals ○ Metatarsals ○ Phalanges The bones in the foot are arranged to form three strong arches: two longitudinal (medial and lateral) and one transverse. The ligaments and tendons of our feet help hold the bones firmly in the arched position but still allow a certain amount of give or springiness. “Fallen arches” or “flat fee”t - a term for weak Figure 5.27 Arches of the foot arches. Foot Tarsus Forms the posterior half of the foot Composed of seven tarsal bones Its two largest mostly carries the body’s weight (calcaneus, the heel bone; and the talus)