CPESC Review Presentation PDF

CERTIFIED PROFESSIONAL IN R E V I E W P R E S E N TAT I O N M A N U A L EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL © July 2023 Version 7...

CERTIFIED PROFESSIONAL IN R E V I E W P R E S E N TAT I O N M A N U A L EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL © July 2023 Version 7.0 ENVIROCERT INTERNATIONAL, INC. 3054 Fite Circle, Suite 108, Sacramento, CA 95827 www.envirocert.org P: (279) 888-6911  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COPYRIGHT xxiii CANDIDATE TEST INFORMATION xxiii CONTACT INFORMATION xxv EXAM UNIT CONVERSION TABLE xxxii 1 CHAPTER 1 – PRESENTATION INTRODUCTION 1-1 2 CHAPTER 2 – INTENTIONALLY BLANK FOR FUTURE USE 2-1 3 CHAPTER 3 – SOIL FORMATION AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS 3-1 4 CHAPTER 4 – PROPERTIES OF SOILS 4-1 5 CHAPTER 5 – RUNOFF MANAGEMENT 5-1 6 CHAPTER 6 – SITE GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PLANNING 6-1 7 CHAPTER 7 – SITE HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS 7-1 8 CHAPTER 8 – SITE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 8-1 9 CHAPTER 9 – PREDICTING SOIL LOSS 9-1 10 CHAPTER 10 – RUNOFF MANAGEMENT 10-1 11 CHAPTER 11 – SOIL STABILIZATION 11-1 12 CHAPTER 12 – SEDIMENT CONTROL 12-1 i|P age  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EnviroCert International Inc. gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following for their support in developing and maintaining this General Principles Review Manual: 2023 UPDATE AND REVISIONS V.7.0 Robert Anderson, Executive Director, and Andrew Peach, CPESC President, PE, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI, Carlos Labadia, CPESC CPMSM, CPISM, NGICP, QSM, Senior Editor Erica Koh, Geosyntec, PE, CPESC, QSM Charles Wilson Jr., Certification Administrator, PLA, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI, Andrea Braga, Geosyntec, PE, CPESC, QSM CPMSM, NGICP, QSM, Senior Editor Dalton Parry, Marketing & Graphics Mark Goldsmith, Vice President and Associate, QSM Treasurer, CPESC, CESSWI, QSM Michael Kucharski, CPESC, CESSWI, QSM, Mike Chase, Director and Secretary, NGICP Technical Committee Co-Chair, CPSWQ, Cindy Aguilar CPESC, CESSWI, CPISM James O’Tousa, Director, Technical Committee Co-Chair, PG, CEG, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI 2019 UPDATE AND REVISIONS V.6.0 Robert Anderson, Executive Director, and Erica Tillinghast, Geosyntec, PE, CPESC, QSM President, PE, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI, Andrea Braga, Jacobs, PE, CPESC, QSM CPMSM, CPISM, QSM Carlos Labadia, CPESC Mark Goldsmith, Vice President and Treasurer, CPESC, CESSWI, QSM Charles Greene, CPESC, CPSWQ Mike Chase, Director and Secretary, Christopher Hargreaves, CPESC Technical Committee Co-Chair, CPSWQ, Gary Moody, CPESC, CPISM CPESC, CESSWI, CPISM Marc Theisen, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI James O’Tousa, Director, Technical Committee Co-Chair, PG, CEG, CPESC, Mieke Hoppin, CPESC CPSWQ, CESSWI Nicholas Elmasian, CPESC, CPSWQ Charles Wilson Jr., Technical Manager / Sharon Dotts, CPESC Head of Admissions, PLA, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI, CPMSM, QSM ii | P a g e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 2015 UPDATE AND REVISIONS Alan Black, Technical Chair, PE, CPSWQ, Barry Fagan, CPESC, CESSWI, CPMSM CPESC, CESSWI Mark Goldsmith, CPESC, CESSWI Robert Anderson, Interim Executive Steve Anderson, CPESC, CESSWI Director, and President, PE, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI, CPMSM Michael Chase, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI Charles Wilson Jr., Technical Director, RLA, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI, CPMSM 2010 UPDATE AND REVISIONS Ted Sherrod, CPESC, CPSWQ Pierre Bordenave, CPESC Don Lake, P.E., CPESC, CPSWQ Tony King, CPESC J. Eric Scherer, CPESC, CPSWQ David Franklin, CPESC, CESSWI Carol L. Forrest, CPESC, CPSWQ Mike Harding, CPESC Eric Berntsen, CPESC, CPSWQ Jennifer Hildebrand, CPESC, CPSWQ, CESSWI INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COPYRIGHT CPESC is a registered trademark of EnviroCert International, Inc. The CPESC logo is a registered trademark of EnviroCert International, Inc. Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control is a trademark of EnviroCert International, Inc. CANDIDATE TEST INFORMATION All test candidates will need to strictly adhere to EnviroCert International, Inc. (ECI) requirements shown below. No test packets will be issued by the proctor until all outside materials have been removed from the testing room and this form has been signed. xxiii | P a g e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 SUPPLIES Candidates should only bring the following supplies to the exam. Clear straight edge or a ruler Two (2) #2 pencils (min.) Your ECI letter of approval for the exam A government-issued photo ID ECI will provide scratch paper for the exam. No other supplies will be provided. OUTSIDE MATERIALS No material other than that provided or approved by EnviroCert (see list above) may be brought inside the testing room. Your pockets must be empty. Purses, backpacks, bags, cell phones, smart watches, or tablets are not allowed in the room. The proctor may designate a storage location for your personal items. ECI will not be responsible for any loss or damaged items. CALCULATOR ECI allows the use of calculators for any certification examination. These calculators cannot have any of the following features: Internet Capability Photo or Video Camera Capability Audio and/or Digital Recording Capability Any devices with the above capabilities are also not allowed in the examination room. These include but are not limited to: Cell phones Smartphones Smartwatches Smart devices Tablets Cameras Recording devices Computers xxiv | P a g e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 CONTACT INFORMATION This General Principles Review Manual was prepared by EnviroCert International, Inc. For more information please contact: EnviroCert International, Inc. 3054 Fite Circle, Suite 108 Sacramento, CA 95827 Voice: (279) 888-6911 Fax: (828) 655-1622 Email: [email protected] Web: www.envirocert.org xxv | P a g e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Date: MARCH 8, 2018 To: ALL EXAM CANDIDATES Subject: PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION VERSUS CERTIFICATE OF TRAINING WHY OBTAIN A PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION FROM ECI? Ladies and Gentlemen: EnviroCert International Inc. (ECI) is an International Professional Certification organization whose purpose is to ensure ECI Certified Professionals have sufficient knowledge and experience and have demonstrated technical competency through rigorous examination. Certified Professionals are required to further develop and expand their expertise through continuing education via professional development opportunities after they are certified. These requirements set ECI’s Professional Certification apart from “certificates of training” programs. These designations are frequently confusing because the word “certification” is often used interchangeably. It is important for the Professional Certification Applicant to understand and recognize that no single course will adequately prepare them for a Professional Certification exam. Various education opportunities, and years of experience in the profession, are required to adequately prepare someone for Professional Certification. “Certificates of training” are generally classes or workshops that present supplemental education and information and “certificates” are available to all participants who attend the training. A certificate of training is typically a well-defined session where the person sits through the program and may take an exam of the information presented to demonstrate a learning process has occurred. There are no prerequisites and no other continuing requirements to maintain the “certificate”. These training opportunities are valuable and important. ECI encourages this education and experience for all applicants and requires continuing education for ECI Certified Professionals. Continuing education and development are valuable and necessary to transfer education and technology and progress the industry. In contrast, “Professional Certification” requires years of study and experience to develop sufficient knowledge and skills necessary to become a Certified Professional. An application demonstrating this experience and education is required to be submitted, reviewed, and accepted by ECI. Once accepted as a candidate for certification, the candidate is required to pass a rigorous exam to demonstrate competency in the subject. In addition, all Certified i|P age  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Professionals are required to abide by a code of ethics and conduct and complete professional development units (PDUs) to demonstrate continued learning in the ever-changing dynamic environment of stormwater. ECI has developed a list of organizations where “certificate of training”, and other educational content may be obtained, and will be accepted for PDU credits. This is a dynamic list that will be regularly updated. ECI asks that if you encounter organizations that are providing quality training, and are not included on ECI’s list, to please assist us by sending a description of the training and contact information to ECI so we can follow up with the provider. We wish you the best of success on your upcoming exam. We understand these are stressful undertakings, and we look forward to welcoming you to the ECI community! If you have any questions, feel free to contact us. ENVIROCERT INTERNATIONAL, INC. ________________________________ Mark S. Goldsmith, CPESC, CESSWI Vice President / Associate Executive Director ________________________________ Robert W. Anderson, PE, Juris Doctorate, CPESC, CPMSM, CPSWQ, CESSWI, CPISM, CMS (APWA) Chairman of Board /Executive Director ii | P a g e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Date: JULY 10, 2023 To: ALL EXAM CANDIDATES Subject: EXAMINATION PROCEDURES EXPLANATION Dear Candidate: EnviroCert International Inc. (ECI) would like to take this opportunity to provide some general information to assist candidates for the upcoming exam(s). TEST SCOPE AND OVERVIEW ECI would like to provide all candidates with the following information to consider in preparation for the exam: We suggest that all candidates realize that the test is based on practice across all fifty (50) states and over forty-three (43) countries. Therefore, it is based on international standards, and not one specific state or region. I. ECI Professional Certifications are designed to test a candidate’s depth and breadth of knowledge. Therefore, the General Principles and Review Course is not intended to teach you the exam (that would be for certificates of training), but rather provide a general overview to assist a candidate prepare for the exam. As this is a professional certification, each candidate must exhibit the necessary knowledge and education as well as properly prepare for the exam. II. No single reference or book exists that properly addresses the practices encompassed within ECI Professional Certifications. It will be necessary for you to review a wide range of references. III. ECI has made every effort to accommodate language and pejorative/prejudicial questions. Every question will have one or more correct answers, whereas one question, based on the facts of the questions, will be more correct than others. No question is intended to be a “trick” question, rather is intended to have the applicant demonstrate their knowledge. iii | P a g e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 TEST SPECIFICS Please review the latest information on the website or review course for the latest information. In general, all exams are provided at professional exam testing centers on-line. There may be paper-exams where staff proctor the exam. It is essential that all candidates are properly prepared for the exam with the proper calculators and associated materials. Please pay close attention to all emails and letters to ensure you follow all testing procedures and policies. EXAM STRATEGIES AND ADVICE ECI would like to provide the following information and advice: 1. All qualified candidates are expected to possess the necessary education and/or experience in the field of expertise within the industry on a national level. The exams will test the minimum standards of this knowledge to demonstrate competency in the subject matter. 2. Technical/scientific exam questions are written to be applied across the U.S. and internationally. While regional differences in soils, topography, climate, and other factors exist, the underlying principles of the science and application of practice do not change. 3. Regulatory exam questions are based on a national scope and do not test the applicant on regional variation or State specific requirements. ECI has left it to the individual states to develop “local” or “State-Level” test programs. 4. Every calculation has been checked and verified by committees consisting of leading experts in the respective field. Computer spreadsheets and hand calculations have been developed for each analytical question. Questions are designed to test general and specific areas of knowledge. If an applicant encounters a question that appears to not contain the requisite facts, the test taker is encouraged to re-examine the question and fact pattern and should re-assess her/his approach. The necessary information to answer the question has been provided in the question. 5. The Review Manuals provide an overview of the scope of practice an Applicant should possess. These manuals are intended to provide an overview of the “general principles” and are not intended to be a comprehensive coverage of the subject matter. The scope iv | P a g e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 of practice for these certifications is much too broad and complex to be included in a single manual. Every question specifically addresses problems that are typically encountered in the industry. It is the candidate’s duty to understand the fundamental principles and application thereof. The exam is designed to assist ECI in verifying a sufficient level of knowledge and experience, including decision-making and other skills that come with extensive professional experience. 6. All tests are analyzed, and results are compiled based on, but not limited to; total score, answer per question, and specific answers. This data is compiled based on historic test results and test results based on various thresholds of education and experience. 7. ECI is an International Certification body that operates in conformance with International Accreditation Standards. As such, Professional Licensing organizations do not provide exam scores or information on exam questions (Policy PS6006.01). 8. All exams will be administered online or via approved independent exam proctors that have been formally approved by ECI in conformance with International Accreditation Standards. 9. Every question has a distinct most correct answer. There may be answers that are partly correct. ECI does not want to ever deceive/trick a candidate, but rather want to provide the candidates every opportunity to demonstrate their professional knowledge and expertise. SUMMARY ECI test results and records conclusively demonstrate that candidates who 1) obtain the proper experience, 2) prepare with comprehensive review based on the Certification Scope of Practice, and 3) implement proper exam techniques, will have a higher degree of exam success. Each candidate should thoroughly prepare and familiarize themselves with testing techniques in addition to exam technical data. This should include familiarity with calculator use and proper time management. ECI would like to thank each Applicant for choosing ECI professional certification to enhance their technical credibility, and we wish you the best of luck. We look forward to welcoming every one of you as a Certified Professional with ECI, the leader in professional certification for the stormwater industry. v|P ag e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 If you have any questions, feel free to contact us. ENVIROCERT INTERNATIONAL, INC. ________________________________ Mark S. Goldsmith, CPESC, CESSWI, QSM Vice President ________________________________ Robert W. Anderson, PE (15 States), Juris Doctorate, CPESC, CPMSM, CPSWQ, CESSWI, CPISM, NGICP, QSM Chairman of Board /Executive Director vi | P a g e  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 EXAM UNIT CONVERSION TABLE Length = __ inches =___feet =___yards =___miles inch 1 0.08333 0.02778 1.578E-05 foot 12 1 0.33333 0.00019 yard 36 3 1 0.00057 mile 63,360 5,280 1,760 1 Area =___Sq. In. =___ Sq.Ft. =___Sq.Yds. =___ Acres =___Sq.Miles Square Inch 1 0.00694 0.00077 1.594E-07 2.491E-10 Square Foot 144 1 0.11111 2.296E-05 3.587E-08 Square Yard 1,296 9 1 2.296E-05 3.228E-07 Acre 6,272,640 43,560 4,840 1 0.00156 Square Mile 4,014,489,600 27,878,400 3,097,600 640 1 Volume =___Cu.In. =___Gallons =___Cu.Ft. =___Cu.Yds. =___Ac.Ft. Cubic Inch 1 0.00433 0.00058 2.140E-06 1.329E-08 Gallon 231 1 0.13368 0.00495 3.069E-06 Cubic Foot 1,728 7.48 1 0.03704 2.300E-05 Cubic Yard 46,656 201.97 27 1 6.200E-04 Acre Feet 72,271,680 325851.43 43,560 1,613.33 1 Liquid Volumes =___Ounces =___Pints =___Quarts =___Gallons Ounce 1 0.06250 0.03125 0.00781 Pint 16 1 0.5 0.125 Quart 32 2 1 0.25 Gallon 128 8 4 1 Weight/Mass =___Ounces =___Pounds =___Tons Ounce 1 0.06250 3.125E-05 Pound 16 1 0.00050 Ton 32,000 2000 1 vii | P a g e CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLES REVIEW INTRODUCTION TO CPESC EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 2 1-1 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 CPESC Defined… A Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control (CPESC) embraces the science of surface erosion and sediment control. This practice also specializes in the study and subsequent reduction of the adverse effects of environmental pollutants, whether natural or manmade, as it relates to soil, water, and air. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 3 Did You Know… CPESC is the only professional certification recognized by the EPA whose professionals are designated as qualified to prepare stormwater pollution plans (SWPPPs). EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 4 1-2 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 CPESC Overview The CPESC certification represents many disciplines and specialties that work to produce site-specific plans and designs that comprehensively address current and potential erosion and sedimentation issues CPESCs meet educational and practical experience standards, subscribe to the code of ethics, pass a qualifying exam, and maintain expertise through a continuing professional development program EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 5 Benefits of CPESC on Your Team CPESC qualification identifies professionals who have a high-level of experience and technical knowledge If your team works on landscapes that involve land disturbances, land development and land management then incorporation of a CPESC on your team is a smart move EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 6 1-3 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Benefits of CPESC on Your Team While working on sites like subdivisions, commercial sites, parks, other recreational areas, mixed use developments, highways, transmission lines (power, oil, and gas), farms, forests and surface mines CPESC team members are a resource which ensures your projects will: run according to regulation, be permitted efficiently and perform exceptionally EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 7 CPESC Scope of Practice EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 8 1-4 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Please visit our website for a complete CPESC SCOPE OF PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION and SPECIFIC AREAS of PRACTICE EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 9 CPESC General Industries of Practice Construction and Land Development (e.g. Residential, Commercial, Industrial, etc.) Transportation and Linear projects (e.g. highways, above or below ground lines or pipes, etc.) Soil and Water Conservation Forestry Agriculture Mining Activities EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 10 1-5 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 CPESC General Industries of Practice Landfill and Waste Management Oil and Gas Energy including Geothermal Reclamation and Site Remediation Watershed Management Manufacturing Education EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 11 CPESC Areas of Practice Rules and Regulations Site Assessment and Resource Inventory Site Planning and Management Predicting Soil Loss Runoff Management Soil Stabilization Assessing Soil Fertility and Soil Amendments Plant Species Selection EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 12 1-6 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 CPESC Areas of Practice Erosion and Sediment Control Specification of Pollution Prevention Measures Observation, Effectiveness Evaluation & Maintenance Recommendations Research and Development Related to Erosion and Sediment Control Administration of Erosion and Sediment Control Program Education of Erosion and Sediment Control Practitioners and Others Erosion and Sediment Control Products EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 13 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control CPESC is the only professional certification recognized by the EPA as a “qualified erosion control specialist” as referenced in the 2017 NPDES General Permit for Discharges from Construction Activities EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 14 1-7 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control The CPESC General Principles Review can be taken as a general overview for individuals interested in a career in the erosion and sediment control industry or professionals who are pursuing greater recognition within the industry Many individuals pursue professional certifications to demonstrate expertise in key areas of their professional activities EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 15 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control This review is optional but is recommended as a tool to refresh candidates on the general principles that a certified professional in erosion and sediment control should be familiar with and to assist with preparation for the exam. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 16 1-8 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control The information that will be presented during this Review covers general principles that a CPESC should know and does not cover all the information needed to pass the examination, as we rely on your knowledge from your professional experience and training. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 17 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control During this review we will cover six (6) major areas that a CPESC will need to know for professional practice 1. A brief overview of Rules and Regulations Please refer to the U.S. Rules and Regulations Resource and Study Guide provided with the take home exam for additional information. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 18 1-9 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control 2. Types of erosion, sediment, and sedimentation and some of the damages they can cause. This review will also cover the development of the SWPPP and general guidelines for BMPs and their relationship to the construction that will occur on the site. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 19 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control 3. Predicting soil loss, more specifically sheet and rill soil losses using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). Practice problems will be provided, and the presenter will work through how these problems are solved. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 20 1-10 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control 4. Basics of hydrology using Technical Release 55 (TR-55) methodology. Sample problems using the first worksheet of TR-55 will be provided and the presenter will work through how these problems are solved. Discuss methods of managing runoff through a range of different practices. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 21 Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control 5. Various practices used for soil stabilization. Also, within this area pure live seed and fertilizer sample problems will be provided and the presenter will work through how these problems are solved. 6. Sediment control and a variety of practices used to keep sediment on our site and out of receiving waters. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 22 1-11 | Page  Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control Review Presentation Manual V.7.0 CPESC Introduction EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 23 1-12 | Page CHAPTER 2 INTENTIONALLY BLANK FOR FUTURE USE CHAPTER 3 SOIL FORMATION AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS  CPESC Review Presentation Manual GENERAL PRINCIPLES REVIEW SOIL FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 2 CC V.1.0 3-1 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Properties Soil properties are highly variable, dynamic and are constantly changing. Soil formation processes results in different textures and consistencies that manifest as layers within the soil profile. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 3 Soil Properties A Certified Professional should be able to understand a soils: physical and chemical properties factors affecting the soils what that classification means regarding the soils ability to withstand erosion EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 4 CC V.1.0 3-2 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Properties Soils consist of different size particles that are group into three categories: Sand Silt Clay [Madhav University, accessed 2022] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 5 Sand Largest soil particle size ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 millimeters Exhibits high permeability and porosity, therefore high infiltration rates Sandy soils (also termed granular or cohesionless soils), provide a high-quality foundation soil o Where laterally confined, the intergranular strength provides high shear strengths EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 6 CC V.1.0 3-3 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Sand Less desirable on steeper slopes were clay or other materials do not cement/bind/adhere the soil particles o Sand soils strength is based on the intergranular strength. With no fine particles to provide cohesion or cement, the shear force meets or exceeds the shear strength of the soil. o Slopes over 2:1 (horizontal to vertical) begin to approach or exceed the typical strengths of sandy soils and require special analysis by civil engineers. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 7 Sand A Certified Professional should recognize the properties of sandy soils (SM/SP, etc.) and the inherent advantage and disadvantages when working with level to hillside conditions. o Important to understand how vegetation, soil compaction, binders, fabrics and other methods may have on soils. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 8 CC V.1.0 3-4 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Silt Silty soils are intermediate sized particle ranging between 0.005 mm (5 microns) to and 0.05 mm in diameter (less than 200 sieve) Smaller pore spaces than sand, but with a greater cumulative pore space than sand [Mavs Open Press, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 9 Silt Water drains through silt at a moderate to moderately slow rate and water tends to stick to the particles Exhibits some adhesion/cohesion between particles EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 10 CC V.1.0 3-5 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Silt Silty soils will feel similar to some clays (lean clays) but will dry quicker and have a smoother, silky feel. Silts are the nonplastic fines, they are inherently unstable in the presence of water and have a tendency to become "quick" when saturated that is, they assume the character of a viscous fluid and can flow. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 11 Clay Particles generally less than 0.005 mm (varies with different agencies and classifications) o Not measured by sieve testing but by hydrometer (spheres rate of fall in water) [unitracc.com, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 12 CC V.1.0 3-6 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Clay High porosity but low permeability, and varies based on shape, orientation, and chemical properties. o Abundant void space but not connected. Hence poor drainage. Particles can be round but predominately platy (flat) in shape. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 13 Clay Orientation of the particles can vary significantly and can affect the clays behavior. Unlike Sand and Silt soils, Clay can change volumes by incorporating water molecules into their structure. o Clays may swell with increasing water content and conversely shrink with decreasing water content. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 14 CC V.1.0 3-7 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Clay When dry, clays can be brittle and exhibit high strength values. With increasing water content, Clays decrease in strength, and more plastic behavior. As soil water content reach near saturated levels, clays reach a liquid state (liquid limit), and will start to flow with liquid-like properties (which increases with continued water content). EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 15 Soil Horizons A soil horizon is a layer that is relatively parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. Soil formation is influenced by the following factors: Parent material climate biota (organisms) topography time EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 16 CC V.1.0 3-8 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual [ScienceFacts, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 17 Soil Formation Factors Soil is formed through the process of weathering over time. Weathering occurs through the breakdown of parent material through; Gravity Wind Water Chemical and physical effects of vegetation Chemical and physical effects of animals The five main soil formation factors will be discussed over the next several slides. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 18 CC V.1.0 3-9 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Formation Factors Parent Material – The underlying geological material. This material can be either: Consolidated – residual parent material or soil developed in place from underlying rock, or Unconsolidated - parent material that has been moved into its current location, typically by water, ice, gravity and wind. Unconsolidated soils are the most common form of parent material. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 19 Soil Formation Factors Climate: Climate is the most important soil formation factor. It considers: Temperature Moisture Index Precipitation Wind Soil Organisms: Plants, animals and micro-organisms facilitate chemical reactions and/or excrete organic substances which either speed up or slow down soil formation. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 20 CC V.1.0 3-10 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Formation Factors Topography: Slope (steepness of a location) and Aspect (direction a slope faces in relationship to the sun) impact moisture content and the soils susceptibility to erosion. Time: Over time vegetation, micro-organisms, and climate act on the parent material and topography. The longer a soil has been exposed to the other soil forming factors the greater the development of the soil. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 21 Soil Formation Factors Four main soil formation processes, and a fifth less common process, alter the chemical and physical properties of soils. 1) Additions: material is added to the soil in various ways 2) Losses: material is eroded, leached, or harvested 3) Transformations: a soil constituent changes from one form to another 4) Translocations: movement of soil chemical or physical properties vertically within the soil profile 5) Lithification (less common): transformation of loose material into a solid sedimentary rock EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 22 CC V.1.0 3-11 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Classification Soils can be classified in many ways, such as Texture Mineral/organic content Hydrologic characteristics We will discuss the four (4) most common soil classification systems, Soil Taxonomy, USDA Soil Texture Classification, Unified Soil Classification System, and Hydrologic Soil Groups. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 23 Soil Classification SOIL TAXONOMY places soils with similar profiles and characteristics into groups. Within these groups different hierarchical levels are used to differentiate between mineral soils and organic soils. There are six (6) hierarchical levels: 1. Order 2. Suborder 3. Great group Soil Hierarchy of Soil Taxonomy 4. Subgroup [University of Arizona, 2019] 5. Family 6. Series EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 24 CC V.1.0 3-12 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Classification The USDA Soil Texture Classification system classifies soils by textures, such as sandy loam, silt, clay, based on the distribution of composition of sand, silt and clay within the soil. Well-Graded: Soils consist of an even distribution of grain sizes. Poorly-Graded/Uniformly-Graded: Soils that have an uneven distribution of grain sizes are considered”. Gap-Graded: Soils that have particle sizes absent. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 25 25 Soil Classification Gradation classifications are based on the amount of the soil passes through different size sieves (soil gradation curves). [Geotechnical Testing Equipment, accessed 2023] [Chegg, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 26 26 CC V.1.0 3-13 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual USDA Soil Texture Classification Well-graded soils typically have lower infiltration rates but greater strengths. [Civil Engineering Forum, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 27 USDA Soil Texture Classification Poorly graded soils typically have higher infiltration rates but poor strengths. [Civil Engineering Forum, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 28 CC V.1.0 3-14 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual USDA Soil Texture Classification A gap-graded soil is a soil that has an excess or deficiency of certain particle sizes or a soil that has at least one particle size missing. [Civil Engineering Forum, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 29 USDA Soil Texture Classification The USDA Soil Texture Classification categorizes soils into twelve (12) textures based on the percentage of sand, silt and clay. [Garden Tutor, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 30 CC V.1.0 3-15 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual USDA Soil Texture Classification Soil Texture Classifications Based on Percent Sand, Silt, and Clay [USDA, 2019b] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 31 Unified Soil Classification System While the USDA Soil Texture Classification categorizes soils based solely on particle size, the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) categorizes soils based on particle size and plasticity. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 32 CC V.1.0 3-16 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Unified Soil Classification System The USCS has fifteen (15) categories based on the soil particle size and a modifier, such as is the soil well-graded or poorly-graded, silty, or containing a high or low liquid limit. Each category/group has distinct physical properties, such as plasticity, or the ability of the soil to be transformed from a solid to a fluid. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 33 Unified Soil Classification System [EZ-pdh, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 34 CC V.1.0 3-17 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Classification – Hydrologic Soil Groups The Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG) classification system indicates the soils' ability to infiltrate water after prolonged wetting. Infiltration rates are determined based upon the most constrictive infiltration rate at any depth within any soil horizon within the soil series. Four (4) HSG groups are defined as A, B, C, or D, in conjunction with land use are used to determine and evaluate the soils runoff potential. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 35 Soil Classification – Hydrologic Soil Groups Hydrologic Soil Group A: These soils have a low runoff potential and a high infiltration rate. Infiltration rates typically exceed 5.67 inches per hour with a water table depth greater than 24 inches. Hydrologic Soil Group B: These soils have a moderate runoff potential and a moderate infiltration rate. Infiltration rates typically range between 5.67 inches and 1.42 inches per hour with a water table depth greater than 24 inches. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 36 CC V.1.0 3-18 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Classification – Hydrologic Soil Groups Hydrologic Soil Group C: These soils have a moderately high runoff potential and a low infiltration rate. Infiltration rates typically range between 1.42 inches and 0.14 inches per hour with a water table depth greater than 24 inches. Hydrologic Soil Group D: These soils have a high runoff potential and a very low infiltration rate. Infiltration rates typically are less than 0.14 inches per hour. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 37 CPESC Soil Formation and Properties [email protected] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 38 CC V.1.0 3-19 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual CC V.1.0 3-20 | Page CHAPTER 4 PROPERTIES OF SOILS  CPESC Review Presentation Manual GENERAL PRINCIPLES REVIEW PROPERTIES OF SOIL EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 2 CC V.1.0 4-1 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Properties Soil properties include physical, chemical, and biological elements based on soil classifications and soil structure. These properties impact both the erodibility and fertility of soils. In this section we will discuss soil physics and engineering properties, soil erodibility, soil chemistry, and soil biology. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 3 Soil Physics And Engineering Properties Soil is made up of: 1) solids (soil particles) 2) liquids (water) 3) gases (air) EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 4 CC V.1.0 4-2 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Physics And Engineering Properties Soil Phases describe the soil composition based on the volume of liquid water in the soil. Soils are described as: 1) dry 2) partially saturated (moist) 3) Saturated (wet) EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 5 Soil Physics And Engineering Properties [Floodsite.net, accessed 2020] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 6 CC V.1.0 4-3 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Physics And Engineering Properties [Education and Job, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 7 Soil Physics And Engineering Properties A soil's ability to hold water is dependent on the void space between the solid particles. Voids spaces are defined by two (2) metrics (both inversely proportional to grain size): 1. Porosity: the ratio of the volume of void space to the total volume of the soil. 2. Void Ratio: the ratio of the volume of void space to the volume of solids. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 8 CC V.1.0 4-4 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Physics And Engineering Properties The quantity of water in a soil is described by the Soil Moisture Content: the percentage of the mass of water to the mass of solids (“typically” as low as 4 to 6 percent for sand and gravels and values of 20 to 30 percent for clay); and, Degree of Saturation: the percentage of the volume of water to the volume of voids (scales range from 1 to 100 percent, with typical values on the order of 50 to 80 percent). EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 9 [Civiconcepts, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 10 CC V.1.0 4-5 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Physics And Engineering Properties A soils moisture content and degree of saturation are dependent on a soil’s void space and antecedent moisture conditions (the soil’s saturation due to a previous rain event). Fully saturated soils are defined as soils in which all void spaces have been filled with water. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 11 Soil Physics And Engineering Properties Soil composition and properties are important for a Certified Professional to understand. The rate of erosion of a soil are affected by differences in: i. Geometry v. Soil Consolidation (previous overburden ii. Size pressure) iii. Composition vi. Cohesion iv. Permeability EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 12 CC V.1.0 4-6 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Physics And Engineering Properties Cohesion is the force or shear strength that holds together molecules of like particles within the soil. o Strong cohesive soils are difficult to break apart and results in less erodibility of the soil. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 13 Soil Physics And Engineering Properties Once water infiltrates into the soil, “permeability” is the ability of water to flow through the available voids in the soil is dependent on the available void space and the connections between those void spaces. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 14 CC V.1.0 4-7 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Physics And Engineering Properties The coefficient of permeability, also known as the hydraulic conductivity (k), is often used in calculating the estimated flow through soil with either the Darcy’s Law or Green-Ampt equations. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 15 Soil Physics And Engineering Properties [Online Books from the Groundwater Project, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 16 CC V.1.0 4-8 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Physics And Engineering Properties Infiltration can also be calculated using Horton’s Methods. [Wikimedia Commons, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 17 Soil Physics And Engineering Properties Consolidation is defined as the settlement of soils into a more compressed state due to the expulsion of water and air from the void spaces. Consolidation is caused by a change in pressure on the surface of the soil. o Total consolidation and the time to reach it depends on the types of the grains in the soil. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 18 CC V.1.0 4-9 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Physics And Engineering Properties [The Constructor, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 19 [IIT Gandhinagar, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 20 CC V.1.0 4-10 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Erodibility Soil erodibility is a measure of the vulnerability of a soil to the erosion processes. o Soil structure, composition and the percentage of organics all influence the soils erodibility. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 21 Soil Erodibility Soil detachment is defined as soils particles being detached from the soil surface. o The primary cause of this is the impact of raindrops on the surface during precipitation. Detachment is the first step in the erosion process. Protecting soil from raindrop impact and runoff scour, either using vegetation or another soil covering, decreases erosion potential. [Science Direct.com, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 22 CC V.1.0 4-11 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Estimating Soil Loss – Soil Erodibilty Factor Soil loss is often quantified by using a version of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). o USLE or the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) estimates the average loss that is expected to erode by sheet or rill erosion. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 23 Estimating Soil Loss – Soil Erodibilty Factor The soil erodibility factor (K), represents the ease with which soil is detached either by rainfall impact and/or surface flow. o Accounts for the influence of soil properties on soil loss during a storm event. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 24 CC V.1.0 4-12 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry Soil is typically made up of 95% inorganic particles/minerals and void spaces and 5% organic matter. Over the next few slides, we will review soil pH, nutrient cycles, chemical additives, and the chemical processes in relationship to soils EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 25 Soil Chemistry pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of the soil. o pH measurements range from 1 to 14 (Log scale) o Lower numbers representing “acidic soils” and the higher numbers representing alkaline soils. o A pH of 7 is considered neutral. [Empress of Dirt, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 26 CC V.1.0 4-13 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry pH is controlled by the soil's mineralogy, the climate, and the weathering process. o Additives can be used to modify the soil’s pH Limestone Sulfur [Apex Magnets, accessed 2023] [IndiaMART, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 27 Soil Chemistry pH is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth by affecting nutrient availability. o a pH of between 6 and 7 is considered ideal Major effect on the productivity of organisms found within soils. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 28 CC V.1.0 4-14 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry Macronutrients are essential nutrients for plant growth, and include: Nitrogen Chlorine Hydrogen Phosphorus Magnesium Oxygen Sulfur Potassium Calcium Carbon EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 29 Soil Chemistry Micronutrients include: Iron Zinc Manganese Boron Molybdenum Copper EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 30 CC V.1.0 4-15 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry Each nutrient cycles through its naturally available chemical forms due to natural processes and serves a different purpose in each form within a healthy ecosystem. [AgriGro, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 31 Soil Chemistry Since vegetation plays a major role in stabilization of soils and reducing erosion it is vital that nutrients are available to plants to support growth. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 32 CC V.1.0 4-16 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry When proper concentrations of nutrients are present, they support a balanced soil ecosystem. When an over- or under-supply of a nutrient is present, they can negatively impact the soil ecosystem, and thus vegetative growth. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 33 Soil Chemistry Soil additives are used to change the pH, nutrient content, and cohesion of soils. Some typical soil additives are: Limestone (increase pH) Acids such as sulfur (lower pH) Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (increase nutrients) Polymer based (increase cohesion) EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 34 CC V.1.0 4-17 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry Caution must be used when applying chemical soil additives, as they may alter additional chemical properties in the soil, resulting in undesired impacts. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 35 Soil Chemistry An ion is an atom or molecule that has a different number of electrons than protons, so it has a charge. Soil particles and nutrients take the form of Ions. [UGA Extension, accessed 2023] [AgriGro, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 36 CC V.1.0 4-18 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry Attraction between Cation (positively charged) and Anion (negatively charged) soil particles and nutrients reduces the impact of water leaching nutrients from the soil. [Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, accessed 2023] [Biology Dictionary, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 37 Soil Chemistry The soil's ability to bind the Cation (or Anion) nutrients is known as its Ion- Exchange capacity. o The soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the ability of soils to bind and store a particular group of nutrients by electrical attraction, those that form positively charged cations, such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), and nitrogen in the form of ammonium (NH4+). EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 38 CC V.1.0 4-19 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry Some common soil cations (with their chemical symbol and charge) include calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), ammonium (NH4+), hydrogen (H+) and sodium (Na+) Some common soil anions (with their chemical symbol and charge) include chlorine (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (S042-) and phosphate (PO43-) EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 39 Soil Chemistry The key difference between cation exchange capacity and anion exchange capacity is: cation exchange capacity shows the quantity of negative charge available to attract cations, whereas anion exchange capacity shows the positive charge that is available to attract anions in solution. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 40 CC V.1.0 4-20 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry Sorption: The process by which one ionic particle becomes attached to another and removes a compound from solution into a solid phase by either adsorption or absorption. o The solid state (a solid formed from a solution) is called the precipitate. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 41 Soil Chemistry Adsorption: occurs when an ion attaches to the surface of a substance. Absorption: occurs when an ion is incorporated into another substance. [Adobe Stock, accessed 2023] [Science Notes, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 42 CC V.1.0 4-21 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry [Difference Between.com, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 43 Soil Chemistry Sorption Process: Removal of a compound from solution by solid phase constituents. This term is often used when the mechanism of removal (adsorption, absorption, or precipitation) is unknown. o Soil particles are typically called the sorbent while the available ions and chemicals are typically called sorptives. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 44 CC V.1.0 4-22 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry Chemical Processes: pH can also have the opposite affect, impacting the ability of soil particles to release the bound ion or molecule into solution for plant uptake, known as desorption. [Thompson, A. & Goyne, K.W., 2012] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 45 Soil Chemistry Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons at the soil surface. Reduction (Redox) is defined as the gaining of electrons at the soil surface. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 46 CC V.1.0 4-23 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Chemistry The presence or absence of oxygen in the soil, typically by saturated and unsaturated conditions, has a large impact on chemical reactions within the soil. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 47 Soil Chemistry Oxidation and reduction involve oxygen ion exchanges that occur between water and inorganic material. o Both affect the availability of nutrients. o Redox is essential for photosynthesis and respiration and control the cycling of nutrients through soil. o Redox reactions give the soils a distinctive color and mottles that assist in identifying and classifying soils. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 48 CC V.1.0 4-24 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual [Landscape DNA, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 49 [ vaughan_soil, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 50 CC V.1.0 4-25 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual [ research gate, accessed 2023] Profile description characteristics: a) gleyed material (wetland soil); b) redox features: pore lining; c) redox features: oxidation mass; d) organic masses in a mineral soil matrix; e) water table identification; f) marine shells in soil matrix. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 51 [ Science Direct.com, accessed 2023] Candidates do not need to know the different chemical reactions, but you need to be aware of the general concepts EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 52 CC V.1.0 4-26 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual [ Wikimedia Commons, accessed 2023] Candidates need to understand chemical reactions and biology are important to soil formation and development EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 53 Soil Biology Soil Food Web Biological health within soil is highly dependent on the chemical properties of the soil. o Many diverse organisms live in the soil, and if a high diversity exist, they will help sustain plant growth and increase soil permeability. o How these organisms interact with each other is known as the soil food web. o The complexity of the soil food web is dictated by the number and variety of species within the soil. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 54 CC V.1.0 4-27 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Biology Soil Food Web Most organisms live within the top few inches of the soil where organic material is most abundant. o The habitat they occupy will depend on their need for space, moisture, and nutrients. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 55 Soil Biology Soil Food Web [USDA, 2000] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 56 CC V.1.0 4-28 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Biology Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that often number in the millions within a small amount of soil. There are four (4) main groups of bacteria: 1) Decomposers 2) Mutualist 3) Pathogens 4) Lithotrophs [Examples | Your Dictionary, accessed 2023] o Work together to influence water dynamics, plant growth, nutrient cycling, and disease suppression. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 57 Soil Biology Bacteria Some forms of bacteria bind soil particles together into aggregates that improve infiltration and soil saturation capacities, reducing the erosion potential of the soil. Bacteria assist in the cycling of nutrients and producing plant growth compounds. [Laboratoryinfo.com, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 58 CC V.1.0 4-29 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Biology: Fungi Fungi are microscopic cells, typically forming long strands called hyphae. Hyphae can range in size from microscopic to many yards in length. o Similar to bacteria, groups of fungi influence water dynamics, plant growth, nutrient cycling, and disease suppression. o Fungi also bind soil particles together and cycle nutrients used by vegetation. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 59 [ScienceDirect, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 60 CC V.1.0 4-30 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Biology: Nematodes Non-segmented worms, or nematodes serve important functions within the soil food web, including nutrient cycling, grazing, dispersal of microbes, food supply and disease suppression. o Since nematode populations in soil are stable, they are used as indicators of health and changes in soil EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 61 [ResearchGate, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 62 CC V.1.0 4-31 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Biology: Earthworms Earthworms are one of the most abundant organisms found in soil and typically occupy the second and third trophic levels of the soil food web. Provide for soil health by: a) stimulating microbial activity e) altered soil structure amenable to root b) mixing and aggregation of soil growth c) enhancement of infiltration f) processing organic matter d) improved saturation capacity EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 63 [MPDI, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 64 CC V.1.0 4-32 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual [Greenpal.com, accessed 2023] [EWSP Consultancy, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 65 Soil Biology: Arthropods Arthropods or invertebrates feed off lower organisms on the food web. They provide for soil health by: a) shredding organic material e) aggregation enhancement b) stimulating microbial activity f) altering void spaces c) mixing microbes with food sources g) stimulating species succession d) mineralizing plant nutrients h) controlling pests EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 66 CC V.1.0 4-33 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual [Mary’s Heirloom Seeds, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 67 Soil Biology Organic Matter – Soil Fertility Organic matter is used by soil organisms for food and is composed of many different sources of organic substances. o Considered as one of the bedrocks of the first trophic level of the soil food web and is ultimately where many organisms derive their food and energy. o Plant growth is dependent upon organic matter because bacteria, fungi, and other organisms release nutrients, starting the cycle of important nutrients within the soil. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 68 CC V.1.0 4-34 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual [Frontiers, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 69 Soil Biology Organic Matter – Soil Fertility Hydrogen and carbon compounds are prevalent and influence the soils' ability to sorp nutrients or pollutants. Soil fertility results in a balance of nutrients with organic matter within the soil creating optimizing conditions for plant growth. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 70 CC V.1.0 4-35 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual [DEKALB Asgrow Deltapine, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 71 CPESC Properties of Soils [email protected] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 72 CC V.1.0 4-36 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual CC V.1.0 4-37 | Page CHAPTER 5 RUNOFF MANAGEMENT  CPESC Review Presentation Manual GENERAL PRINCIPLES REVIEW SOIL EROSIONAL AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 2 CC V.1.0 5-1 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Definition – Erosion Erosion is defined as the weathering down of parent material and the detachment by the action of wind, water, ice, and gravity. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 3 Definition – Erosion Sediment is defined as the detached soil particles being transported by natural agents such as wind and water. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 4 CC V.1.0 5-2 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Definition – Sediment Deposition Sediment deposition or sedimentation is the process where soil particles suspended in air or water settle out of suspension, back to the ground surface EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 5 Geological Erosion Natural or geological erosion occurs at a very slow and uniform rate except for some cases of shoreline and stream channel erosion. This type of erosion accounts for approximately 30% of erosion in the US. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 6 CC V.1.0 5-3 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Accelerated Erosion Accelerated erosion is the increased rate of erosion caused by humans. This type of erosion accounts for approximately 70% of erosion in the US. Accelerated erosion is typically the result of construction or agriculture but can result from any land disturbing activity. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 7 Soil Detachment - Water Typically defined as the dislodgement of soil particles from the soil mass through erosive forces such as raindrop impact and kinetic energy. [ResearchGate, accessed 2023] EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 8 CC V.1.0 5-4 | Page  CPESC Review Presentation Manual Soil Detachment - Water Soil particles become detached when shear stress exerted on the soil particle exceeds the soil particle’s critical shear stress, or the soils resistance to move. EnviroCert International, Inc.TM 9 Soil Detachment - Wind Detachment occurs once the wind velocity exceeds the soils particle threshold velocity, of the minimum velocity required to exceed the soil’s gravitational and frictional forces. [CSU Extension, accessed 2023] Threshold velocity is dependent on the soil type, soil physical properties, and the surface condition. [Victorian Resources Online, accessed 2023] EnviroCert Internatio