Psych 031: Understanding the Self PDF

Psych 031: Understanding the Self PSYCH 031: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF e-HANDOUT Course Description: This course deals with the nature and identity, as well as the factor and forces that affect the development and the maintenance of personal identity. It is intended to facilitate the exploration of t...

Psych 031: Understanding the Self PSYCH 031: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF e-HANDOUT Course Description: This course deals with the nature and identity, as well as the factor and forces that affect the development and the maintenance of personal identity. It is intended to facilitate the exploration of the issue and concern regarding self and identity to arrive at a better understanding of one’s self. It strives to integrate the personal with the academic-contextualizing matters discussed in the classroom and in the everyday experiences of students for better learning; generating a new appreciation for the learning process and developing a more critical and reflective attitude while enabling them to manage and improve their selves to attain a better quality of life. Prepared by: Joselito O. Banono, Jr., MAPsych, RPm 1  Psych 031: Understanding the Self MODULE 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES MODULE OBJECTIVES Discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various disciplinal perspectives, namely philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology; Examine the different influences, factors, and forces that shape the self; Compare and contrast how the self has been represented across the different disciplines and perspectives; and Demonstrate critical and reflexive though in analyzing the development of one’s self and identity by developing a theory of the self. TOPIC 1: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF (3 hours) What is Philosophy? o Philosophy: the term was derived from Greek words – ‘Philein’ and ‘Sophia’ which literally mean ‘love’ and ‘wisdom’. Taken together, they mean “the love or pursuit of wisdom.” o Hence, philosophy is “a way of looking at the world and giving it meaning. It can provide a high quality method of examining our beliefs.” What is Philosophy of Self and why it is important? o A philosophy is the pinnacle of one’s life. ▪ Without philosophy we are subject to aimless bouts where life seems sometimes void and meaningless. o Philosophy adds structure and balance, to implement goals and reach one’s dreams. ▪ It is the roadmap to our actions and thoughts, the processing tool of reason. Famous Philosophers of the world that you will be revisiting today: o Socrates (469 – 399 B.C.) ▪ Know Thyself: man must stand and live according to his nature and examine his life to understand his inner self. He asserted that “an unexamined life is not worth living.” Man = body (physical) + soul (ideal) o Highlight: Socrates believed that the soul is perfect but tied to the body which is imperfect. The worst thing that can happen to anyone is to live but die inside. Hence, man must live an examined life and a life of purpose and value. ▪ He believed that knowledge is the ultimate virtue, best used to help people improve their lives. ▪ Two (2) important principles of life according to Socrates: His faithful adherence to the principle of never doing wrong or participating in any wrongdoing, even indirectly. His strong belief that a person who knows what is good and right could not act against it. o Highlight: Socrates believed that there is no evildoers and all kinds of evils are circumstantial and that no one does evil volitionally. Hence, ignorance of the knowledge of the right and good life enables man to do evil deed. o Plato (429 – 347 B.C.) ▪ He agrees with Socrates that a person has soul. ▪ Three (3) components of the soul: 2  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Reason: reason and intellect to govern affairs Spirit: emotions should be kept at bay Appetite: base desires (food, drink, sleep, sexual needs, etc.) o Highlight: When these are attained, the human person’s soul becomes just and virtuous. However, rational decisions or reason should predominantly be in charge in the whole system. o Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) ▪ Father of Modern Philosophy; he first introduced the idea that all knowledge is the product of reasoning based on self-evident assumptions. ▪ He agrees with both Socrates and Plato that human is composed of body and soul (mind). However, he further elaborated the premise between the connection of the body and mind by dissecting animals, leading him to believe that spirit (cranial fluid) flowed through the body (by nerves) and commanded it. ▪ Dualist View of the Self: Mind-Body interaction The mind and body MUST be distinct He asserted that the soul (mind) is the essential form of the self and could exist without the body, because human beings are composed of a material body and an immaterial mind. o Highlight: This forms the theory of doubt by Descartes, that he can doubt the existence of the material world (i.e., body), but cannot doubt the existence of himself as a thinking thing (i.e., mind), to the conclusion that his thoughts belong to the non-spatial substance that is distinct from matter. ▪ Hence, coined the phrase, ‘Cogito Ergo Sum’ or ‘I think, therefore I am’. We are the quality of our thoughts, but not our thoughts only because one must continue to doubt (seek knowledge). Doubt is the very foundation of truth that we doubt what we have thought of is the proof that we stumbled on knowledge. o John Locke (1632 – 1704) ▪ He coined the phrase, ‘Tabula rasa’ which literally mean as blank tablet. Rejected the philosophy that man has innate ideas because one’s beginning of knowledge is through Sense of Experience. o Highlight: People are born as blank slates or having no innate knowledge and that the way they are treated and educated ultimately shapes who they will become (identity). ▪ Theory of Personal Identity: Personal identity is the concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life through experiences. Unlike Socrates, Plato, and Descartes, Locke theorized that our personal identity or our self is a matter of psychological continuity based on consciousness (memory) and not on the substance of either the soul or the body. o Highlight: This claims that a person’s identity is the SAME over a period of time, this is known as personal continuity. o David Hume (1711-1776) ▪ Unlike Locke, Hume believed that the self which is based on consciousness (memory) is nothing but a bundle of impressions and ideas. Impressions: basic objects of our experience and forms the core of our thoughts. 3  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Ideas: copies of impressions and not as real as impressions, which in simpler terms, ‘feeling mo lang.’ ▪ Hence, he asserted that there is no self. There is no self that persists through time, and countered it as Illusion Theory of Personal Identity o Highlight: People change from one moment to the next and turn constantly into a new person. Hence, to think that something in us remains the same is an illusion. We are never justified in claiming we are the same person we were a year ago or a minute ago. o Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) ▪ Unlike all other philosophers you have learned a while ago, Kant believes that everything starts with perception, sensations of impressions or in general experiences BUT these experiences DO NOT ALONE DEFINE a person throughout the course of life. ▪ Intrinsic Worth: People are rational agents, meaning they are capable of making their own decisions, directing themselves and their actions, and freely orders means for the attainment of their aims. Highlight: Combined the opposing schools of thought empiricism (knowledge through experiences like Locke and Hume) and rationalism (knowledge through use of logic or reason like Socrates, Plato, and Descartes) that both were vital in obtaining knowledge and understanding in the world. ▪ Dignity of Human Person: Treat every person, including yourself, as an end in himself and not as means to the advantage of anyone else. Always act in such wise as to will your action to become a universal law. Act as a rational and free being from the purse sense of duty. TOPIC 2: SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF (3 hours) What is Sociology and why it is important? o Sociology: it is a study of society, patterns of social relationships, social relationships, social interaction and culture of everyday life. ▪ Society: is derived from the Latin word ‘Socious’ which means Association or Companionship or Fellowship. Thus, society means large groups of people who are associated with each other. o Sociological Perspective provides a different way of looking at familiar worlds that allows us to gain a new vision of social life. ▪ Have you heard of the following phrases: ‘I AM WHAT YOU THINK I AM’ or ‘Tell me who your friends are, and I’ll tell you who you are.” Highlight: From a sociological perspective, human beings CANNOT form a self or personal identity WITHOUT intense social contact with others. Famous Sociologists that you will be revisiting today: o Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) ▪ He theorized, the Looking Glass Self Our Self-concept is derived from others perception about us. To put simply, how we think they view us. Our self-concept begins at an early age and continues throughout life. ▪ Three (3) Steps of Looking Glass Self 4  Psych 031: Understanding the Self You imagine how you appear to the other person (to your parents, friends, strangers, significant others, etc.) You imagine the judgment of the other person. How others evaluate you as being intelligent, alive, alert, or enthusiastic! Development of some sort of feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. You feel some sense of pride, happiness, guilt, shame, and so on. o George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) ▪ Famous for his theory, the Social Self ▪ Similar with Cooley, he suggested that the self is a product of social interaction. ▪ Components of Social Interaction Social Self: is the joining point between the individual and the society. Communication: is the link that allows the intersection to occur. o Highlight: In order for the Social Self to be developed, and individual needs to continuously interact in the society, and this interaction is made possible through communication (verbal or nonverbal). ▪ Two (2) Sides of Social Self: ‘I’ and ‘Me’ ‘I’ which is highly inclined to the self (individual) can be considered as the person’s individuality. o Example: Your creativity, uniqueness, adaptability in social process ‘Me’ which is highly inclined to the society (other people) represents the socialized aspect of the individual. o Example: Your conformist, social organized behavior of your self ‘I’ is highly Social ‘Me’ is highly Self Society inclined on this Self inclined to this side side ▪ Three (3) Stages of Self-Development: Mead postulated that the self develops in 3 stages. Preparation Stage: In this stage, children merely imitate the people around them, especially those whom they often interact. o Example: When she sees her mother ironing the clothes, the little girl will most likely imitate her mother. Play Stage: The most important aspect of the play stage is role-playing. When they develop their skill in communicating through symbols, children increasingly become aware of social relationships. They start to pretend to be other people. Game Stage: At this stage, children no longer just play roles but start to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. Children and 5  Psych 031: Understanding the Self throughout life, we begin to understand that others have expectations and demands placed on them. Grasping not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. However, not all society are the same because different societies have different cultures, and this would mean different degree and complexities of the development of their social self. Nonetheless, culture and society are co-existent; a culture represents the beliefs and practices of a group while society represents the people who share those beliefs and practices. Hence, people born in a certain locality tend to also have a distinct practices, belief system, and set of behaviors that may be different from what other people from another locality have. To it simply, society is the combination of people with different cultures. TOPIC 3: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF (3 hours) What is Psychology and why it is important to study? o Psychology: is derived from the Latin word, which means ‘study of the soul’. Its modern implication today is the science of behavior and mental processes. Pioneering figures in the field of psychology, you will be revisiting today: o Sigmund Freud ▪ He proposed the structural model to understand human personality which is divided personality into three (3), namely: Id: It is also known as the selfish part of us because the action taken by id are driven by pleasure principle which is insatiable instincts and base desires present from birth. Ego: The only region of the mind in contact with reality, hence governed by the reality principle. Superego: This structure represents the societal and/or parental values and standards, which otherwise known as the moral principle where it is most concerned with morality, right, and wrong. o Highlight: Since only Ego is the organized and realistic part of the psyche, it aims to balance the conflicting demand of the Id (selfish and impulsive) and Superego (critical and moralizing). A healthy individual is rational, hence a bigger Ego structure compared to the other two. ▪ The Freudian Theory: Freud proposed that psychological development of an individual can take place through the psychosexual energy or libido, is described as the driving force behind behavior. ▪ Psychosexual stages of Development: Personality develops through a series of five (5) stages in which the energies of the id are focused on certain erogenous areas. Oral Stage: Birth to 1 year o Pleasure zone: mouth (gums, tongue, etc.). o The mouth is vital for eating. The infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. o If this need is not met, the child may develop an oral fixation later in life. Example: thumb-sucking, smoking, fingernail biting, and overeating. Anal Stage: 1 to 3 years o Pleasure zone: anus. o Toilet training is a primary issue with children and parents. Primary focus of the libido is on controlling bladder and bowel movements. 6  Psych 031: Understanding the Self o Too much pressure of toilet training would lead to excessive need for order or cleanliness later in life, while too little pressure applied would lead to messy or destructive behavior later in life. Phallic: 3 to 6 years o Pleasure zone: genitals. o Conflicts arise because of child’s attraction to the opposite sex parent. o Two Conflicts: Oedipal Complex (boys); Electra Complex (girls) o To cope with this conflict, children adopt the values and characteristics of the same-sex parent. Thus, forming the superego. Latency: 6 to 11 years o This is also known as the Quite Period because during this stage, the superego continues to develop while the id's energies are suppressed. o The energy is redirected to children’s develop of social skills, values, and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family. Genital: 11 to 18 years old (until adulthood) o Onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage, people develop a strong interest in the opposite. o If development has been successful to this point, the individual will continue to develop into a well-balanced person. ▪ Highlight: To easily recall Freud’s psychosexual stages try using this mnemonic: Freud is O.A Pha LaGe ▪ If you remember, a healthy individual has a bigger Ego compared to Id and Superego. However, as an individual develops through the psychosexual stages, the structure of personality is also having conflicts. But what would happen if the demands and conflict of Id and Superego becomes unbearable and out of hand by the Ego? If both Id and Supergo becomes unbearable, Ego tries altering and distorting a person’s awareness of the original impulse and makes it more tolerable, this mechanism is also known as Defense Mechanism. ▪ Defense mechanism: This represent an unconscious mediation by the ego of id impulses which are in conflict with the wishes and needs of the ego and/or superego. Here the list of common defense mechanism. Rationalization: It is finding reasonable explanations for unreasonable or unacceptable behavior to make them sound logical and acceptable. o Example: A student might say, “I cut classes because other students are doing it.” Repression: It is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulses. Especially painful thoughts, feelings, memories, or impulses. Denial: It is the refusal to accept the reality or fact, acting as if thought or feeling did not exist. o Example: A teenager may deny that he/she is having a problem interacting with people. Thus, telling his/her parents, “I'm not interested in people.” Projection: It is attributing one’s own undesired thoughts, feelings, or impulses to another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings, or impulses. o Example: A lady who is tempted to have an affair with another man begins to suspect her partner of being unfaithful. 7  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Sublimation: It is the channeling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts, and emotions into more acceptable ones. o Example: A child who wants to get the attention of parents will have a drive to do well in school. Displacement: It is the channeling of energy away from one person or object to an alternative, weaker ones. o Example: A student who has a hard day at school may come home and yell at the dog; redirecting his anger to the dog. Reaction Formation: It refers to a denial and reversal of one’s feelings. o Example: A student who is very angry with his teacher and would like to stop attending the class may instead be overly kind to his teacher and express the desire to continue with class. ▪ Always remember: while they can be unhealthy, all defense mechanisms can also be adaptive and allow us to function normally. The greatest problems arise when defense mechanisms are overused in order to avoid dealing with problems. o Erik Erikson ▪ Unlike Freud, he deemphasize the role of sexual urges in development and emphasize the family and culture in his eight (8) stages of development Highlight: Each stage deals with a psychosocial crisis that is important in a person’s life, but critical at a specific developmental stage. ▪ Psychosocial Stages of Development: Basic Conflict Infancy (birth to 18 months): Trust vs. Mistrust o Important event: Feeding o Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection while a lack of this will lead to mistrust. Early Childhood (2 to 3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt o Important event: Toilet Training o Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence; leads to feelings of autonomy while failure results in feelings of shame and doubt. Preschool (3 to 5 years): Initiative vs. Guilt o Important event: Exploration o Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment; leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. School Age (6 to 11 years): Industry vs. Inferiority o Important event: School o Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence (industry) while failure results in feelings of inferiority. Adolescence (12 to 18 years): Identity vs. Role Confusion o Important event: Social Relationships o Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity; which leads to an ability to stay true to oneself while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self. Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years): Intimacy vs. Isolation o Important event: Relationships 8  Psych 031: Understanding the Self o Young adults need torm intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation o Important event: Work and Productivity o Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them; having children or creating positive change that benefits other people leads to feelings of usefulness/accomplishment while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. Maturity (65 to death): Ego Integrity vs. Despair o Important event: Reflection on Life o Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfilment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair. o William James ▪ He coined the term, theory of Self which explains human personality into distinctive elements of self-concept. ▪ Four (4) Elements of Self Material Self: Consist of things that belong to a person or entities that a person belongs to. o Example: body, family, clothes, money, house Social Self: This is who we are in a given social institution and people act depending on the social situation they are in (division of social self). Spiritual Self: This is who we are at our core; more concrete or permanent than the other selves. Ou most subjective and intimate self. o Example: personality, core values, and conscience that do not typically change throughout the lifetime. Pure Ego: It refers somewhat similar to the mind which provides the thread of continuity between our past, present, and future selves. o Carl Rogers ▪ Unlike James, Rogers postulated that our Self-concept, which is our image or perception of ourselves is comprise only of two domains. ▪ Two (2) Domains of Personality The Real Self: The real self is who we really are: how we think, feel, look, & act. Ideal Self: The ideal self who we want to be, that we strive to be, & that we feel we are expected to be. o A person’s ideal self is likely formed by the following: it can be what our parents taught us, what we admire in others, what our society promotes, or what we think our best interest. Sample Scenario: o You are short tempered (real self) however you desire to be someone who is in control of situational temper (ideal self). The greater the discrepancy between your real and ideal self, the greater will be your frustration and distress thus, lower self-worth. 9  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Real Self The closer, Ideal Self the more peace of “I AM” “I WANT” mind Highlight: The more align a person’s real self and ideal self, the more peace of mind, while the opposite means more incongruence which may result to distress or anxiety. o Donald Winnicott ▪ Like Rogers, Winnicott theorized that a person is comprised of two selves: True Self and False Self True Self: This is similar with Carl Rogers’ real self, our authentic self. False Self: This develops when an infant’s emotional needs are either unmet or met unreliably, which will make them become distrustful to others and to themselves later in life. o As a form of defense in the untrusted world, a person will wear a social mask to protect one’s our true selves from the scrutiny of the outside world. Like defense mechanism, social masking is a natural tendency of people to protect the Self from being rejected or hurt. ----------------------------------------------------------- END OF MODULE 1 --------------------------------------------------------------- 10  Psych 031: Understanding the Self MODULE 2: UNPACKING THE SELF MODULE OBJECTIVES Explore the different aspects of self and identity, namely the physical, sexual, spiritual, material, political, and including the most recent, the digital self; Demonstrate critical, reflective thought in integrating the various aspects of self and identity; Identify the different forces and institutions that impact the development of various aspects of self and identity; and Examine one’s self against the different aspects of self discussed. TOPIC 4: THE PHYSICAL AND MATERIAL SELF (2 hours) What is Unpacking the Self? o The phrase means analyzing or examining in detail what makes up the self, or make us up ourselves and the journey to unpack the self, starts with the identification of the areas that somehow affect the way you think, feel, and act in certain situations, and first in our list is the Physical and Material Self that both impacted by the body. What is Physical Self? o This refers to the tangible aspect of the individual, the one with figure, the one that can be seen and touched, and the one that feels pain and vulnerable to sickness. o How we look at our physical body or image are oftentimes has something to do with the following factors: Media, Peers, and Adult Around us. ▪ Highlight: These factors influence a person’s way of seeing themselves (self-concept) which can cause self-esteem issues which lead to risk factors such as bullying, substance use, and psychological disturbances. o What is Self-Concept? ▪ It is the combination of all the ideas, thoughts, beliefs, feelings, pictures, and all the things that happened to us over the course of our lives that come together to form a composite image of the person that we believe ourselves to be. ▪ Three (3) Fundamental Ingredients of Self-Concept Self-Ideal: this refers to the bundles of pictures, feelings, and thoughts of the ideal person that we would most like to be. Self-Image: this is the self's inner mirror that regulates our external performance. Self-Esteem: this often refers to as the root of self-concept. This is "how we feel about ourselves." ▪ Tips to Boost Self-Esteem: exercise regularly, drink 8 to 10 glasses of water, eat fruits and vegetables, and affirm or encourage yourself everyday. Taking good care of your body is a good idea to maintain a healthy physical condition which could also affect a positive mood. If your body is considered as part of your Physical Self, however, it is also often categorized as a sub- aspect of your Material Self. What is Material Self? o If you recall William James' four elements of the self (Module 2, Topic 5), Material Self is defined as, "it consists of one's body, valued possessions, and loved ones." To put it simply, it is the aspect of yourself that considers your material possessions or something that belongs to you (body, money, shoes, etc.) or something that you belong to (family, friends, etc.) 11  Psych 031: Understanding the Self o However, unlike Physical Self, your Material Self sees your body not as physical entity itself, but your psychological ownership of it. Like when we say, 'my' body or this body is 'mine'. o Finally, Material self can also be assessed on our emotional investment to things that makes us who we are and how our behaviors are affected by these and the amount of attention or effort we put on them. What makes up your Material Self? o Body is the innermost part of the material self. Most people invest in beautifying themselves or even spending for cosmetic surgery just to make them feel better. o Clothes comes next to the body. We choose the clothes we wear; directly or indirectly these choices create a person's identity, and most likely communicate outwardly how we feel about ourselves inside. As an example, the kind of clothes we wear affects our attitude and behaviors and vice-versa. o Immediate family your father and mother, siblings, spouse and children are part of our self, and since they make up partly of who we are, we make effort for our family. o Home. We decorate our homes, use furniture that soothes our needs because these things are part of the public face we put as an extension of ourselves. How presentable is our home is also partly of how we often want others to feel about us. TOPIC 5: THE SEXUAL SELF (3 hours) What is Sexual Self? o This is part of yourself where you learn and understand your sexual development and how people's sexual activity, beliefs, and misconceptions and unlimited access to internet on sex can influence your own sexual behaviors and responses. o The most noticeable change as you start adolescence is physical, where puberty starts to kick in which can cause brain activity fluctuations as a result largely from the secretion of various hormones which affects an adolescent's life. To put it simply, physical changes is often associated with sexual maturation during this period. o Primary Sex Characteristics are characteristics that involves directly with reproduction: ▪ Female reproductive organs: ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, clitoris, and vagina ▪ Male reproductive organs: testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate glands o Secondary Sex Characteristics are characteristics distinguishing males from females but NOT specifically associated with reproduction: ▪ Example: the breasts development for females and the broad shoulders of males. Highlight: Changes occur during puberty because of testosterone (produced by the testes) in males that controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics, while estrogen (produced by the ovaries) in females that controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. Male Reproductive Organ o Testes ▪ The two testes (plural for testis) are contained in a bag of skin called the scrotum. They have two functions: to produce sperm and to make the hormone testosterone. o Sperm duct and glands ▪ The sperm passes through the sperm ducts, and mixes with fluids produced by glands. The fluids provide the sperm cells with nutrients. This mixture is called semen. Semen is a mixture of fluid that contains sperm but over 200 separate proteins, as well as vitamins and minerals. 12  Psych 031: Understanding the Self o Penis and Urethra ▪ The penis has two functions: to pass urine out of the body from the bladder, and to pass semen into the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse. ▪ The urethra is the tube inside the penis that can carry urine or semen. A ring of muscle ensures that urine and semen do not get mixed up. o Spermarche ▪ This refers as first ejaculation or 'wet dreams' that usually occurs around the age of 13, which indicates that the boy is producing sperm and could fertilize a female egg through sexual activity. Female reproductive o Ovaries and Oviducts ▪ Two ovaries contain ova (eggs). Each ovary is connected to the uterus by an oviduct (fallopian tube). The oviduct is lined with ciliated cells. Every month, an ovum (egg) develops and becomes mature, and is released from an ovary. o Uterus and Cervix ▪ The uterus is a muscular bag with a soft lining. It is where a baby develops until its birth. The cervix is a ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus. It keeps the baby in place while the woman is pregnant. o Vagina and Urethra ▪ The vagina is a muscular tube that leads from the cervix to the outside of the woman's body. The opening to the vagina has folds of skin called labia that meet to form a vulva. The urethra also opens into the vulva, but it is separate from the vagina. It passes urine out of the body from the bladder. o Menarche ▪ Known as a woman's first menstrual period where the uterus starts to build a lining that will later shed through. Erogenous Zones o These are parts of the body, which when stimulated, produce erotic or sexual sensations and reactions because these parts are especially sensitive and can cause increased sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner. o Common Erogenous zones are as follows: mouth, breast, sex organs, anus, neck, thighs, abdomen, and feet Biology of Sexual Behavior o Helen Fisher (1998) presented the three primary, distinct, but interrelated emotion systems in the brain that mediate mating, reproduction, and the rearing of young, namely lust, attraction, and attachment. ▪ The Sex Drive Libido or Lust Characterized by the craving for sexual gratification and associated primarily with the hormones (the estrogens and the androgens). It evolves to motivate individuals to seek sexual union with any appropriate partner. ▪ Attraction System Characterized by increased energy and the focusing of attention on a preferred mating partner. In humans, attraction is also associated with feelings of exhilaration, intrusive thinking about the beloved, and the craving for emotional union. Termed as: "passionate love”, "obsessive love”, or “infatuation”. ▪ Companionate System Attachment 13  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Characterized by feelings of calm, security, social comfort, and emotional union. Phases of Sexual Response Cycle o Pioneered study of William Masters and Virginia Johnson o This model describes the physiological responses that take place during sexual activity, the cycle consists of four phases: ▪ Excitement Genitals fill with blood (male) and lubricate (female) ready for intercourse; rapid breathing and pulse ▪ Plateau Changes related to excitement reach a peak ▪ Orgasm Contraction all over the body; sexual release ▪ Resolution Enlarged genitals release blood and go through refractory phase (Male); resolves slower (Female) In men and women, clinicians also recommend refraining from sex when either partner has a newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection or disease, such as syphilis, gonorrhea or HIV, until it is controlled by treatment. What is Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) or Venereal Diseases (VDs)? o Conditions that involve the transmission of an infectious organism between sex partners. Transmission of STDs are by means of sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, anal sex, and oral sex. Some STDs can also be contracted by sharing intravenous drug needles with an infected person. o Common list of Sexually Transmitted Infections/Diseases: ▪ Chlamydia Caused by a bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis Can infect both men and women Can be acquired during oral, vaginal, or anal sex with someone who has the infection. ▪ Gonorrhea Caused by a bacterium called Neisseria gonorrhoeae Can infect both men and women Can cause infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat Can be acquired by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone being infected with the disease ▪ Trichomoniasis Caused by infection with the protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis Carried in sexual fluids like semen, pre cum, and vaginal fluid Most commonly infected part in women is the lower genital tract which includes the vulva, vagina, cervix, or urethra; in men, the inside of the penis and the urethra. Symptoms include irritation, itchy, redness or soreness of the genitals, smelly discharge, and painful or frequent urination. 14  Psych 031: Understanding the Self ▪ Syphillis Caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum It starts as a sore on one’s genital, rectum or mouth Spreads to another person through skin or mucous membrane contacts with the sores. Some who experience it may have no symptoms at all but the infection may still be there. ▪ Herpes Caused by two different but similar viruses: Herpes Simplex Virus type (HSV- 1) and Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) Common infection that stays in one’s body for life. It causes sores on one’s genital and/or mouth which can be annoying and painful. Can be transmitted when one’s genital and/or mouth touches the genital/mouth of the other person during oral, anal, and vaginal sex. Can even be acquired from kissing someone who has oral herpes. ▪ Human Papillomavirus (HPV) In men, HPV is evident through genital warts on the penis, on the scrotum, in or around the anus or on the groin. Has no symptoms, diagnosing HPV in men is difficult. The diagnosis in men is made when external genital warts are seen. It can be spread through contact with the skin of someone who has an HPV infection. Some types causes genital warts which are hard, rough lumps that grow on the skin. ▪ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Destroys or impairs cells of the immune system and progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. AIDS is a condition while HIV is a virus that may cause an infection, or AIDS. Contracting HIV can lead to the development of AIDS. HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, but there are also another route for contracting HIV. Means by which HIV is Spread: o Vertical Transmission ▪ This is a form of transmission, a passage disease-causing agent (pathogen) from mother to baby during the period of immediately before and after birth. Transmission might occur across the placenta, in breast milk, or through direct contact during or after birth. ▪ However, this can be prevented through the help of professional medical doctors and NOT every child born to an HIV-infected mother will acquire the virus. o Blood Contamination ▪ Blood-contaminated body fluids can get into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative person. Highlight: HIV is not spread through saliva or hugging an HIV-positive person. o Needles ▪ If a needlestick or syringe injury occurs in the setting of an infected patient source, the risk of disease transmission is 15  Psych 031: Understanding the Self possible. This does not only include HIV but other blood- contamination infection such as hepatitis C. o Sexual Contact ▪ HIV is contained in bodily fluids, such as semen, vaginal fluid, blood, and anal mucus which can pass into the other person’s body during oral, anal, and vaginal sex. Today, more tools than ever are available to prevent HIV. Here are the common Ways to Prevent Transmission of STDs: o Practice safe sex o Properly use safe-sex supplies (such as male condoms, female condoms, etc.) o Avoid having multiple sex partners o Abstinence is 100% effective, it protects you from HIV, and other sexually transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancy. Methods of Contraception o Information about the various types of birth control options that can be used by an individual abound. These options would depend on what is best for an individual. Many of these methods of contraception also lower your chance of getting STDs. It has to be noted that most types of contraception can only be obtained with the help of a doctor. ▪ Natural Method In this method, only bodily changes are monitored in order to know when a female is fertile or infertile by keeping track of her menstrual cycle. It does not involve medicine or devices to prevent pregnancy. It can be done through abstinence, fertility awareness, lactational amenorrhea, and withdrawal. ▪ Artificial Method Any product, procedure or practice that uses artificial or unnatural means to prevent pregnancy such as condoms and diaphragms hormonal methods such as the pill and IUDs, surgical sterilization (vasectomy), etc. Here are the most Common Artificial Method: o Contraceptive Sponge ▪ It is a Polyurethane foam that is soft and resembles a disc, laced with the spermicide nonoxynol-9 to kill sperms. The sponge functions as a covering for the cervix. It is inserted, loop side down inside the vagina before sexual intercourse. o Diaphragm ▪ A soft silicon cap placed inside the vagina so that it prevents the sperm from getting into the uterus. Spermicide is put into the bowl of the diaphragm before inserting it into the vagina so it covers the cervix. Doctor’s prescription needed o Cervical Cap ▪ Thimble-shaped latex cup, basically like a diaphragm but smaller. Also needs to be used with a spermicide. Different articles highlight that it must remain in the vagina at least 6 hours after intercourse, but it also has to be taken out within 48 hours after. o Pills. ▪ One of the most popular forms of female contraception. Taking this will prevent one from getting pregnant especially 16  Psych 031: Understanding the Self when doctor’s advice is strictly followed. Intake of the pill results in changes in the uterus lining and cervical mucus brought by the combined effect of estrogen and progestin. o Emergency contraception ▪ This is also termed as “morning pill”. It must be taken right away after having unprotected intercourse within 3 days. It functions by preventing ovulation or blocking the sperm from uniting with the egg. o Patch (Transdermal Patch) ▪ This is a hormone releasing patch. It releases progestin and estrogen straight into the bloodstream. Can be put on different parts of the body such as lower abdomen, buttocks, outer arm, or upper body. It is suggested that the patch must be replaced once every three weeks. o Shot/Injection ▪ The hormone progestin is injected every three months in the buttocks or arms in order to stop possible fertilization. Constant usage of this method may bring temporary bone density loss but it can also be stopped once shots are not taken. o Vaginal Ring ▪ Hormones progestin and estrogen are produced by the thin and flexible vaginal ring. It is placed inside the vagina after it has been squeezed between the thumb and index finger and worn for three weeks. o Implantable Rods ▪ Looks like matchsticks that are flexible placed under the upper arm skin. Blocks fertilization by causing deviations in the uterus lining and cervical mucus. Effectivity of implantable rods lasts for about five years. o Intrauterine Device (IUD) ▪ There are two types of IUDs: hormonal or copper-based devices. Hormonal IUD: progestin is produced in the uterus, blocking fertilization and causing uterus lining to thicken Cooper IUD: Copper wire coiled around the device produces an inflammatory reaction that is toxic to sperms and eggs. It can be kept inside the vagina for up to five or ten years respectively. o Sterilization Implant ▪ The first non-surgical method of women sterilization. Done by placing into each fallopian tube a spring-like device that is small enough to be threaded by a thin tube. In the coiled part, scar tissues that take three months to form prevents fertilization by blocking the fallopian tubes. o Surgical Sterilization ▪ Involves cutting, tying, or sealing the fallopian tubes in women, in order to block the egg cells from travelling down to 17  Psych 031: Understanding the Self the uterus. In men’s vasectomy, no sperm comes out during ejaculation. After surgery, semen analysis can be done to be sure if sperms are already gone. o Male Condom ▪ Common contraceptives used by men because it can be purchased from drugstores without prescriptions. The government made condoms available to reduce the risk of becoming pregnant or getting infected by STDs. o Female Condom ▪ One of the few types of contraception that can be bought over- the-counter at pharmacies and grocery stores. Known as internal condom which provides dual protection from unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. TOPIC 6: THE SPIRITUAL/RELIGIOUS SELF (2 hours) + PERFORMANCE TASK (2 hours) What is Spiritual Self? o Your Spiritual Self is you in your most beautiful and powerful form. It is the part of you that is connect to everything from humans, animals, nature, Higher Power, and that part that is love. o According to William James, spiritual self as man’s inner or subjective being, his psychic faculties or dispositions. These psychic dispositions are the most enduring and intimate part of the self, that which we most verily seem to be. What is Religious? o Concerns with faith in the claims of one faith tradition or involving organizations o Connected with religious teachings or dogma, ritual prayer, etc. What is Spiritual? o Concerns with the qualities of human-spirit such as love, forgiveness, care, hope, etc. o An individual & personal experience that leads to discovery of one’s soul, purpose, & meaning. Major World Religions Religion Judaism Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Followers Jews/Jewish Christians Muslims Hindus Buddhists Holy book Torah Holy Bible Qu’ran & Hadith Vedas Sutras Founder Abraham Jesus Christ’s Mohammed Unknown Sidharta followers Gautama aka “Buddha” Major 1 God 1 God 1 God Many Gods No God Beliefs 10 Command- 10 Command- 5 Pillars Karma, deities, 4 Noble Truths, ments, ments, Pray in mosque reincarnation, 8 Fold Path, Pray in church, Pray in temples, Karma, temples shrines reincarnation Pray in temples, shrines Holidays Rosh Hashanah, Easter, Ramadan month Holi, Nirvana Day, Yom Kippur, Christmas of fasting, Diwali Buddha Day Passover Eid-al-Fitr 18  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Religion Judaism Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Spiritual Rabbi Pope, Hadjji Monks Monks, Leader Prophet Dalai Lama Place of Synagogues Church, Mosque Temples, Temples, Worship Temples Shrines Shrines Location Israel Worldwide Palestinian India China, Nepal Territories Finding and Creating Meaning of Life o Logotherapy, pioneered by Viktor Frankl means “therapy through meaning”. Frankl's theories were greatly influenced by his personal experiences of suffering and loss in Nazi concentration camps. ▪ It is founded on the belief that human nature is motivated by the search for a life purpose. o Central themes of Logotherapy ▪ Life has meaning, under all circumstances; ▪ The will to meaning is the central motivation for living; ▪ All have the freedom to find meaning in all that one thinks; and ▪ All must integrate the body, mind, and spirit to be fully alive. o Life’s Meaning Can Be Discovered By: ▪ Creating a work or accomplishing some task; ▪ Experiencing something or encountering someone; and ▪ Adopting toward unavoidable suffering. TOPIC 7: THE POLITICAL SELF (2 hours) What is Political Self? o In the Philippine context, Political Self is a reflection of your selfhood in relation to his national identity. ▪ Highlight: A nation empowers itself depending on the beliefs, goals, ideals, aspirations, and values of its citizen. Values as a people and as a nation gives the identity that differentiates one nation from the others. However, these values may improve or hiner development and progress but nonetheless, with unity of diversity, development and progress are achievable. o A Filipino hold strengths that most other nationalities admire but there are also weaknesses that make a Filipino inferior to other nations. Today, you will discover the varied Filipino identity, values, and traits and comprise our national and political self. ▪ Strengths of the Filipino Character: Pakikipagkapwa-Tao o It is manifested in a basic sense of justice, fairness, and concern for others. It is also demonstrated in the Filipino’s ability to empathize and help others in times of need (pakikiramay), in the practice of bayanihan, and in the famous Filipino hospitality. Family Orientation o It is manifested in the honor and respect given to parents and elders, in the care given to children, the generosity towards kin in need, and in the great sacrifices one endures for the welfare of the family. Joy and Humor 19  Psych 031: Understanding the Self o These are manifested in the Filipino’s love for socials and celebrations, in our capacity to laugh even in the most trying of times, and in the appeal of political satire. Flexibility, Adaptability, and Capability o These are manifested in the ability to adapt to life in the any part of the world and in the ability to make new things out of old scraps. It is likewise seen in the ability to accept change. Hard Work and Industry o These are manifested most noticeably in willingness to take risks with jobs abroad and while there, to work at two or three jobs. Faith and Religiosity o These are manifested in the Filipinos’ deep faith in God. Our innate religiosity enables us to comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the context of God’s will and plan. Ability to Survive o This is shown in our capacity to persevere despite difficult times and in our ability to get by on so very little. ▪ Weaknesses of the Filipino Character: Extreme Personalism o This is manifested in the tendency to give personal interpretation to actions, thus, a sincere question may be viewed as a challenge to one’s competence or positive feedback may be interpreted as a sign of special affection. Extreme Family-Centeredness o This is manifested through the use of one’s office and power as a means of promoting the interest of the family, in factionalism, patronage, political dynasties, and in the protection of erring family member. Lack of Discipline o This is manifested through causal and relaxed attitude towards time and space which manifests itself in lack of precision and compulsiveness, in poor time management, and in procrastination. Passivity and Lack of Initiative o These are described as the tendency to wait to be told what has to be done and strong reliance on others to do things for us. Filipinos are also described as submissive to those in authority and are not likely to raise issues or to question decisions. Colonial Mentality o The inferiority towards Filipino culture and actual preference for foreign things. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome o This is evident through demonstrating selfish and self-serving attitudes that generate a feeling of envy and competitiveness toward others, particularly to one’s peers who seem to have gained some status or prestige. Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection 20  Psych 031: Understanding the Self o This is described as the tendency to be superficial and even somewhat flighty. In the face of serious problems, both personal and social, there is lack of analysis and reflection. TOPIC 8: THE DIGITAL SELF (2 hours) What is Digital Self? o It is the persona we project in the technological world. o The act of browsing, checking, writing, etc. in the social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, has become part of the daily activities of most people. The digital world has brought us convenience in everything we do. o However, the disadvantages of the extreme use of gadgets, where we can access the information of the things we want or need, have also been felt by people from all walks of life and from different generations. Famous theorist on explaining the dimensions of the Digital Self: o Donald Winnicott ▪ If you can still remember (Module 2, Topic 4), he proposed the theory of True and False Self ▪ As a review, the True Self involves our instinctive core of our personality that needs to be nurtured, while the False Self involves people's expectation. Highlight: Base on this premise, it can be argued that in social media, people can conceal emptiness or emotions just to show life is interesting. As an example, a person will start posting in social media things that is more closely resembles his or her ideal self while becoming more untrue to one’s self, hence, more concrete false self. o Russel Belk ▪ He coined the term, the Digital Self and defined it as the persona we project in the technological world. He also asserted that our possessions have great contributions in our identity and are reflections of our identities. ▪ Digital possessions like photos, videos, statuses, texts, and emails become very important in shaping Digital Self which allow people to try various personas that may differ from real life identities. Highlight: Like in any social networking sites, it keeps people connected, avenue where people express, explore, and present selves with less inhibition which forms part of their digital possessions. The examination of what’s in your social media accounts (digital possessions) would often give you a better understanding of the concept of self-presentation. To put it simply, we present ourselves online sometimes truthfully and other times, pretentiously. o Erving Goffman ▪ He postulated that an individual’s self can be changed according to the audience, known as Self-Presentation Theory It is a social theory that focuses on the context of human behavior based on the viewer's impression of the action or behavior. He asserts that as social beings, people consciously perform identities for self- seeking purposes which can be observed by examining online social interactions ▪ Impression management is one of the components of self-presentation theory, is defined as a conscious or sub-conscious process of attempting to influence the 21  Psych 031: Understanding the Self perception of other people about a person, object, or event. Today, it can be applied in the content a person post online to create a certain impression. Highlight: Awareness of our impression management tactics provides us with an understanding of how we influence another person’s feelings and perceptions of us in certain situations, but most importantly, how we align our impression management towards becoming more authentic and genuine self. o Consequently, other people are not comfortable of expressing themselves in the real world (afraid of being judged or ridiculed) especially the majority of individuals that belong to the LGBTQ+ community, and rather use the digital world as an avenue for expressing their sexuality. Gender and Sexuality Online o What is sex? ▪ It refers to the physical, biological, and chemical makeup of an individual that relates to the differences between male and female. It refers to the person's identity based on their physical characteristics (such as having a penis/vagina), genes, and hormones. o What is gender? ▪ It is the socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men. Varies from society to society and can be changed. It does not exist naturally, but is instead a concept that is created by cultural and societal norms. o What is sexuality? ▪ It is about who you are attracted to sexually; capacity to have an erotic experiences or responses. It may be experienced and expressed in a variety of ways, such as thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, practices, roles, and relationships. Sexual Orientation is a sub-category of sexuality, that deals about a person being homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual, or gay, straight or bi, we are talking about the person's sexual orientation o People explore their sexuality online through engaging in social apps; chatting, video-call, or to some extent meet ups either for the purpose of friends, open relationships, dating, and sometimes hook ups. As we look forward to explore what is next in love and sex, it makes sense to examine the purity of our hearts first. Setting Boundaries to your Online Self o Be kind and use kind words if you post or make a comment on your friend’s posts. May it be in the virtual world or in reality, unpleasant behavior is unacceptable because this would most likely hurt other people’s feelings. o Think before you post and/or share photos, videos, and comments online because they cannot be taken back once you do it. o Carefully choose your online friends. If you don’t know them, don’t accept their friend request. It is safe to only accept friend requests from friends in the real world. ----------------------------------------------------------- END OF MODULE 2 --------------------------------------------------------------- 22  Psych 031: Understanding the Self MODULE 4: MANAGING AND CARING THE SELF MODULE OBJECTIVES Understand the theoretical underpinnings for how to manage and care for different aspects of the self; Acquire and hone new skills and learning and learnings for better managing of one’s self and behaviors; Apply these new skills to one’s self and functioning for a better quality of life; and Equip students with necessary coping strategies to deal with challenges in life. TOPIC 9: LEARNING TO BECOME A BETTER STUDENT (2 hours) Introduction: o All of us have already learned that what we think and feel, and the way we do what we do are greatly influenced by heredity. Our genes determine our hereditary characteristics which are handed down from one generation to the other. This includes our physical characteristics such as height and eye and skin color. Social and intellectual behaviors are also determined by heredity. o Like heredity, environment has been found to play a very important role in determining the behavior and personality development of an individual. It includes the people in our lives as well as our culture. The kind of environment we are exposed to includes: ▪ Physical environment which affects all areas of our health and safety conditions. ▪ Social environment includes our family and other people we come into contact with daily. A positive social environment is evident when there is love and support that can help create a positive concept of us. However, a negative social environment is manifested when we experience neglect and/or abuse that would negatively affect our well-being. ▪ Cultural Environment includes the language used during family interaction, the food we eat, the customs and traditions of the place we come from, or the religious group we belong. Highlight: The greatest challenge is how we choose to act our environment and with our inherited characteristics because our CHOICES and our WILL to do or commit to something are always in our hands. Learning to Be a Better Student o What is Learning? ▪ According to Feldman (2013), it is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience. These changes does NOT include behavior changes that are due to maturation or temporary conditions of the organism, such as fatigue or drug- induced states. ▪ Cacioppo and Freberg asserted that more than one type of learning can operate simultaneously in the same situation, namely associative, non-associative, and observation. o Three (3) Types of Learning ▪ Associative Learning This occurs when we make a connection or an association between two events o Highlight: When someone has learned a certain association or connection, that person is conditioned. Hence, conditioning simply mean the learned associations 23  Psych 031: Understanding the Self There are two (2) forms of associative learning, namely Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning o Classical Conditioning ▪ Pioneered by Ivan Pavlov ▪ It is forming associations between pairs of stimuli that occur sequentially in time. This definition of learning requires behavior to change, so the appearance of conditioned response tells us that learning has occurred. ▪ Examples: avoidance of dentist that we associate with pain or feeling dizzy or nauseated when seeing a BUS which entails long travel ▪ Classical conditioning also explains emotional responses like the fears of cockroaches, mice, spiders and other creatures that are typically harmless. Another examples, student associate presentation to the large audience with negative emotions and anxiety which hinder performance, or smell of certain perfume brings happy emotions o Operant conditioning. ▪ Pioneered by B.F. Skinner ▪ It is forming associations between behaviors and their consequences; increasing behaviors that is followed with rewards. ▪ Unlike Classical Conditioning that make use of biological or natural mechanism only to form associations, Operant Conditioning make use of rewards or reinforcements. ▪ Central concept Reinforcement is a process by which a stimulus increases the probability of a preceding behavior to be repeated while a reinforcer is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again. Punishment refers to a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again. ▪ Non-Associative Learning Unlike Associative learning that make use of two or more stimulus, Non- Associative involves changes in the magnitude of responses using a single stimulus rather than the formation of connections between stimuli. This type of learning has two types: o Habituation. Reduces our reactions to repeated experiences that have already been evaluated and found to be unchanging and harmless. Example: You don’t hear your air conditioner after it’s been running awhile, you get used to it. o Sensitization. Increases our reactions to a wide range of stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus. Example: People are ‘jumpy’ following natural disasters, like earthquakes. ▪ Observational Learning 24  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Unlike associative and non-associative, observation learning occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior. Four main processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement Attention. It is needed to reproduce the model’s actions. It simply means to attend or pay close attention to what the model is saying or doing. Retention. It is done by encoding the information and keeping it in memory so that you can retrieve it, simply being able to remember it. Motor reproduction. It is the process of imitating the model’s actions or the process of executing the behavior. Reinforcement. It is observing whether the model’s behavior is followed by a consequence. If the action is rewarded, one will likely do it again while if punished, one might hesitate imitating the behavior. o It is important to note that effective learning does NOT stop after a task or project is done or completed. Most effective people take time to reflect on their behavior to decide for their next course of action for them to see the bigger picture. This is done to avoid gaps and address problems, this process is usually known as metacognition. Metacognition and Study Strategies o What is Metacognition? ▪ It is commonly defined as “thinking about thinking” or awareness and understanding of one’s thinking and cognitive processes. It means being aware of what you know and don’t know. Types of Metacognitive Strategies o These strategies helps students plan, monitor, and modify their mathematical problem-solving. Not only are these strategies relatively easy for students to implement, but they also help students to become better independent problem-solvers. ▪ Self-instruction Talking to one’s self about the task or activity, also known as Self-Talk o Example: “Did I understanding what I just read? No, I didn’t. I need to reread the problem again.” o A better way to gain perspectives and analytical understanding. ▪ Self-monitoring Checking one’s performance; often involves a checklist. o Example: Creating a checklist or To-do list and checking those that are finished; Marking the dates of the calendar to show progress. TOPIC 10: SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS (2 hours) Why Set Goals? o The first step of successful goal achievement is goal setting. This marks your first point toward success. It is when you switch from a passive state to being involved in life, because majority of those people who do not set goals, wait for opportunities rather than actively aiming for it. o To begin with, what kind of people who usually set goals, given that there are other who do not? Mindset Theory o Pioneered by Carol Dweck o This theory explains that people can have different mindsets towards different aspects of their lives, like intelligence and learning. Two types of mindset: ▪ Fixed Mindset Those who attribute their successes on innate ability hold a “fixed" theory of intelligence (that is, a fixed mindset). 25  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Majority of people who are fixed mindset do not set another goal after a setback because they are easily discouraged. They also see feedback as criticisms rather than an opportunity for self-growth, and they easily give up. ▪ Growth Mindset Those who attribute their accomplishments on learning, effort, training, and practice, hold a “growth" theory of intelligence (that is, a growth mindset). Majority of individuals who possess a growth mindset strive harder despite of challenges, and see feedback constructively to better improve next time. They are not easily discouraged and often has a positive outlook in life. Goal Setting Theory o Pioneered by Edwin Locke o It states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. Specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance. ▪ Highlight: In relation to Mindset theory, growth mindset individuals often set more goals. o Five (5) Principles of Effective Goal Setting ▪ Clarity A clear, measurable goal is more achievable than one that is poorly defined. When the goal is clear, you will know what you are trying to achieve. ▪ Challenge The more challenging the goals are, the more people become motivated. However, it is important to consider a careful balance to ensure the right degree of challenge. ▪ Commitment This means putting deliberate effort into attaining the goal you set. ▪ Feedback Other than setting a goal, it is also good to listen to feedback on how you are progressing towards the attainment of your goal. ▪ Task complexity The more you set challenging goals, the more complex the process will become. If the goal becomes complex, it is helpful to break down larger tasks into smaller, more attainable steps, so as not to become overwhelmed as you go along the way. S.M.A.R.T Goal Setting Tips o Sample Scenario (SMART versus a Plain Goal) ▪ Plain Goal: I want to be a better student. (weak) ▪ S.M.A.R.T. Goal: I will increase my grade both in Chemistry and Physics course to increase my overall average to qualify for an academic scholarship. (strong) o Specific ▪ I have to increase my scores during examination to increase my overall average to qualify for an academic scholarship. o Measurable ▪ My scores during minor and major examinations have to reach 95% of the total score per exam. o Achievable ▪ I will ask my classmates who do well in Chemistry and Physics to teach me on the topics that I don’t clearly understand. o Relevant 26  Psych 031: Understanding the Self ▪ I will reduce the financial requirements every semester. Better grades will also open more opportunities for me. o Time-bound ▪ I have four days to prepare for the quiz in Chemistry and five days to prepare for Physics; four weeks to prepare for the midterm so I have plenty of time to do personal study, and meet my classmates and teachers to help me with my weak points in these courses. Goal Setting Tips o Write Down Your Goal ▪ In this way, it will be easier to keep track how far or near are you in reaching it. In writing your goals, use “I will” and frame your goal statement positively. o Stick With You Goal ▪ Whatever challenges you may face on the process of achieving your goal, you need to be convinced that with hard work and commitment, everything will be possible TOPIC 11: TAKING CHARGE OF ONE’S HEALTH (3 hours) We are almost at the end of this course! It is also important to note not just the factors that will increase our productivity and success, but also factors that can help us maintain our success in life! Several factors that may affect our health: environment, genetics, and our relationships with people. Our type of personality may also have a significant impact on our health. But among others, stress is a major factor that challenges our productivity and health (Rathus, 2013). What is Stress? o It is any demand made by an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust. It is classified into two sub-type, namely the Eustress helps us become alert and occupied while Distress is experienced if stress is intense or prolonged. ▪ Highlight: Between the two, only distress can become a burden, thus, will affect our moods and ability to adjust, impair our ability to experience pleasure, and harm the body. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) o Pioneered work of Hans Selye, the founder of stress research, started his investigation on the body’s response to stressors, especially the wear and tear due to the demands placed on the body. He asserted that the common effects on the body when demands are placed on it, is called the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). o GAS consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion which is helpful in understanding the link between stress and health. ▪ Alarm Stage This is the body’s first reaction to a stressor. It is the temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits. ▪ Resistance Stage Glands throughout the body manufacture different hormones that protect the individual. The body’s immune system can fight off infection with remarkable efficiency. ▪ Exhaustion Stage At this point, wear and tear takes its toll- the person might collapse in exhaustion, and vulnerability to disease increases. Seriously, possibly irreversible damage to the body, such as heart attack or even death, may occur. 27  Psych 031: Understanding the Self Factors That Causes Stress o Daily hassles. This refers to regularly occurring conditions and experiences that can threaten or harm our well-being. Types of hassles are as follows: ▪ Household hassles: preparing meals, shopping, and home maintenance. ▪ Health hassles: physical illness, concenr about medical treatment, and side effects of medication ▪ Time-pressure hassles: having too many things to do and too many responsibilities, and not having enough time ▪ Environmental hassles: crime, neighborhood deterioration, and traffic noise ▪ Inner concern hassles: being socially isolated, lonely ▪ Financial responsibility hassles: concern about owing money such as mortgage payments and loan installments. ▪ Work Hassles: job dissatisfaction, not liking one’s duties at work, and problems with co workers ▪ Security hassles: concerns about job security, terrorism, taxes, property investments, stock market swings, and retirement o Uplifts. This refer to the opposite of daily hassles. Some examples of uplifts are pleasant family outings, good grades, enjoyable TV shows, and tasty meals. o Life changes ▪ Getting a scholarship, graduating from college, mar