One Health Final Exam Practice PDF

One Health Final Exam Practice (New + Old Practice Exams II & III) Final Exam Review 1. What disease agent is characterized by lesions described as “pearly pork”? a. Taenia solium 2. Regarding the latent period and the incubation period of canine rabie...

One Health Final Exam Practice (New + Old Practice Exams II & III) Final Exam Review 1. What disease agent is characterized by lesions described as “pearly pork”? a. Taenia solium 2. Regarding the latent period and the incubation period of canine rabies, which period is longer? a. The incubation period (5-10 days longer than latent period, animal is communicable before becoming ill) 3. Swine Influenza is a reportable disease in the United States. a. False (endemic) 4. Which country has an estimated rabies mortality rate of 200 people per month? a. China 5. What is the causative organism of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), and what is its zoonotic potential to humans? a. Mutated coronavirus - not zoonotic (FECV & FIPV) 6. A previously unvaccinated person experiences a confirmed rabies exposure. In addition to local wound treatment, what is the correct post-exposure rabies prophylaxis? a. Receive the Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) and 4 doses of rabies vaccine (RV) 7. One of your clients brought her 3 year old female cat in because her 11 year old son was recently diagnosed with Cat Scratch Disease. What should you tell her regarding treatment for the cat and prevention for her other cats? a. No treatment required for the cat. Just keep the cats and the environment as flea-free as possible 8. What is the predominant rabies virus variant along the entire eastern region of the United States? a. Raccoon 9. Why are prions so difficult to destroy by standard biosafety procedures against viruses and bacteria? a. They lack nucleic acids that are the target of standard disinfectants 10. What is the common route of transmission to humans of Psittacosis? a. Inhaling dust containing dried bird droppings or respiratory secretions from infected birds 11. In the United States, where are the majority of human Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever cases reported? a. Midwest and Appalachia 12. Toxoplasma gondii is commonly associated with cats and litter boxes. What is the most common transmission pathway to humans? a. Ingestion of contaminated food and/or water 13. What mammalian disease can be caused by either cochliomyia hominivorax or chrysoma bezziana? a. Screwworm 14. A previously vaccinated person (like you) experiences a confirmed rabies exposure. In addition to local wound treatment, what is the correct post-exposure prophylaxis? a. Two doses of Rabies Vaccine (RV) 15. What term best describes a disease that is passed from animals to people? a. Zoonotic 16. What zoonotic disease is most commonly contracted by humans in North America as a result of recreational activities involving water? a. Leptospirosis 17. What is the poultry disease where the velogenic strain is very hardy in the environment and approaches 100% mortality? a. Exotic Newcastle Disease 18. Alpha-gal Syndrome (AGS) is manifested by a delayed hypersensitivity to certain meat products. What species is/are most affected by AGS? a. Only humans 19. What type of organism causes Salmonellosis, and what is the most common source of human infections? a. Bacterial - by ingesting contaminated food products 20. What type of organism is the causative agent for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy? a. Prion 21. What are the two most common ways that active immunity is stimulated? (Choose two) a. Infection b. Vaccination 22. What is the primary impact terrorists attempt to achieve with animal-directed agroterrorism? a. Economic impact 23. There is an outbreak of canine influenza in a high-capacity dog shelter. What is the expected morbidity among susceptible dogs and humans? a. Dogs: 80% morbidity, Humans: 0% 24. What is the common name and the most pathogenic form of the disease caused by yersenia pestis? a. Plague - Pneumonic 25. What parasitic disease is common in many regions of the world and is frequently transmitted to humans in slow-moving bodies of fresh water? a. Schistosomiasis 26. A golfer with a high handicap suddenly develops a life-threatening hypersensitivity to meat products. Assuming this is Alpha-gal syndrome, what significant event triggered AGS, and how long will it be until that golfer can have another hot dog?  a. Bite from an Amblyomma tick - will never be able to eat a hot dog 27. As a veterinarian, what is the best way to prevent transmission of bartonella henselae between cats? a. Avoid transfusion donor blood from cats of unknown status 28. What is the reservoir species for the Sin Nombre virus, and where is SNV Hantavirus disease most commonly found in the United States? Select two. a. Rodents b. Western U.S. 29. Valley Fever is not directly transmissible to humans from dogs. a. True 30. You are presented with an outdoor dog with alopecic, pruritic lesions on its pads and axillary regions. What disease might be high on your differential list? a. Ringworm 31. What would be the #1 differential diagnosis in a human with onset fever, and one or more swollen, painful lymph nodes which was transmitted by the bite of an infected flea from a rodent? a. Bubonic Plague 32. What are the typical signs/symptoms of Classical Swine Fever in humans? a. Not zoonotic Practice OH Exam II 1. This disease is reportable and is the #1 disease the USDA is focused against. It is also called “Hog Cholera.” a. Classical Swine Fever 2. This disease has Visceral and Cutaneous forms and affects all continents except Antarctica. a. Leishmaniasis 3. This disease is an influenza-like illness before differentiating and is more prominent in rainy seasons, with rodent control and vaccination as a primary means of controlling its spread. a. Leptospirosis 4. This disease is primarily transmitted from human-human (though you can get it from animals) and manifests on dogs as hair loss on the legs and abdomen with pruritus. a. Scabies 5. This disease is known as a mixing bowl and shows antigenic drift. There was a pandemic in 2009 where humans contracted it from both direct and indirect contact. a. Swine Influenza 6. This disease is also called “Parrot Fever” or “Parrot Disease” and can still affect North American birds with clinical signs of ruffled appearance, discharge, and diarrhea. a. Psittacosis 7. This disease is diagnosed by Coggins test and is reportable, with clinical signs not being pathognomonic and there being requirement of permanent isolation for positive patients. It is reportable but not zoonotic. a. Equine Infectious Anemia 8. This disease is also called “Silage Disease” and “Circling Disease," caused by contaminated food, with symptoms in cattle such as circling, head pressing, and having hypersensitivity to light (neurologic conditions). a. Listeriosis 9. This disease was first recognized in Australia, and the causative agent is a hardy organism. It is the target organism for pasteurization in the US and defines the time and temperature needed to pasteurize things. Typical exposure to veterinarians is from ovine and bovine parturition from the large generated aerosols. a. Q Fever 10. This disease is a significant threat for pregnant women and the most common mode of transmission to humans is contaminated food and water. a. Toxoplasmosis 11. This disease is characterized by a “bulls-eye," or erythema chronicum migrans, rash (not 100% consistent) and is vector-borne through Ixodes/hard ticks. It is increasing in incidence. a. Lyme Disease 12. This disease causative agent, streptobacillus moniliformis in North America, is part of the normal flora of wild/domestic rodents, causing fever, headache, and vomiting. a. Rat Bite Fever 13. This disease has a common mode of transmission by fecal-oral route and in humans is generally self-limiting. It is a huge potential issue for any cow facility, especially when raising young calves. a. Cryptosporidiosis 14. This disease is economically impactful if ever entered the US (USDA on the lookout). It has peracute, acute, subacute, and chronic forms and looks like other diseases. It is reportable. a. African Swine Fever 15. This disease is confused with HFMD and is reportable and zoonotic. Its primary mode of transmission amongst animals is biting insects, with low mortality. It can cause flu-like symptoms. a. Vesicular Stomatitis 16. This disease is also called “Traveler’s Diarrhea," with the STEC bacteria the most important in the US because of very large outbreaks. Typical exposure to humans include foods of animal origin. a. E. Coli 17. This disease affects poultry and is transmitted by feces, respiratory discharges, and fomites. It has a huge economic impact and is zoonotic with usually mild, self-limiting symptoms. a. Exotic Newcastle Disease 18. This disease is not zoonotic, with transmission primarily by the fecal-oral route either from infected animals or infected feed. Its symptoms are not pathognomonic and require serologic tests and anatomical pathologies. It has a huge economic impact; growing pigs left untreated will get better in 7-10 days, but the economic damages have been done. a. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea 19. This disease can cause neurocysticercosis that manifests as speech and motor issues. The muscle tissue of an infected hog looks like slimy pearls or tapioca beads throughout. Inspection by the USDA of imports/exports is critical. a. Taenia solium 20. This disease name is a misnomer and affects humans in the Midwest and Appalachia, especially Columbus, Ohio. a. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 21. This disease can cause profound ocular larval migrans and is underdiagnosed and underappreciated in the human population. It is contracted by domestic dogs and cats, transmitted to humans, and is usually asymptomatic. a. Toxocara 22. This disease spreads through respiratory secretions by direct contact, and camels do not exhibit any clinical signs. a. MERS-CoV 23. This disease is also called “Rabbit Fever,” and the most common transmission to humans is an infected tick bite (though can get it from a domestic animal bite). The most common transmission to animals is by ingestion of an infected carcass. It is significantly fatal. a. Tularemia 24. This disease is characterized by a ring of alopecia that is crusty on the edges and is potentially zoonotic. A Wood’s lamp is used to determine the cause. a. Ringworm 25. This disease, in humans, causes black toes, fingertips, and nose, along with fever, chills, headache, weakness, and swollen lymph nodes. It is transmitted by infected flea bites and is a bioweapon. Rodent and rabbit carcasses are surveilled in the US. a. Plague 26. This disease is zoonotic (though not all species) and can be very difficult to diagnose on fecal flotation. Human signs are abdominal pains, diarrhea, and greasy stools. It is an extremely ubiquitous organism. a. Giardia 27. This disease has lay terms of “Undulant Fever,” “Bangs Disease,” and “Malta Fever” and is transmitted by undercooked meat, contaminated meat, dairy products, and aerosolization (like when a cow urinates). The variants can either be zoonotic or not. There is a vaccine for cattle that is generally effective. a. Brucellosis 28. This disease has lay terms of “Cave Disease” and “Appalachian Disease.” It radiographically looks similar to tuberculosis in a lung field. It is not directly transmissible but from exposure from aerosolizations, fungal spores, in the soil, and saprophytes. a. Histoplasmosis 29. This disease primarily affects the GI system, and the primary source is primarily contaminated food and water sources for animals and humans. There are over 2500 serotypes, with typhoidal and nontyphoidal terms. Not all animals develop clinical disease. a. Salmonella 30. This disease usually has cases that tend to happen in small clusters (family, etc). It is associated with food deserts due to higher hunting activities and eating raw or undercooked pork. a. Trichinellosis 31. This disease is transmitted by fecal-oral route and normally during the first weeks of life. It becomes an underlying comorbidity unless mutation occurs. It is not highly  transmissible, but the underlying infection of the coronavirus is highly infectious. Clinical signs include listlessness, lethargy, diarrhea, decreased appetite. a. Feline Infectious Peritonitis 32. This disease, in humans, appears as a spider bite with a zone of scar tissue and evidence of infection surrounding the inoculation site. Humans can give it to their pet dog. a. MRSA/P 33. This disease is transmitted by fecal-oral route, with raccoons as the definitive host (who are asymptomatic). It can cause larva migrans (LM) in humans but is normally asymptomatic. Eggs look like normal roundworm eggs. Worms can cause death in hosts. a. Baylisascariasis OH Practice Exam 3 1. What organization declares public health emergencies of international concern that triggers requirements in other countries? a. World Health Organization 2. Who has antibodies against alpha-gal regarding Alpha-gal Syndrome? a. Everyone 3. What group is most at risk for contracting monkeypox? a. Gay, bisexuals, and men having sex with other men 4. Who uses, pound for pound, 10 times the amount of antibiotics compared to another group? a. Humans and their pets compared to food animals 5. Who approves all animal drugs (as well as human drugs)? a. Food and Drug Administration 6. When is Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU) NOT allowed by the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)? a. When it is used for production purposes and feed-grade antibiotics 7. What are the most common ways Avian Influenza A virus is spread? (Select all that apply). a. From Avian Influenza A virus-contaminated environments to people b. Directly from birds 8. Which age group was most affected by Spanish Flu in 1918? a. Young adults 9. Who can be infected with Avian Influenza A in their intestines and respiratory tract but do NOT get sick? a. Wild waterfowl 10. This disease is also called “Hemorrhagic Fever” and “Renal Syndrome” and is transmitted by aerosolized rodent droppings in the context of people who work/recreate where there are rodent infestations. This zoonotic disease used to be called “Four Corners Virus” because the most common states to find this disease are in AZ, CO, UT, and NM until those states protested and petitioned to rename. a. Hantavirus 11. This disease is zoonotic and incited a pandemic in 2002-2004. It had a global distribution, specifically China, Europe, and Canada. It was not as large as other pandemics and has disappeared currently. a. SARS 12. This disease is commonly misdiagnosed as Guillain-Barré Syndrome, and treatment is removal of the causative agent. Since it is commonly misdiagnosed, the threat is not removed and treatment for GBS is obviously ineffective. a. Tick Paralysis 13. This disease can also be called “Porcine Respiratory Encephalitis Syndrome (PRES),” “One-Mile Cough,” and “Barking Pig Syndrome.” Its primary method of zoonotic transmission from animals to humans is close contact with infected pigs. There was a large outbreak with high human mortality in Malaysia in the late 1990s, and depopulation of large populations of pigs caused suicides amongst them. a. Nipah Virus 14. This disease has a common transmission to humans by drinking unpasteurized milk, but human to human transmission is very rare, though within the past decade, a farm worker who had a lot of contact with cattle spread it to his church community. This disease can also be found in hogs who are condemned, and its meat can still be used if cooked above 165 degrees. There is an antigenically unclean vaccine that is used in many areas around the world except the US and is not used here because you test positive for the disease when screened. a. Zoonotic TB 15. This disease is zoonotic and reportable, and the causative agent is cochliomyia hominovorax. In some areas, it may infect the navel of nearly every newborn animal. a. Screwworm 16. This disease has layterms of “African Sleeping Sickness” and “Chagas Disease” and is zoonotic. Fly control is valuable in preventing spreading the agent in livestock. Chagas Disease is found in the Americas and is caused by a specific species type. a. Trypanosomiasis 17. This disease has an Alveolar Form that has a 90-100% mortality rate and causes tumor-like lesions in the liver and possibly spleen, lungs, and brain. Cystic Hydatid Disease is found in humans transmitted fecal-orally by infected canines - not from eating meat. The major contributor to the spread of this disease was the fall of the Soviet Union when administrations disintegrated and had to start from the ground up to focus on biosafety. a. Echinococcosis 18. This disease has strains of H3N8 and H3N2, and all pandemic strains that are potentially pandemic are influenza A virus. It has zoonotic potential, but morbidity to humans is 0. To the affected group, the morbidity rate is 80%. a. Canine Influenza 19. This disease has a lay term of “Woolsorter’s Disease” because people who would sort wool or shear sheep were infected with this disease. The species we are most interested in are cattle, deer, and humans, as cattle and deer have an initial presentation of sudden death, epistaxis, and uncoagulated blood. Sometimes people think animals die by lightning strike, but they have no burns. It is the #1 biological weapon in the US (2001 postal service attack), and food-borne illness outbreaks are pretty common in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and places in Africa. a. Anthrax 20. This disease is zoonotic, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome is a potential sequel to these infections. Though the disease is relatively rare, the most common source of human infections is food-borne, more specifically through undercooked poultry or post-cooking contamination. a. Campylobacter 21. This disease is also called “Snail Fever” and is zoonotic. Areas where this disease is most prevalent are places that are least capable of recognizing/treating/reporting it. The most effective method of prevention is clean drinking water and fencing off contaminated water sources so livestock do not have access. To humans, this disease is frequently transmitted by people swimming in slow moving bodies of water. a. Schistosomiasis 22. This disease is reportable and zoonotic. Birds are reservoir hosts for this, and most human cases are asymptomatic. It goes from mosquitoes → birds → people → horses. The best form of prevention is mosquito avoidance: long sleeves, long pants, no exposed skin, and propellant with DEET. a. West Nile Virus 23. This disease is reportable in California and Arizona and is also called “Valley Fever.” It is a fungal infection causing cough, fever, and tiredness. A comprehensive travel history can help make a diagnosis, and Minnesota has the 5th largest number of human cases reported every year due to residents traveling to warmer places in the winter. a. Coccidioidomycosis 24. This disease has many lay terms, including “Shipping Fever,” “Fowl Cholera,” “Snuffles” in rabbits, and “Atrophic Rhinitis” in swine. Stress renders individuals/populations at greater susceptibility for disease. In Shipping Fever, when we transport beef/dairy/hogs in trains and trucks, it incites stress as they are exposed to vehicle emissions, wind, and variations of weather. In the human form, the typical source of infection is a bite/scratch from a dog/cat. Dog bites with p. multocida are the most common pathogen associated with infection, and it is a common aerobe/bacteria in cats as well. a. Pasteurellosis