Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology BHS--Human Anatomy and Physiology Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology  Introduction Our ancestors were interested in the way their bodies worked. The studied how wounds healed and examined dead bodi...

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology BHS--Human Anatomy and Physiology Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology  Introduction Our ancestors were interested in the way their bodies worked. The studied how wounds healed and examined dead bodies to find the cause of death. Knowing more about the body aided in their survival. They began to understand how to treat illnesses and avoid harmful organisms and food.  Introduction In the 16th Century, Europe began what is known as the European Scientific Revolution. ○ Until this point in history, religious leaders had prohibited the dissection of the human body. This revolution lead to advances in Astronomy, Mathematics, Technology, and MEDICINE! People of this time started to take a closer look at the human body and its processes. During this time early physicians (mostly Greek and Latin) came up with new phrases and terms for the human body parts. We still use these terms today.  Anatomy and Physiology ANATOMY is the branch of science that deals with the structure or MORPHOLOGY of body parts, their forms, and how they are organized. PHYSIOLOGY considers the function of body parts – what they do and how they do it. It is difficult to study one without the other. A body part’s FORM (anatomy) determines its FUNCTION (physiology) ○ Examples: Human hand has jointed bones for grasping objects Heart has open chambers for pumping blood Anatomy and Physiology are ancient and modern studies. We are learning more about it everyday.  Characteristics of Animal Life All animals share similar characteristics. ○ Movement– All organisms must be able to interact and move around in their environment. Movement can also refer to the metabolic processes that occur within an organism. ○ Responsiveness– An organism’s ability to sense changes taking place inside or outside its body and react to these changes. ○ Growth– An increase in body size, usually without any important change in shape. When an organism produces new body material faster than the old ones are worn out or depleted. ○ Reproduction– The process of making new individuals. Passing on genetic information to offspring. ○ Respiration– The process of obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from food, and removing wastes.  Characteristics of Animal Life ○ Digestion– Chemical and mechanical means of breaking down food into simpler forms that cells can absorb and use. ○ Absorption– The passage of substances through certain membranes. (Digestive membranes) ○ Circulation– The movement of substances within the body and body fluids. (Blood) ○ Assimilation– The changing of absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body. ○ Excretion– The removal of wastes that body parts produce as a result of their activities. (Feces) ○ Each of these characteristics of life—in fact, everything and organism does—depends upon physical and chemical changes that occur within body parts. Together, each of these accounts for an organism’s METABOLISM.  Maintaining Life Life requires environmental factors such as: ○ Water– most abundant chemical in the body. Needed for most metabolic processes, transport of substances, regulating body temperature, and waste excretion. ○ Food– substances that provide the body with nutrients (in the form of chemicals). Chemicals are used as energy sources, building new matter, and regulation of chemical reactions within the body. ○ Oxygen– gas that makes up around one-fifth of ordinary air. It is used to release energy from food, and thus, drive metabolic processes. ○ Heat– form of energy. Product of metabolic reactions. The amount of heat determines the rate at which reactions occur. Usually: Heat = Reaction Rate ○ Pressure– application of force to something. Atmospheric Pressure– force on the outside of the body due to the weight of the air above it. Hydrostatic Pressure– force a liquid exerts due to the weight of the liquid around it. (Heart Action)  Maintaining Life Homeostasis– the body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment. The internal environment of the body must maintain homeostasis if it is to survive.  Maintaining Life Homeostasis is often maintained by a mechanism called negative feedback. ○ For example: Glucose in the blood, blood pressure, and body temperature Negative feedback– This system receives signals about changes in the internal environment and then causes responses that reverse changes back to the set point. ○ Example: Your body regulates temperature similarly to a thermostat in your home.  Maintaining Life Physiological values vary from one individual to another. It is important to know the homeostatic ranges of individuals as well as population. ○ Example: Normal adult temperature ranges from 97.5—99.2.  Let’s Review 1. What kinds of activities helped promote the development of modern science? The lift on the ban of dissection of the human body, technology increased during revolution, more interest in what caused disease. 2. Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology? Structures of the body are so closely related to their function. 3. Give an example of how a body part’s structure determines its function. Hand has long bones and many joints for grasping, heart has open chambers for pumping blood, mouth has structures for grinding and swallowing food. 4. What are the characteristics of life? Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion  Let’s Review 5. How do the characteristics of life determine an organism's metabolism? All the physical and chemical changes a body goes through determine its metabolism. 6. What are some environmental requirements of organisms? Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure. 7. Why is homeostasis important to survival? The body can only withstand a small range of conditions. Maintaining an acceptable range is required for survival. 8. Describe how a home thermostat is similar to the body’s regulation of temperature.  Levels of Organization Atoms– tiny particles that make up matter Molecules– atoms bound together Macromolecules– large molecules, polymers Organelles– activity specific structures Cells– basic unit of structure and function Tissues– groups of cells Organs– groups of tissues working together to carry out a specific function Organ Systems– groups of organs working together to perform a function Organism—the sum of the organ systems  Organization of the Human Body Body Cavities ○ Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity ○ Ventral Cavity Thoracic cavity Mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity  Organization of the Human Body Body Cavities ○ Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity ○ Ventral Cavity Thoracic cavity Mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity  Organization of the Human Body Serous Membranes ○ Parietal– lines the wall ○ Visceral – (viscera) lines the organs ○ Thoracic– lines the chest ○ Pleural– lines the lungs ○ Pericardial– lines the heart ○ Peritoneal– lines the abdominopelvic cavity  Organization of the Human Body Organ Systems 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Digestive 9. Respiratory 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive  Integumentary System Integumentary System ○ Skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands ○ Protects underlying tissues ○ Site of sensory receptors ○ Regulates body temperature ○ Synthesis of biochemicals  Skeletal System Skeletal System ○ Bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints ○ Body framework ○ Protection of vital organs ○ Attachment for muscles ○ Blood cell production ○ Storage for inorganic salts  Muscular System Muscular System ○ Muscles ○ Body movement ○ Body posture ○ Generation of body heat  Nervous System Nervous System ○ Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs ○ Detect changes in the internal and external environment ○ Receive and interpret sensory organs ○ Stimulate muscles and glands  Endocrine System Endocrine System ○ Glands that secrete hormones, chemical messengers that travel in the blood or other bodily fluids ○ Hormones alter metabolism in target cells  Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems Transport Systems: ○ Circulatory System Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes ○ Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels, fluid, nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphocytes  Digestive System Digestive System ○ Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine ○ Ingestion of food ○ Breakdown of food molecules ○ Absorption of nutrients  Respiratory System Respiratory System ○ Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs ○ Movement and exchange of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood  Urinary System Urinary System ○ Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra ○ Remove wastes from blood ○ Maintain body water and electrolyte balance ○ Transport urine  Reproductive System Reproductive System ○ Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis ○ Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva ○ Produces gametes, support development of embryo  Anatomical Terminology Superior– body part that is above another part or is closer to the head Inferior– body part that is below another part or is closer to the feet Anterior– (ventral) toward the front (the eyes are anterior to the brain) Posterior– (dorsal) toward the back (pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity) Medial– middle of the body (the nose is medial to the eyes) Lateral– toward the side with respect to the midline (ears are lateral to the eyes) Proximal– closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body (elbow is proximal to the wrist) Distal– farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk (fingers are distal to the wrist) Superficial– (peripheral) situated near the surface (the epidermis is the superficial layer of skin) Deep– parts that are more internal (the dermis is the deep layer of skin)  Body Sections Sagittal– (median) lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions. Transverse– (horizontal) cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions Coronal– (frontal) cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions  Organ Sections When a cylindrical organ (blood vessel) is cut: a. Cross section- across b. Oblique section– at an angle c. Longitudinal section– lengthwise  Body Regions Epigastric Region– upper middle portion of the abdomen Left and Right Hypochondriac Regions– each side of the epigastric region Umbilical Region– middle portion Left and Right Lumbar Regions– each side of the umbilical region Hypogastric Region– lower middle portion Left and Right Iliac Regions– each side of the hypogastric region  Body Terminology Abdominal– region between thorax and pelvis Acromial– point of the shoulder Antebrachial– forearm Antecubital– space in front of elbow Axillary– armpit Brachial– arm Buccal– cheek Carpal– wrist Celiac-- abdomen  Body Terminology Cephalic– head Cervical– neck Costal– ribs Coxal– hip Crural– leg Cubital– elbow Digital– finger Dorsum (dorsal)– back Femoral– thigh Frontal– forehead  Body Terminology Genital– reproductive organs Gluteal– buttocks Inguinal– groin Lumbar– lower back Mammary– breast Mental– chin Nasal– nose Occipital– lower posterior region of the head Oral– mouth  Body Terminology Orbital– eye cavity Otic– ear Palmar– palm of hand Patellar– knee Pectoral– chest Pedal– foot Pelvic– pelvis Perineal– region between the anus and the external reproductive organs (perineum)  Body Terminology Plantar– sole of the foot Popliteal– behind the knee Sacral– posterior region between the hip bones Calcaneal– heel Sternal– middle of the thorax Tarsal– instep of the foot Umbilical– navel (bellybutton) Vertebral– spinal column Calcaneal (heel)  Let’s Review 1. How does the human body illustrate levels of organization? Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism 2. What is an organism? Individual living thing 3. What does viscera mean? Organs within a body cavity 4. Which organs are in the dorsal cavity? Brain and spinal cord 5. Which organs are in the ventral cavity? Lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, liver 6. Describe the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Pericardial, Pleural, Peritoneal, Mediastinum, Diaphragm 7. Describe the general functions of each organ system. See description in notes.  Let’s Review 8. Name and describe the 3 body sections. Sagittal, Coronal, Transverse 9. Describe the position of these body parts: 1. head is superior ______ to the hand a) anterior 2. feet are _______ inferior to the thigh b) superior c) inferior 3. arm is ______ lateral to the abdomen d) proximal 4. dermis is _______in deep relation to the epidermis e) lateral f) deep 5. eyes are ______ anterior to the brain 6. elbow is ______ proximal to the hand