BIOL 1200 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

BIOL 1200 Study Guide Final Exam COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS – 70% OF THE EXAM - 70 QUESTIONS The Scientific Method – Ch 1 Key Questions Describe the steps of the scientific method Interpret a bar graph...

BIOL 1200 Study Guide Final Exam COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS – 70% OF THE EXAM - 70 QUESTIONS The Scientific Method – Ch 1 Key Questions Describe the steps of the scientific method Interpret a bar graph Atoms & Bonds – Ch 2 Key Concepts Describe the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons Define how many covalent bonds can be formed by hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon Water – Ch 2 Key Concepts Describe hydrogen bonds and compare them to covalent and ionic bonds Contrast acids to bases and interpret the pH scale Macromolecules I – Ch 2 Key Concepts Contrast dehydration reactions to hydrolysis reactions Know the monomers for each of the four types of macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) Macromolecules II – Ch 2 Key Concepts Detail the four levels of protein structure What is denaturation? How do you denature a protein? The Cell I – Ch 3 Key Concepts Describe diffusion and osmosis Describe what happens to cells in hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions The Cell II – Ch 3 Key Concepts Contrast the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Detail the function of: ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, nucleus and lysosomes Cellular Respiration – Ch 3 Key Concepts Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration Describe the location of each of the following reactions: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. Describe the role oxygen plays during cellular respiration  Mitosis – Ch 19 Key Concepts Contrast autosomes and sex chromosomes Outline the major events that occur during the five phases of mitosis and cytokinesis Meiosis – Ch 19 Key Concepts Outline the major steps of meiosis I and meiosis II Describe the two sources of genetic variation created during meiosis (crossing over and independent assortment), and at which stage of meiosis they occur Cancer – Ch 20 Key Concepts Describe the characteristics of cancerous cells and what role they play in cancer development Contrast radiation therapy and chemotherapy Patterns of Inheritance I – Ch 21 Key Concepts Contrast dominant and recessive alleles Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios within a monohybrid cross using Punnett squares Patterns of Inheritance II – Ch 21 Key Concepts Interpret pedigree charts including the mode of inheritance and genotype of individuals (the possibilities on the exam will be autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant) Outline the main features of polygenic inheritance, multifactorial traits, and pleiotropy DNA Biology – Ch 22 Key Concepts Describe the structure of DNA vs. the structure of RNA What are the end products of: DNA replication, transcription and translation? Nervous System I – Ch 14 Key Concepts Know the parts of the neuron and their functions: dendrites, cell body, axon and axon terminals Explain what is happening in and around the axon during depolarization and repolarization. Where are the Na+ and K+ ions? If they are moving, which way are they moving and why? Nervous System II – Ch 14 Key Concepts Outline the main structures of the brain and their functions, including: cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system: when are each of these systems active?  Sensory System – Ch 15 Key Concepts Know the types of sensory receptors and give an example of each (chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors) Compare and contrast rods and cones Epithelium & Homeostasis – Ch 4 Key Concepts Detail the different classes of epithelial cells (simple, pseudostratified, and stratified), the different cell shapes (squamous, cuboidal, and columnar). Be able to determine if a pathway is negative feedback or positive feedback Muscular System I – Ch 13 Key Concepts Compare and contrast the three muscle types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Detail the steps in order of muscle contraction starting from when the electrical signal reaches the muscle fiber and ending with the muscle relaxing Muscular System II – Ch 13 Key Concepts Explain how the number of muscle fibers in a motor unit influences fine motor control Name the four energy molecules used by muscles to make ATP, which is the preferred source of energy? Digestive System I – Ch 9 Key Concepts Contrast mechanical vs chemical digestion What do the following enzymes break down and where are they released from: pepsin, amylase, trypsin Digestive System II – Ch 9 Key Concepts Describe the role of the pancreas and role of each of the enzymes and hormones secreted by the pancreas Outline the function of the large intestine Respiratory System – Ch 10 Key Concepts Describe the function of pulmonary surfactant Describe when pressures for O2 and CO2 are high/low in the alveoli/tissues and which direction O2 and CO2 diffuse based on those pressure differences  The Heart & Blood Vessels I – Ch 5 Key Concepts Know the order in which blood travels through vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins) Track the circulation route of blood, focus on blood circulating within the heart The Heart & Blood Vessels II – Ch 5 Key Concepts Outline the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure Describe the three mechanisms that aid in moving blood through veins Red Blood Cells – Ch 6 Key Concepts How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry? Contrast oxygen and carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin White Blood Cells – Ch 6 Key Concepts Outline the function of each of the five types of white blood cells discussed in class Describe in detail the ABO blood groups and how they affect blood compatibility, focus on O and AB blood types Immune System I – Ch 7 Key Concepts Compare and contrast innate immunity and adaptive immunity Describe the roles of helper T-cells, cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells Immune System II – Ch 7 Key Concepts Contrast active and passive immunity Describe the use of vaccines and booster shots in developing the immune system Infectious Disease – Ch 8 Key Concepts Describe the common structures in bacteria and the function of each, including: Cell wall, capsule, flagella, fimbriae, pilus, and plasmid Define the different classifications of infectious disease  MODULE 5 QUESTIONS – 30% OF THE EXAM - 30 QUESTIONS (1) Urinary System – Ch 11 Key Concepts Detail the organs of the urinary system, their functions and characteristics Know in order the vessels through which blood flows through the nephron Know in order the tubes through which filtrate flows through the nephron Describe the following disorders of the urinary system: urinary tract infections, kidney stones What is hemodialysis, when would you need it and how does it work? List the three stages of urine formation in the order in which they occur Describe the three stages of urine formation, what happens in each and where they occur (glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion) Key Terminology Nephron (2) Reproductive System – Ch 17 Key Concepts Outline the function of the major components of the male reproductive tract (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles) Describe the location and function of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells Describe the effect of FSH and LH on the testes Outline the function of the major components of the female reproductive tract (ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina) Describe the effect of FSH and LH on the ovaries Know the following about the ovarian cycle (Answers to these are included to help you, you will be given the ovarian cycle diagram on the exam as a reference) : o What does FSH do during the follicular phase? (Activates follicle to develop, which secretes estrogen) o What triggers ovulation? (LH surge at mid-cycle) o What is the corpus luteum and what is its role? (Remnant of ruptured follicle that becomes a gland. It secretes progesterone and some estrogen. Progesterone builds up the endometrium, and inhibits FSH from developing a new follicle and LH from triggering ovulation) o If the egg is not fertilized what happens? (Steep drop in estrogen and progesterone causes endometrium cells to die and slough off = menstruation. Also this drop in hormones allows FSH to mature a new follicle to start the cycle again and LH to ovulate that follicle) o Detail what happens when the egg is fertilized (Placenta forms and produces HCG hormone. This hormone maintains the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone. Progesterone maintains the endometrium and also inhibits FSH from making a new follicle and LH from ovulating that follicle) o What hormone is detected by a pregnancy test? (HCG hormone) Key Terminology Leydig Cells Sertoli Cells Corpus Luteum Endometrium  (3) Endocrine System – Ch 16 Key Concepts Describe how hormones are specific to target cells Detail the differences between protein and steroid hormones Outline the role of the hypothalamus in regulating the anterior and posterior pituitary For each of the hormones discussed (antidiuretic, oxytocin, Thyroid releasing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine, insulin, glucagon), detail where they are secreted from, their target tissue, their function, and any disorders associated with them that were discussed Describe diabetes mellitus and contrast type I and type II diabetes Key Terminology cAMP Alpha cells Beta cells Insulin resistance (4) Human Development – Ch 18 Key Concepts Know the process of how a sperm enters the egg Outline the four main stages of development and what happens at each stage What is a blastocyst and what do the inner cell mass and outer cells of the blastocyst become? Contrast the different functions of the four extraembryonic membranes What do each of the three primary germ layers develop into? What is the function of the placenta? What is the function of the umbilical cord? Contrast the role of umbilical veins and arteries (do they carry deoxygenated/oxygenated blood, where do they carry blood to/from) Describe the role of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation Key Terminology Zygote Zona pellucida Acrosome Cleavage division (5) Evolution I – Ch 23 Key Concepts Differentiate between chemical and biological evolution Outline the four steps to living cells Contrast Lamarck's hypothesis for evolution to Darwin’s Know what artificial selection is Outline the three requirements for natural selection to occur Describe the four major evidences for evolution (fossil record, biogeography, anatomical, biochemical) and be familiar with the examples given for each Define homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures and give examples of each Key Terminology Natural Selection  Artificial Selection Transition fossils (6) Evolution II – Ch 23 Key Concepts Outline the major adaptations to arboreal life by primates Outline changes in human skeletal structure compared to chimpanzee In which major group of primates do humans belong - Prosimians or Anthropoids? What are branches and nodes in an evolutionary tree? Understand the idea of the molecular clock (the longer a species has branched off from the ancestor, the more unique mutations it accumulates, the more different it becomes from the ancestor) For each of the early human examples (Homo Floresiensis, Homo Neanderthalensis, Homo Denisovans, Homo Sapiens) outline the main distinguishing features and know details about each 6 EXTRA CREDIT QUESTIONS WILL BE THE QUESTIONS OF THE DAY FOR MODULE 5